RESUMO
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common syndrome characterized by Lactobacillus-deficient vaginal microbiota, is associated with adverse health outcomes. BV often recurs after standard antibiotic therapy in part because antibiotics promote microbiota dominance by Lactobacillus iners instead of Lactobacillus crispatus, which has more beneficial health associations. Strategies to promote L. crispatus and inhibit L. iners are thus needed. We show that oleic acid (OA) and similar long-chain fatty acids simultaneously inhibit L. iners and enhance L. crispatus growth. These phenotypes require OA-inducible genes conserved in L. crispatus and related lactobacilli, including an oleate hydratase (ohyA) and putative fatty acid efflux pump (farE). FarE mediates OA resistance, while OhyA is robustly active in the vaginal microbiota and enhances bacterial fitness by biochemically sequestering OA in a derivative form only ohyA-harboring organisms can exploit. OA promotes L. crispatus dominance more effectively than antibiotics in an in vitro BV model, suggesting a metabolite-based treatment approach.
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important signaling sphingolipid that regulates the immune system, angiogenesis, auditory function, and epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity. Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) is an S1P transporter that exports S1P to initiate lipid signaling cascades. Modulating Spns2 activity can be beneficial in treatments of cancer, inflammation, and immune diseases. However, the transport mechanism of Spns2 and its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we present six cryo-EM structures of human Spns2 in lipid nanodiscs, including two functionally relevant intermediate conformations that link the inward- and outward-facing states, to reveal the structural basis of the S1P transport cycle. Functional analyses suggest that Spns2 exports S1P via facilitated diffusion, a mechanism distinct from other MFS lipid transporters. Finally, we show that the Spns2 inhibitor 16d attenuates the transport activity by locking Spns2 in the inward-facing state. Our work sheds light on Spns2-mediated S1P transport and aids the development of advanced Spns2 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Inflamação , Lisofosfolipídeos , Humanos , Esfingosina , Proteínas de Transporte de Ânions/fisiologiaRESUMO
Metabolic reprograming toward aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal mechanism shaping immune responses. Here we show that deficiency in NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) impairs glycolysis induction, rendering CD8+ effector T cells hypofunctional in the tumor microenvironment. Conversely, ectopic expression of NIK promotes CD8+ T cell metabolism and effector function, thereby profoundly enhancing antitumor immunity and improving the efficacy of T cell adoptive therapy. NIK regulates T cell metabolism via a NF-κB-independent mechanism that involves stabilization of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. NIK prevents autophagic degradation of HK2 through controlling cellular reactive oxygen species levels, which in turn involves modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), an enzyme that mediates production of the antioxidant NADPH. We show that the G6PD-NADPH redox system is important for HK2 stability and metabolism in activated T cells. These findings establish NIK as a pivotal regulator of T cell metabolism and highlight a post-translational mechanism of metabolic regulation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/enzimologia , Neoplasias do Colo/enzimologia , Metabolismo Energético , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/enzimologia , Melanoma Experimental/enzimologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/transplante , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Estabilidade Enzimática , Feminino , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Glicólise , Hexoquinase/genética , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/transplante , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NADP/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/deficiência , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente Tumoral , Quinase Induzida por NF-kappaBRESUMO
Synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins are required for synaptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms for coordinated synthesis of these proteins are not understood. Using forward genetic screens, we identified the conserved THO nuclear export complex (THOC) as an important regulator of presynapse development in C. elegans dopaminergic neurons. In THOC mutants, synaptic messenger RNAs are retained in the nucleus, resulting in dramatic decrease of synaptic protein expression, near complete loss of synapses, and compromised dopamine function. CRE binding protein (CREB) interacts with THOC to mark synaptic transcripts for efficient nuclear export. Deletion of Thoc5, a THOC subunit, in mouse dopaminergic neurons causes severe defects in synapse maintenance and subsequent neuronal death in the substantia nigra compacta. These cellular defects lead to abrogated dopamine release, ataxia, and animal death. Together, our results argue that nuclear export mechanisms can select specific mRNAs and be a rate-limiting step for neuronal differentiation and survival.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Sinapses/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/metabolismo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mutagênese , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Proteínas Nucleares/deficiência , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Subunidades Proteicas/deficiência , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismoRESUMO
Micro-LEDs (µLEDs) have been explored for augmented and virtual reality display applications that require extremely high pixels per inch and luminance1,2. However, conventional manufacturing processes based on the lateral assembly of red, green and blue (RGB) µLEDs have limitations in enhancing pixel density3-6. Recent demonstrations of vertical µLED displays have attempted to address this issue by stacking freestanding RGB LED membranes and fabricating top-down7-14, but minimization of the lateral dimensions of stacked µLEDs has been difficult. Here we report full-colour, vertically stacked µLEDs that achieve, to our knowledge, the highest array density (5,100 pixels per inch) and the smallest size (4 µm) reported to date. This is enabled by a two-dimensional materials-based layer transfer technique15-18 that allows the growth of RGB LEDs of near-submicron thickness on two-dimensional material-coated substrates via remote or van der Waals epitaxy, mechanical release and stacking of LEDs, followed by top-down fabrication. The smallest-ever stack height of around 9 µm is the key enabler for record high µLED array density. We also demonstrate vertical integration of blue µLEDs with silicon membrane transistors for active matrix operation. These results establish routes to creating full-colour µLED displays for augmented and virtual reality, while also offering a generalizable platform for broader classes of three-dimensional integrated devices.
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The nearby radio galaxy M87 is a prime target for studying black hole accretion and jet formation1,2. Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87 in 2017, at a wavelength of 1.3 mm, revealed a ring-like structure, which was interpreted as gravitationally lensed emission around a central black hole3. Here we report images of M87 obtained in 2018, at a wavelength of 3.5 mm, showing that the compact radio core is spatially resolved. High-resolution imaging shows a ring-like structure of [Formula: see text] Schwarzschild radii in diameter, approximately 50% larger than that seen at 1.3 mm. The outer edge at 3.5 mm is also larger than that at 1.3 mm. This larger and thicker ring indicates a substantial contribution from the accretion flow with absorption effects, in addition to the gravitationally lensed ring-like emission. The images show that the edge-brightened jet connects to the accretion flow of the black hole. Close to the black hole, the emission profile of the jet-launching region is wider than the expected profile of a black-hole-driven jet, suggesting the possible presence of a wind associated with the accretion flow.
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The nearby radio galaxy M87 offers a unique opportunity to explore the connections between the central supermassive black hole and relativistic jets. Previous studies of the inner region of M87 revealed a wide opening angle for the jet originating near the black hole1-4. The Event Horizon Telescope resolved the central radio source and found an asymmetric ring structure consistent with expectations from general relativity5. With a baseline of 17 years of observations, there was a shift in the jet's transverse position, possibly arising from an 8- to 10-year quasi-periodicity3. However, the origin of this sideways shift remains unclear. Here we report an analysis of radio observations over 22 years that suggests a period of about 11 years for the variation in the position angle of the jet. We infer that we are seeing a spinning black hole that induces the Lense-Thirring precession of a misaligned accretion disk. Similar jet precession may commonly occur in other active galactic nuclei but has been challenging to detect owing to the small magnitude and long period of the variation.
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The mammalian cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) is a depot system that regulates non-translational cellular functions. Here we found that the MSC component glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) switched its function following viral infection and exhibited potent antiviral activity. Infection-specific phosphorylation of EPRS at Ser990 induced its dissociation from the MSC, after which it was guided to the antiviral signaling pathway, where it interacted with PCBP2, a negative regulator of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) that is critical for antiviral immunity. This interaction blocked PCBP2-mediated ubiquitination of MAVS and ultimately suppressed viral replication. EPRS-haploid (Eprs+/-) mice showed enhanced viremia and inflammation and delayed viral clearance. This stimulus-inducible activation of MAVS by EPRS suggests an unexpected role for the MSC as a regulator of immune responses to viral infection.
Assuntos
Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/metabolismo , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/química , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/genética , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imunidade Inata , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/metabolismo , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/virologia , Vírus de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus de RNA/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Ubiquitinação , Viroses/virologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces NSCLC mortality; however, a lack of diversity in LCS studies may limit the generalizability of the results to marginalized groups who face higher risk for and worse outcomes from NSCLC. Identifying sources of inequity in the LCS pipeline is essential to reduce disparities in NSCLC outcomes. The authors searched 3 major databases for studies published from January 1, 2010 to February 27, 2020 that met the following criteria: 1) included screenees between ages 45 and 80 years who were current or former smokers, 2) written in English, 3) conducted in the United States, and 4) discussed socioeconomic and race-based LCS outcomes. Eligible studies were assessed for risk of bias. Of 3721 studies screened, 21 were eligible. Eligible studies were evaluated, and their findings were categorized into 3 themes related to LCS disparities faced by Black and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals: 1) eligibility; 2) utilization, perception, and utility; and 3) postscreening behavior and care. Disparities in LCS exist along racial and socioeconomic lines. There are several steps along the LCS pipeline in which Black and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals miss the potential benefits of LCS, resulting in increased mortality. This study identified potential sources of inequity that require further investigation. The authors recommend the implementation of prospective trials that evaluate eligibility criteria for underserved groups and the creation of interventions focused on improving utilization and follow-up care to decrease LCS disparities.
Assuntos
Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Fatores Raciais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system with reactive changes that influence the outcome of the disorder1-4. These changes include differentially expressed genes (DEGs) whose contextual diversity and regulation are poorly understood. Here we combined biological and informatic analyses, including RNA sequencing, protein detection, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and conditional gene deletion, to predict transcriptional regulators that differentially control more than 12,000 DEGs that are potentially associated with astrocyte reactivity across diverse central nervous system disorders in mice and humans. DEGs associated with astrocyte reactivity exhibited pronounced heterogeneity across disorders. Transcriptional regulators also exhibited disorder-specific differences, but a core group of 61 transcriptional regulators was identified as common across multiple disorders in both species. We show experimentally that DEG diversity is determined by combinatorial, context-specific interactions between transcriptional regulators. Notably, the same reactivity transcriptional regulators can regulate markedly different DEG cohorts in different disorders; changes in the access of transcriptional regulators to DNA-binding motifs differ markedly across disorders; and DEG changes can crucially require multiple reactivity transcriptional regulators. We show that, by modulating reactivity, transcriptional regulators can substantially alter disorder outcome, implicating them as therapeutic targets. We provide searchable resources of disorder-related reactive astrocyte DEGs and their predicted transcriptional regulators. Our findings show that transcriptional changes associated with astrocyte reactivity are highly heterogeneous and are customized from vast numbers of potential DEGs through context-specific combinatorial transcriptional-regulator interactions.
Assuntos
Astrócitos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fatores de Transcrição , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/genética , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Camundongos , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Stabilization of stalled replication forks is a prominent mechanism of PARP (Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase) inhibitor (PARPi) resistance in BRCA-deficient tumors. Epigenetic mechanisms of replication fork stability are emerging but remain poorly understood. Here, we report the histone acetyltransferase PCAF (p300/CBP-associated) as a fork-associated protein that promotes fork degradation in BRCA-deficient cells by acetylating H4K8 at stalled replication forks, which recruits MRE11 and EXO1. A H4K8ac binding domain within MRE11/EXO1 is required for their recruitment to stalled forks. Low PCAF levels, which we identify in a subset of BRCA2-deficient tumors, stabilize stalled forks, resulting in PARPi resistance in BRCA-deficient cells. Furthermore, PCAF activity is tightly regulated by ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related), which phosphorylates PCAF on serine 264 (S264) to limit its association and activity at stalled forks. Our results reveal PCAF and histone acetylation as critical regulators of fork stability and PARPi responses in BRCA-deficient cells, which provides key insights into targeting BRCA-deficient tumors and identifying epigenetic modulators of chemotherapeutic responses.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/deficiência , Proteína BRCA2/deficiência , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Replicação do DNA , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/metabolismo , Acetilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lisina/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação/genética , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfosserina/metabolismo , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/química , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/genéticaRESUMO
Despite its outstanding clinical success, immune checkpoint blockade remains ineffective in many patients. Accordingly, combination therapy capable of achieving greater antitumor immunity is urgently required. Here, we report that limiting glutamine metabolism in cancer cells bolsters the effectiveness of anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody. Inhibition of glutamine utilization increased PD-L1 levels in cancer cells, thereby inactivating co-cultured T cells. Under glutamine-limited conditions, reduced cellular GSH levels caused an upregulation of PD-L1 expression by impairing SERCA activity, which activates the calcium/NF-κB signaling cascade. Consequently, in tumors grown in immunocompetent mice, inhibition of glutamine metabolism decreased the antitumor activity of T cells. In combination with anti-PD-L1, however, glutamine depletion strongly promoted the antitumor efficacy of T cells in vitro and in vivo due to simultaneous increases in Fas/CD95 levels. Our results demonstrate the relevance of cancer glutamine metabolism to antitumor immunity and suggest that co-targeting of glutamine metabolism and PD-L1 represents a promising therapeutic approach.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Idoso , Animais , Apoptose , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Retrospective data suggest that the incidence of parametrial infiltration is low in patients with early-stage low-risk cervical cancer, which raises questions regarding the need for radical hysterectomy in these patients. However, data from large, randomized trials comparing outcomes of radical and simple hysterectomy are lacking. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial comparing radical hysterectomy with simple hysterectomy including lymph-node assessment in patients with low-risk cervical cancer (lesions of ≤2 cm with limited stromal invasion). The primary outcome was cancer recurrence in the pelvic area (pelvic recurrence) at 3 years. The prespecified noninferiority margin for the between-group difference in pelvic recurrence at 3 years was 4 percentage points. RESULTS: Among 700 patients who underwent randomization (350 in each group), the majority had tumors that were stage IB1 according to the 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria (91.7%), that had squamous-cell histologic features (61.7%), and that were grade 1 or 2 (59.3%). With a median follow-up time of 4.5 years, the incidence of pelvic recurrence at 3 years was 2.17% in the radical hysterectomy group and 2.52% in the simple hysterectomy group (an absolute difference of 0.35 percentage points; 90% confidence interval, -1.62 to 2.32). Results were similar in a per-protocol analysis. The incidence of urinary incontinence was lower in the simple hysterectomy group than in the radical hysterectomy group within 4 weeks after surgery (2.4% vs. 5.5%; P = 0.048) and beyond 4 weeks (4.7% vs. 11.0%; P = 0.003). The incidence of urinary retention in the simple hysterectomy group was also lower than that in the radical hysterectomy group within 4 weeks after surgery (0.6% vs. 11.0%; P<0.001) and beyond 4 weeks (0.6% vs. 9.9%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with low-risk cervical cancer, simple hysterectomy was not inferior to radical hysterectomy with respect to the 3-year incidence of pelvic recurrence and was associated with a lower risk of urinary incontinence or retention. (Funded by the Canadian Cancer Society and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01658930.).
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Histerectomia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Feminino , Humanos , Canadá , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Histerectomia/efeitos adversos , Histerectomia/métodos , Linfonodos/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Incontinência Urinária/etiologia , Retenção Urinária/etiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/cirurgiaRESUMO
Reactive astrocytes are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in diverse neuropathologies; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to identify the crucial roles of the hippocampal CA1 astrocytes in cognitive decline. Our results showed that repeated optogenetic stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 astrocytes induced cognitive impairment in mice and decreased synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), which was accompanied by the appearance of inflammatory astrocytes. Mechanistic studies conducted using knockout animal models and hippocampal neuronal cultures showed that lipocalin-2 (LCN2), derived from reactive astrocytes, mediated neuroinflammation and induced cognitive impairment by decreasing the LTP through the reduction of neuronal NMDA receptors. Sustained chemogenetic stimulation of hippocampal astrocytes provided similar results. Conversely, these phenomena were attenuated by a metabolic inhibitor of astrocytes. Fiber photometry using GCaMP revealed a high level of hippocampal astrocyte activation in the neuroinflammation model. Our findings suggest that reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus are sufficient and required to induce cognitive decline through LCN2 release and synaptic modulation. This abnormal glial-neuron interaction may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive disturbances in neuroinflammation-associated brain conditions.
Assuntos
Astrócitos , Disfunção Cognitiva , Hipocampo , Lipocalina-2 , Potenciação de Longa Duração , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Neurônios , Animais , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/patologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/patologia , Lipocalina-2/metabolismo , Lipocalina-2/genética , Camundongos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/patologia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Camundongos Knockout , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Optogenética , Região CA1 Hipocampal/patologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Efficient magnetic control of electronic conduction is at the heart of spintronic functionality for memory and logic applications1,2. Magnets with topological band crossings serve as a good material platform for such control, because their topological band degeneracy can be readily tuned by spin configurations, dramatically modulating electronic conduction3-10. Here we propose that the topological nodal-line degeneracy of spin-polarized bands in magnetic semiconductors induces an extremely large angular response of magnetotransport. Taking a layered ferrimagnet, Mn3Si2Te6, and its derived compounds as a model system, we show that the topological band degeneracy, driven by chiral molecular orbital states, is lifted depending on spin orientation, which leads to a metal-insulator transition in the same ferrimagnetic phase. The resulting variation of angular magnetoresistance with rotating magnetization exceeds a trillion per cent per radian, which we call colossal angular magnetoresistance. Our findings demonstrate that magnetic nodal-line semiconductors are a promising platform for realizing extremely sensitive spin- and orbital-dependent functionalities.
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The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages-that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic-is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1-3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by 'triangulating' genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic-Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional 'pastoralist hypothesis'6-8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.
Assuntos
Agricultura/história , Arqueologia , Genética Populacional , Migração Humana/história , Idioma/história , Linguística , China , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Mapeamento Geográfico , História Antiga , Humanos , Japão , Coreia (Geográfico) , MongóliaRESUMO
In mammals, CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins form a heterodimer that binds to E-box sequences and activates transcription of target genes, including Period (Per). Translated PER proteins then bind to the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex to inhibit its transcriptional activity. However, the molecular mechanism and the impact of this PER-dependent inhibition on the circadian clock oscillation remain elusive. We previously identified Ser38 and Ser42 in a DNA-binding domain of CLOCK as phosphorylation sites at the PER-dependent inhibition phase. In this study, knockout rescue experiments showed that nonphosphorylatable (Ala) mutations at these sites shortened circadian period, whereas their constitutive-phospho-mimetic (Asp) mutations completely abolished the circadian rhythms. Similarly, we found that nonphosphorylatable (Ala) and constitutive-phospho-mimetic (Glu) mutations at Ser78 in a DNA-binding domain of BMAL1 also shortened the circadian period and abolished the rhythms, respectively. The mathematical modeling predicted that these constitutive-phospho-mimetic mutations weaken the DNA binding of the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex and that the nonphosphorylatable mutations inhibit the PER-dependent displacement (reduction of DNA-binding ability) of the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex from DNA. Biochemical experiments supported the importance of these phosphorylation sites for displacement of the complex in the PER2-dependent inhibition. Our results provide direct evidence that phosphorylation of CLOCK-Ser38/Ser42 and BMAL1-Ser78 plays a crucial role in the PER-dependent inhibition and the determination of the circadian period.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL , Proteínas CLOCK , Relógios Circadianos , Proteínas Circadianas Period , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/química , Relógios Circadianos/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Proteínas CLOCK/metabolismo , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Mutação , Células NIH 3T3 , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron strain has evolved into highly divergent variants with several sub-lineages. These newly emerging variants threaten the efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines. To mitigate the occurrence of breakthrough infections and re-infections, and more importantly, to reduce the disease burden, it is essential to develop a strategy for producing updated multivalent vaccines that can provide broad neutralization against both currently circulating and emerging variants. We developed bivalent vaccine AdCLD-CoV19-1 BA.5/BA.2.75 and trivalent vaccines AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 using an Ad5/35 platform-based non-replicating recombinant adenoviral vector. We compared immune responses elicited by the monovalent and multivalent vaccines in mice and macaques. We found that the BA.5/BA.2.75 bivalent and the XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 trivalent vaccines exhibited improved cross-neutralization ability compared to their respective monovalent vaccines. These data suggest that the developed multivalent vaccines enhance immunity against circulating Omicron subvariants and effectively elicit neutralizing antibodies across a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Macaca , Vacinas Combinadas , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
Sensations of heat and touch produced by receptors in the skin are of essential importance for perceptions of the physical environment, with a particularly powerful role in interpersonal interactions. Advances in technologies for replicating these sensations in a programmable manner have the potential not only to enhance virtual/augmented reality environments but they also hold promise in medical applications for individuals with amputations or impaired sensory function. Engineering challenges are in achieving interfaces with precise spatial resolution, power-efficient operation, wide dynamic range, and fast temporal responses in both thermal and in physical modulation, with forms that can extend over large regions of the body. This paper introduces a wireless, skin-compatible interface for thermo-haptic modulation designed to address some of these challenges, with the ability to deliver programmable patterns of enhanced vibrational displacement and high-speed thermal stimulation. Experimental and computational investigations quantify the thermal and mechanical efficiency of a vertically stacked design layout in the thermo-haptic stimulators that also supports real-time, closed-loop control mechanisms. The platform is effective in conveying thermal and physical information through the skin, as demonstrated in the control of robotic prosthetics and in interactions with pressure/temperature-sensitive touch displays.