Field experiments on chemical and biological changes of thin-layer oyster shells capping sediments in dense aquaculture area.

Thin-layer oyster shell capping has been proposed as a method for improving contaminated coastal environments. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of oyster shell capping on nutrient concentrations, microorganisms, and macrobenthic communities. The concentration of PO4-Pin the experimental area decreased by approximately 38% more than in the control, due to phosphorus fixation of oyster shells and the presence of Proteobacteria. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria such as the order Pirellulales (phylum Planctomycetes) were related to the low ratio of NH3-N found in dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the experimental area, indicating nitrification promotion. The reduction in annular benthic organisms observed in the experimental area indicates a decline in sediment organic matter, which could potentially mitigate eutrophication. Oyster shell capping was confirmed to be an effective material for restoring coastal sediments by improving their chemical and biological properties.

Natural Variations in the Benthic Environment and Bacterial Communities of Coastal Sediments around Aquaculture Farms in South Korea.

The aim of this study was to examine the possible seasonal variations in the nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen-DIN and phosphorus) and benthic bacterial communities in marine aquaculture surrounding sediments. The study areas were Geoje, Tongyeong, and Changwon bays in Korea, which are famous for oysters (Magallana gigas), Halocynthia roretzi, and warty sea squirt (Styela clava) farming, respectively. The study sites included semi-enclosed coastal areas with a low seawater exchange rate. Subtidal sediment samples were collected seasonally from the area surrounding the aquacultures between April and December 2020. Seasonal variations in nutrients were observed, with the highest concentration of DIN in August. For phosphorus, site-specific variations were also observed. To investigate the variations in benthic bacterial communities, the advanced technique of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was applied, and the results indicated a seasonal variation pattern and predominance of Proteobacteria (59.39-69.73%), followed by Bacteroidetes (6.55-12.85%) and Chloroflexi (2.04-4.50%). This study provides a reference for future studies on natural variations in the benthic environment and bacterial communities in the areas surrounding aquacultures. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01067-8.

NLRC3 attenuates antiviral immunity and activates inflammasome responses in primary grouper brain cells following nervous necrosis virus infection.

NLRC3 is identified as a unique regulatory NLR involved in the modulation of cellular processes and inflammatory responses. In this study, a novel Nod like receptor C3 (NLRC3) was functionally characterized from seven band grouper in the context of nervous necrosis virus infection. The grouper NLRC3 is highly conserved and homologous with other vertebrate proteins with a NACHT domain and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and an N-terminal CARD domain. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed the highest mRNA levels of NLRC3 were in the brain and gill followed by the spleen and kidney following NNV infection. Overexpression of NLRC3 augmented the NNV replication kinetics in primary grouper brain cells. NLRC3 attenuated the interferon responses in the cells following NNV infection by impacting the TRAF6/NF-κB activity and exhibited reduced IFN sensitivity, ISRE promoter activity, and IFN pathway gene expression. In contrast, NLRC3 expression positively regulated the inflammasome response and pro-inflammatory gene expression during NNV infection. NLRC3 negatively regulates the PI3K-mTOR axis and activated the cellular autophagic response. Delineating the complexity of NLRC3 regulation of immune response in the primary grouper brain cells following NNV infection suggests that the protein acts as a virally manipulated host factor that negatively regulated the antiviral immune response to augment the NNV replication.

Temperature dependent cellular, and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the antiviral immunity in sevenband grouper to nervous necrosis virus infection.

Changes in the thermal optima of fish impacts changes in the physiology and immune response associated with infections. The present study showed that at suboptimal temperatures (17 °C), the host tries to evade viral infection by downregulating the inflammatory response through enhanced neuronal protection. There was significantly less abundance of IgM + B cells in the 17 °C group compared to that in the 25 °C group. An increased macrophage population (Iba1+) during the survival phase in fish challenged at 25 °C demonstrated inflammation. Optimal temperature challenge activated virus-induced senescence in brain cells, demonstrated with a heterochromatin-associated H3K9me3 histone mark. There was an abundant expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain of fish at the suboptimal challenge. Besides the cytokines, the expression of BDNF was significantly higher in the suboptimally challenged group, suggesting that its neuronal protection activity following NNV infection is mediated through TGFß. The suboptimal challenge resulted in H3k9ac displaying transcriptional competency, activation of trained immunity H3K4me3, and enrichment of H3 histone-lysine-4 monomethylation (H3K4me1), resulting in a robust re-stimulatory immune response. The observations from the H4 modifications showed that besides H4K12ac and H4K20m3, all the assayed modifications were significantly higher in suboptimal convalescent fishes. The suboptimally challenged fish acquired more methylation along cytosine residues than the optimally infected fish. Together, these observations suggest that optimal temperature results in an immune priming effect, whereas the protection enabled in suboptimal convalescent fishes is operated through epigenetically controlled trained immune functions.

De novo synthesis of photocatalytic bifunctional MIL-125(Ti)/gC3N4/RGO through sequential self-assembly and solvothermal route.

In this study we have synthesized a heterostructured metal organic framework (MOF) consisting of self-assembled porous carbon nitride (gC3N4) and, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with MIL-125(Ti) (CN-GO-MIL) through a simple synthesis route. As-synthesized CN-GO-MIL was characterized to determine its morphological, surface, structural, and optical properties. The synthesis produced a porous nanomaterial with efficient visible light capture and electron transport. CN-GO-MIL proved 2.23 and 1.23 times as effective as bare MIL-125(Ti) for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and chromium (Cr) reduction, respectively. We propose a governing photocatalytic degradation and reduction mechanism in which superoxide plays a major role in the photocatalytic degradation, followed by O21, OH·, and holes, and identify methanol as a suitable hole scavenger for reduction of Cr. Moreover, Cr reduction can be best achieved at pH 2 in the presence of methanol. Performance of material in terms of apparent quantum yield (AQY), figure of merit (FOM), and catalyst surface efficiency (S.E), suggests 5% CN-GO-MIL is an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of RhB. Comparison of the AQY with previously reported MOF-based composites shows that the as synthesized 5% CN-GO-MIL can be regarded as one of best performing photocatalyst under visible light irradiation for abatement of organic and inorganic pollution.

A microcosm study of microbial community profiles during sediment remediation using pyrolyzed oyster shells.

The accumulation of organic and inorganic components in sediments leads to a deterioration in the environment and an imbalance in the coastal ecosystem. Currently, capping is the most effective technology for remediating polluted sediment and restoring ecosystems. A microcosm experiment was designed using pyrolyzed oyster shell (POS). These were mixed in with coastal sediment or added as a capping layer. The results showed that POS effectively decreased pollutants, including PO4-P and NH4-N. Metagenomics analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the most abundant phyla identified in the POS treated and untreated sediments were Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Fusobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Spirochaetes. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria members of the Class Gammaproteobacteria significantly increased, but Deltaproteobacteria gradually decreased throughout the experiment in POS-covered sediment. This suggests that the POS effectively promoted a shift from anaerobic to facultative anaerobic or aerobic microbial communities in the sediment. Dominant species of facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria from the order Chromatiales and phylum Nitrospirae were observed in the POS-covered sediment. Based on these study results, it can be concluded that POS is an effective covering material for sediment remediation and restores the microbial communities in sediments.

AMPK promotes antitumor immunity by downregulating PD-1 in regulatory T cells via the HMGCR/p38 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK functions as a tumor suppressor in different cancers; however, its role in regulating antitumor immunity, particularly the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), is poorly defined. METHODS: AMPKα1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre, Foxp3YFP-Cre, Rag1-/-, and C57BL/6 J mice were used for our research. Flow cytometry and cell sorting, western blotting, immuno-precipitation, immuno-fluorescence, glycolysis assay, and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the role of AMPK in suppressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and for mechanistic investigation. RESULTS: The deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit in Tregs accelerates tumor growth by increasing the expression of PD-1. Metabolically, loss of AMPK in Tregs promotes glycolysis and the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Mechanistically, AMPK activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß), inhibiting the expression of PD-1 in Tregs. CONCLUSION: Our study identified an AMPK regulatory mechanism of PD-1 expression via the HMGCR/p38 MAPK/GSK3ß signaling pathway. We propose that the AMPK activator can display synergic antitumor effect in murine tumor models, supporting their potential clinical use when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a HMGCR inhibitor.

Altered expression of immune factors in sevenband grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus following nervous necrosis virus challenge at optimal and suboptimal temperatures.

The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection is generally observed in aquafarms when the seawater temperature is higher than 24 °C and the fishes seem to be refractory to disease at suboptimal temperatures below 20 °C suggesting a role of thermoregulation in NNV pathogenesis. The present study profiled the temperature-dependent regulation of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IFN-γ), innate antiviral factors (IFN-1, Mx, ISG-15), adaptive immune factors (CD-4, CD-8, IgM), signaling regulators (SOCS-1, SOCS-3), transcription factors (STAT-1, STAT-3) and microglial and NCC/NK specific cell markers (TMEM-119 and NCCRP-1) during NNV challenge in seven-band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. The co-habitation challenge at 17 °C with showed a sustained expression of proinflammatory cytokines and following rechallenge with a dose of 104 TCID50/100µL/fish at optimal temperature, the survivors also exhibited a stable expression of immune factors. The 100% survival following the challenge at sub-optimal (17 °C) and rechallenge at optimal (25 °C) was due to the stable and sustained activation of the immune response. However, at 25 °C, the rechallenge displayed a priming effect with hyperactivation of the immune system evident from the immune gene expression profile. The mortality pattern observed is co-related with the cytokine storm as is evident from the gene expression profile. Whereas, neither of the adaptive immune markers was suggestive of humoral immune response in the 17 °C groups. Also, the data suggest a possible role of NK cell and microglia in mediating antiviral immune response following infection in the brain at different temperatures, where, former is beneficial in restricting viral infection with higher host tolerance.

Proteasome subunit beta type-8 from sevenband grouper negatively regulates cytokine responses by interfering NF-κB signaling upon nervous necrosis viral infection.

During viral infection, proper regulation of immune signaling is essential to ensure successful clearance of virus. Immunoproteasome is constitutively expressed and gets induced during viral infection by interferon signaling and contributes to regulate proinflammatory cytokine production and activation of the NF-κB pathway. In this study, we identified Hs-PSMB8, a member of the proteasome ß-subunits (PSMB) family, as a negative regulator of NF-κB responses during NNV infection. The transient expression of Hs-PSMB8 delayed the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE) and showed a higher viral load. The Hs-PSMB8 interacted with NNV which was confirmed using immunocolocalization and co-IP. Overexpression of Hs-PSMB8 diminished virus induced activation of the NF-κB promoters and downregulated the activation of IL-1ß, TNFα, IL6, IL8, IFNγ expression upon NNV infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PSMB8 is an important regulator of NF-κB signaling during NNV infection in sevenband grouper.

Experimental studies on water matrix and influence of textile effluents on photocatalytic degradation of organic wastewater using Fe-TiO2 nanotubes: Towards commercial application.

The application of photocatalysis for the effective removal of textile dyes is dependent on various parameters related with both water quality and different chemicals discharge during the dying process. Because the oxidation rates of the particular mixtures mainly influenced by the elements of the water matrix. These elements comprised of organic, inorganic salts, heavy metals, and ions. The impact of water matrices (Tap water, DI water, seawater, surface water, and ultra-pure water) on the Congo red decolorization, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand removal efficacy has been assessed using Fe-TiO2 nanotubes as a photocatalyst. The photocatalytic degradation rate decreased in unclean water due to the interferences of dissolved organics and minerals. However, all the environmental water matrices depict the significant decrease in turbidity and conductivity after treating with photocatalytic process. The photoactivity and capacity for decantation are the two crucial elements that have an impact on the "practical efficiency" of photocatalysts. Moreover, the textile wastewater contains a large quantity of dyes mixed with number of detrimental chemicals and other effluents discharged into the water which consequently pollute ecosystem and cause serious risks to human health. For environmental applications, we investigated individually the impact of various harmful chemicals commonly discharged from each step of textile wet processing which can have inhibiting or promoting effect on the azo dye photocatalytic degradation.

Metal oxide and carbon nanomaterial based membranes for reverse osmosis and membrane distillation: A comparative review.

Commercial membranes typically suffer from fouling and wetting during membrane distillation (MD). In contrast, reverse osmosis (RO) can be subject to the fouling issue if applied for highly saline feed solutions containing foulants (e.g., organics, oils, and surfactants). Among the diverse treatment options, the nanomaterial-based membranes have recently gained great interest due to their advantageous properties (e.g., enhanced flux and roughness, better pore size distribution, and higher conductivity). This review focuses on recent advances in the mechanical properties, anti-fouling capabilities, salt rejection, and economic viability of metal oxide (SiO2, TiO2, and ZnO) and carbon nanomaterial (graphene oxide/carbon nanotube)-based membranes. Current challenges in applying nanomaterial-based membranes are also discussed. The study further describes the preparation methods, mechanisms, commercial applications, and economical feasibility of metal oxide- and carbon nanomaterial-based membrane technologies.

Potential use of newly isolated bacteriophage as a biocontrol against Acidovorax citrulli.

Acidovorax citrulli, the gram-negative bacteria that causes bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), has been responsible for huge worldwide economic losses in watermelon and melon production since 1980. No commercial cultivar resistant to BFB has been reported. Of the two reported genotypes of A. citrulli, genotype I is the main causal agent of BFB in melon and genotype II causes disease in watermelon. After the isolation of the first bacteriophage against A. citrulli (ACP17), efforts have been made to isolate bacteriophages with wider host ranges by collecting samples from watermelon, pumpkin, and cucumber. The newly isolated phage ACPWH, belonging to the Siphoviridae family, has a head size of 60 ± 5 nm and tail size of 180 ± 5 nm, and can infect 39 out of 42 A. citrulli strains. ACPWH has genome size of 42,499 and GC content of 64.44%. Coating watermelon seeds with bacteriophage ACPWH before soil inoculation with A. citrulli resulted in 96% germination and survival, compared to 13% germination of uncoated control seeds. These results suggest that phage ACPWH may be an effective and low-cost biocontrol agent against BFB.

Early viral uptake and host-associated immune response in the tissues of seven-band grouper following a bath challenge with nervous necrosis virus.

In the present study, early uptake of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in the tissues (gill, brain, skin, eye, heart) and immune response associated with the uptake in the gill and brain of seven-band grouper was investigated. The gill was found to act as a primary portal of entry for NNV during the initial phase of the water-borne infection. The presence of viral genome and infectious particles was demonstrated using quantitative (qPCR, viral titer) and qualitative (ISH) approach. Initially, an increased viral uptake was noticed, but the virus got cleared from the gills at the later phase of infection. Localization in the brain was evident at the blood-brain barrier followed by the brain parenchyma in the latter stage of infection. Nectin-4, an established NNV receptor, and GHSC70 showed an up-regulated expression throughout the challenge period initially in the gill and at latter phase in brain; however, it seems that the virus does not use gill as a primary replication site but brain as a permissive tissue. Combined activity as reflected by the up-regulation of cytokine, interferon, antigen-presenting cell, and immunoglobulin genes restricts early NNV replication in gill. Observations from the present study provide a better understanding of early NNV entry and also opens a window for further elucidating the modes of NNV neuro-invasion through systemic circulation.

Optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of Fe-TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhancement in visible light using an experimental design methodology.

We designed an experiment to optimize the hydrothermal modification of iron on anodized TiO2 nanotubes. A central composite design that included five design points was used to determine the condition parameters for hydrothermal reaction time (1-5 h) and hydrothermal temperature (120-180 °C). A statistical method was used to observe the effects of hydrothermal conditions on the material properties and photocatalytic activity of a Fe-TiO2 nanotube catalyst. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis shows the iron is doped on the TNTs, which is further confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction indicate the existing states of iron in the form of iron oxide on the TNT. The maximum degradation efficiency (92.3%) was achieved at a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C and time of 3 h. It is found that the optimal medication of the Fe-TNT catalyst occurred at a particular combination of temperature (150 °C) and reaction time (3 h), that provide the more active sites for iron to enter the crystal lattice of TNT, and that the maximum CR degradation could be achieved.

De novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) third-stage and fourth stage larvae.

Anisakis pegreffii is known as one of the causes of a fish-borne zoonosis, anisakidosis. Despite its significant public health and food hygiene impacts, little is known of the pathogenesis, genetic background of this parasite, at least partly due to the lack of genome and transcriptome information. In this study, RNA-seq and de novo assembly were conducted to obtain transcriptome profiles of the A. pegreffii third and fourth larvae. The third stage larvae (APL3) were collected from chub mackerel and the fourth stage larvae (APL4) were obtained by in vitro culture. In total, 47,243 and 43,660 unigenes were expressed in APL3 and APL4 transcriptomes. Of them, 18,753 were known and 28,490 were novel for APL3, while 18,996 were known and 24,664 were novel for APL4. The most abundantly expressed genes in APL3 were mitochondrial enzymes (COI, COII, COIII) and polyubiquitins (UBB, UBIQP_XENLA). Collagen-related genes (col-145, col-34, col-138, Bm1_54705, col-40) were the most abundantly expressed in APL4. Mitochondrial enzyme genes (COIII, COI) were also highly expressed in APL4. Among the transcripts, 614 were up-regulated in APL3, while 1,309 were up-regulated in APL4. Several protease and protein biosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL3, all of which are thought to be crucial for invading host tissues. Collagen synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL4, reflecting active biosynthesis of collagens occurs during moulting process of APL4. Of these differentially expressed genes, several genes (SI, nas-13, EF-TSMT, SFXN2, dhs-27) were validated to highly transcribed in APL3, while other genes (col-40, F09E10.7, pept-1, col-34, VIT) in APL4. The biological roles of these genes in vivo will be deciphered when the reference genome sequences are available, together with in vitro experiments.Anisakis pegreffii is known as one of the causes of a fish-borne zoonosis, anisakidosis. Despite its significant public health and food hygiene impacts, little is known of the pathogenesis, genetic background of this parasite, at least partly due to the lack of genome and transcriptome information. In this study, RNA-seq and de novo assembly were conducted to obtain transcriptome profiles of the A. pegreffii third and fourth larvae. The third stage larvae (APL3) were collected from chub mackerel and the fourth stage larvae (APL4) were obtained by in vitro culture. In total, 47,243 and 43,660 unigenes were expressed in APL3 and APL4 transcriptomes. Of them, 18,753 were known and 28,490 were novel for APL3, while 18,996 were known and 24,664 were novel for APL4. The most abundantly expressed genes in APL3 were mitochondrial enzymes (COI, COII, COIII) and polyubiquitins (UBB, UBIQP_XENLA). Collagen-related genes (col-145, col-34, col-138, Bm1_54705, col-40) were the most abundantly expressed in APL4. Mitochondrial enzyme genes (COIII, COI) were also highly expressed in APL4. Among the transcripts, 614 were up-regulated in APL3, while 1,309 were up-regulated in APL4. Several protease and protein biosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL3, all of which are thought to be crucial for invading host tissues. Collagen synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL4, reflecting active biosynthesis of collagens occurs during moulting process of APL4. Of these differentially expressed genes, several genes (SI, nas-13, EF-TSMT, SFXN2, dhs-27) were validated to highly transcribed in APL3, while other genes (col-40, F09E10.7, pept-1, col-34, VIT) in APL4. The biological roles of these genes in vivo will be deciphered when the reference genome sequences are available, together with in vitro experiments.

Effect of phosphate concentration, anions, heavy metals, and organic matter on phosphate adsorption from wastewater using anodized iron oxide nanoflakes.

Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for the growth and survival of living beings. Nevertheless, an oversupply of phosphorus in wastewater results in eutrophication. Therefore, its removal from wastewater is important. However, coexisting components, such as anions, heavy metals, and organic matter, might inhibit the phosphate-adsorption mechanism by competing for the active surface sites of the adsorbent. In this study, iron oxide nanoflakes (INFs) were fabricated on iron foil via anodization. The rate of phosphate adsorption from wastewater onto INFs in the presence of three different coexisting components-anions, heavy metals, and organic matter-was evaluated. The morphology of the INFs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The phosphate adsorption equilibrium time using INFs was found to be 1 h. The Elovich model (R2 > 0.99) and the Langmuir model (R2 >0.95) respectively provided the best description of the adsorption kinetics and isotherm, suggesting the chemisorption nature of adsorption. The estimated adsorption capacity of the INFs was 21.5 mg-P g-1. The effect of anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate) and heavy metals (Cd, As, Cr, and Pb) was studied at three different molar ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, and 1.5:1). The effect of different types of organic matter, such as citric acid, humic acid, and oxalic acid at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1, was also examined. In five regeneration cycles, the total amount of phosphate adsorbed and desorbed, and the recovery percentage were 6.51 mg-P g-1, 5.16 mg-P g-1, and 79.24%, respectively.

Reusability and photocatalytic activity of bismuth-TiO2 nanocomposites for industrial wastewater treatment.

In this study, bismuth-TiO2 nanotube (Bi-TNT) composites were used for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Bi-TNT were synthesized using two- and one-step anodization methods. The obtained composites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For the two-step Bi-TNT composites, we investigated the effect of different Bi deposition times, Bi concentrations, and Bi deposition voltages on photodegradation efficiency. For the one-step Bi-TNT composites, we investigated the effect of different anodization voltages, anodization times, and Bi concentrations. Initially, the optimal synthesis conditions for two- and one-step Bi-TNT catalysts were identified and then these optimized conditions were used for industrial wastewater treatment that was collected from Banwol Sihwa Industrial Complex Republic of Korea. The Bi-TNT two- and one-step composites showed 2.0 and 2.5 times higher photocatalytic activity, respectively, for industrial wastewater treatment than that of TNT in visible-light. Recycling of Bi-TNT composites showed that the one-step composite method was more efficient and stable than the two-step method because Bi coupling and nanotube formation simultaneously occurred.

Optimization of membrane modification using SiO2 for robust anti-fouling performance with calcium-humic acid feed in membrane distillation.

The goal of this study was to prepare a robust anti-wetting and anti-fouling polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for the rejection of a highly saline (NaCl and CaCl2·2H2O) feed solution containing humic acid (HA) in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum formulation of the used materials. The variable factors selected were polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) and silica (SiO2); liquid entry pressure (LEP) and contact angle (CA) were selected as responses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the SiO2 deposition and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test evidenced the new functional groups i.e., Si-OH, siloxane, and C-F bond vibrations at 3446, 1099 cm-1, and 1150-1240 cm-1 respectively on the membrane surface. The average roughness (Ra) was increased four times for the coated membranes (0.202-0.242 µm) as compared to that for pristine PES membrane (0.053 µm). The optimum PES-13 membrane exhibited consistent flux of 12 LMH and salt rejection (> 99%) with anti-fouling characteristic in DCMD using the feed solution of 3.5 wt% NaCl + 10 mM CaCl2·2H2O + 10 mg L-1 HA. The PES-13 membrane may therefore be a key membrane for application in DCMD against CaCl2·2H2O-containing salty solutions with HA.

A review of membrane development in membrane distillation for emulsified industrial or shale gas wastewater treatments with feed containing hybrid impurities.

Investigations on membrane materials for membrane distillation (MD) and its applications have been ongoing since the 1990s. However, a lack of materials that produce robustly stable and up-to-the-mark membranes for MD for different industrial applications remains an ongoing problem. This paper provides an overview of materials developed for MD applications. Although key aspects of published articles reviewed in this paper pertain to MD membranes synthesized for desalination, future MD can also be applied to organic wastewater containing surfactants with inorganic compounds, either with the help of hybrid treatment processes or with customized membrane materials. Many industrial discharges produce effluents at a very high temperature, which is an available driving force for MD. However, there remains a lack of cost-effective membrane materials. Amphiphobic and omniphobic membranes have recently been developed for treating emulsified and shale gas produced water, but the problem of organic fouling and pore wetting remains a major challenge, especially when NaCl and other inorganic impurities are present, which further deteriorate separation performance. Therefore, further advancements in materials are required for the treatment of emulsified industrial wastewater containing surfactants, salts, and for oil or shale gas wastewater for its commercialized reuse. Integrated MD systems, however, may represent a major change in shale gas wastewater and emulsified wastewater that are difficult to treat.

Development of double labeling in situ hybridization using RNA probes for genome detection of nervous necrosis virus (NNV).

In situ hybridization (ISH) of genomic segments using RNA-RNA hybrid for nervous necrosis virus (NNV) detection has not been reported yet. The objective of this study was to develop RNA-ISH using RNA probes for the detection of NNV in infects SSN-1 cells or sevenband grouper Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Two viral RNA segments viz., RNA1 and RNA2 were synthesized by in vitro transcription and labeled with fluorescein UTP and dignoxigenin dUTP, respectively. These labeled RNA probes specifically detected NNV in infected SSN-1 cells. We also applied double labeling RNA-ISH with two-color staining of RNA probes. The results showed that these two viral genomic segments were localized in same regions although RNA1 was also expressed separately. These findings suggest that RNA1 overexpression may be important for sufficient assembly of infectious particles. The RNA-ISH showed that both RNA segments were localized in the tectum opticum, torus semicircualris, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla of experimentally infected brain tissues. Especially, RNA segments were highly localized around the ventricle, suggesting that ventricle might play a vital role in the spread of NNV. This technique can be useful for understanding the localization of NNV and the relationship between clinical sign and viral expression.