Inter-rater and Intra-rater Reliability of the Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale with the Standardized Protocol.

This study aimed to develop a standardized protocol for the assessment of videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS) and to demonstrate the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the VDS by applying the new standard protocol. A standardized protocol for the VDS was developed by dysphagia experts, including the original developer. To identify the reliability of the VDS using the protocol, 60 patients who underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) for various etiologies were recruited retrospectively from three tertiary medical centers. Ten randomly selected cases were duplicated to evaluate the intra-rater reliability. Six physicians evaluated the VFSS data sets. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the VDS score, and Gwet's kappa values for each VDS item were calculated. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the total VDS score was 0.966 and 0.896, respectively. Notably, the evaluators' experience did not appear to have a significant impact on the reliability (physiatrists: 0.933/0.869, residents: 0.922/0.922). The reliability was consistent across different centers and dysphagia etiologies. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the oral and pharyngeal sub-scores were 0.953/0.861 and 0.958/0.907, respectively. The inter-rater agreement of individual items ranged from 0.456 to 0.929, and nine items demonstrated good to very good level of agreement. Assessment of dysphagia using the VDS with the standard protocol showed excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities regardless of the evaluator's experience, VFSS equipment, and dysphagia etiologies. The VDS can be a useful assessment scale in the quantitative analysis of dysphagia based on VFSS findings.

Fracture risk and impact of osteoporosis in patients with Parkinson's disease: a nationwide database study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) showed an increased risk of fractures in previous studies and a high prevalence of osteoporosis is reportedly a potential contributor. We conducted a nationwide database study on the risk of fractures and the impact of osteoporosis on patients with PD compared to controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a nationwide database in South Korea, we identified incident patients with PD in 2004-2006 and selected four age- and sex-matched controls. We checked the occurrence rates of overall and hip fractures and plotted Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional hazards model to determine risk. We also conducted stratified analyses according to the presence or absence of osteoporosis. RESULTS: We identified 9126 patients with PD and 35,601 controls. Patients with PD had a greater probability of fractures throughout the study period in Kaplan-Meier curves, and an increased risk of overall (aHR 1.35, 95% CI 1.297-1.405) and hip (aHR 1.814, 95% CI 1.66-1.983) fractures in a Cox proportional hazards model. In the stratified analysis, the increased risk of overall fracture (aHR 1.333, 95% CI 1.273-1.396 and aHR 1.412, 95% CI 1.301-1.532, respectively) and hip fracture (aHR 1.773, 95% CI 1.604-1.96 and aHR 2.008, 95% CI 1.657-2.434, respectively) due to PD was similar between patients with and without osteoporosis. DISCUSSION: Patients with PD, with or without osteoporosis, are more likely to experience fractures, especially hip fractures. There seems to be no interaction between PD and osteoporosis in regard to the occurrence of fractures, and therefore no effect modification by osteoporosis.

FOPR test: a virtual reality-based technique to assess field of perception and field of regard in hemispatial neglect.

BACKGROUND: We previously proposed a novel virtual reality-based method to assess human field of perception (FOP) and field of regard (FOR), termed the FOPR test. This study assessed the diagnostic validity of the FOPR test for hemispatial neglect (HSN). METHODS: We included 19 stroke patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere and with HSN (HSN+SS), 22 stroke patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere and without HSN (HSN-SS), and 22 healthy controls aged 19-65 years. The success rate (SR) and response time (RT) in the FOPR test for both FOP and FOR were assessed (FOP-SR, FOR-SR, FOP-RT, and FOR-RT, respectively). Using a Bland-Altman plot, agreements between the FOPR test and conventional tests were confirmed, and the FOPR test accuracy was verified using the support vector machine (SVM). Measured values were analysed using ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests for group comparison. RESULTS: The Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement between FOPR test and conventional tests; individuals within 95% agreement limits were within the range of 94.8-100.0%. The SVM classification accuracy, using FOP and FOR variables from the left hemispace, ranged from 83.3 to 100.0% in a binary classification (HSN vs non-HSN). The FOPR test demonstrated differences in SR and RT for both FOP and FOR across the groups. CONCLUSION: The FOPR test was valid for the HSN diagnosis and provided quantitative and intuitive information regarding visuospatial function. Furthermore, it might enhance our understanding of visuospatial function including HSN by applying the time relative component and concepts of perception and exploration, FOP and FOR. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03463122. Registered 13 March 2018, retrospectively registered.

Biochemical Characterization of the Rice Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family.

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is involved in the final step of the phenylpropanod pathway, catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of hydroxy-cinnamaldehydes into the corresponding alcohols. The rice genome contains twelve CAD and CAD-like genes, collectively called OsCADs. To elucidate the biochemical function of the OsCADs, OsCAD1, 2, 6, and 7, which are highly expressed in rice, were cloned from rice tissues. The cloned OsCADs were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as His-tag fusion proteins. The activity assay of the recombinant OsCADs showed that OsCAD2, 6, and 7 have CAD activity toward hydroxycinnamaldehydes, but OsCAD1 has no detectable catalytic activity. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme reactions demonstrated that OsCAD2 has the highest catalytic activity among the examined enzymes. This result agrees well with the finding that the Zn binding and NADPH binding motifs and the residues constituting the substrate binding pocket in bona fide plant CADs were fully conserved in OsCAD2. Although they have large variations in the residue for the substrate binding pocket, OsCAD6 and 7 catalyzed the reduction of hydroxycinnamaldehydes with a similar efficiency. Alignment of amino acid sequences showed that OsCAD1 lacks the GxxxxP motif for NADPH binding and has mismatches in residues important in the reduction process, which could be responsible for the loss of catalytic activity. OsCAD2 belongs to CAD Class I with bona fide CADs from other plant species and is constitutively expressed throughout the developmental stages of rice, with preferential expression in actively lignifying tissues such as the root, stem, and panicle, suggesting that it is mainly involved in developmental lignification in rice. The expression of OsCAD2 was also induced by biotic and abiotic stresses such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection and UV-irradiation, suggesting that it plays a role in the defense response of rice, in addition to a bona fide role in developmental lignification. OsCAD6 and 7 belong in CAD Class II. Their expression is relatively lower than that of OsCAD2 and is confined to certain tissues, such as the leaf sheath, stem, and panicle. The expression of OsCAD6 was stimulated by Xoo infection and UV-irradiation. Thus OsCAD6 appears to be an inducible OsCAD that is likely involved in the defense response of rice against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Transcriptomic and Physiological Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with Drought Stress Responses in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa.

Drought stress affects plant productivity by altering plant responses at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. In this study, we identified physiological and genetic responses in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa hybrid clones 72-30 and 72-31 after 12 days of exposure to drought treatment. After 12 days of drought treatment, glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels were significantly increased in clone 72-30 under drought stress. The Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm values in both clones also decreased under drought stress. The changes in proline, malondialdehyde, and H2O2 levels were significant and more pronounced in clone 72-30 than in clone 72-31. The activities of antioxidant-related enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, were significantly higher in the 72-31 clone. To identify drought-related genes, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis in P. alba × P. glandulosa leaves exposed to drought stress. We found 883 up-regulated and 305 down-regulated genes in the 72-30 clone and 279 and 303 in the 72-31 clone, respectively. These differentially expressed genes were mainly in synthetic pathways related to proline, abscisic acid, and antioxidants. Overall, clone 72-31 showed better drought tolerance than clone 72-30 under drought stress, and genetic changes also showed different patterns.

Cardiopulmonary Response to Robot-Assisted Tilt Table With Regard to Its Components.

Cardiopulmonary function is exceptionally critical during the early stages of rehabilitation after neurological disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to demonstrate how robot-assisted and tilt table exercises affect cardiopulmonary function. In this study, ten healthy young adults performed six combinations of conditions according to robot-assisted mode (on/off), angle of tilt table (20°/60°), and functional electrical stimulation (FES) mode (on/off). Four conditions had FES mode off with combinations of robot-assisted mode (on/off) and tilt angle (20°/60°) and two conditions had robot-assisted mode and FES on with tilt angle (20°/60°). Cardiopulmonary effects (oxygen uptake [VO2], peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], metabolic energy cost [MET], rate pressure product [RPP], heart rate [HR], maximum heart rate [%HRmax], and minute ventilation [VE]) were compared in each condition. As a result, in the angle and FES mode effect, VO2, VO2peak, MET, RPP, HR, and %HRmax, unlike that for VE, showed major effects in angle. In addition, in the robot-assisted mode and angle effect, when the FES was switched off, VO2, METs, and VE values showed major effects in the robot-assisted mode, whereas all other values showed major effects in angle. Compared to earlier reported findings, we can expect that robot-assisted tilt table training can lead to changes in the cardiopulmonary function.

Genome-wide identification of the PFK gene family and their expression analysis in Quercus rubra.

The glycolytic pathway involves phosphofructokinase (PFK), a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate. In plants, the two PFK members are ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase (PFP). However, the functions of the PFK family members in Quercus rubra are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genome-wide distribution of the PFK family members and their roles in Q. rubra by performing a systematic study of the phylogenetic relationships, molecular characteristics, motifs, chromosomal and subcellular locations, and cis-elements of QrPFKs. We identified 14 QrPFK genes in the genome of Q. rubra, followed by examining their expression in different tissues, including the roots, stems, and leaves. The phylogenetic tree divided the 14 QrPFK genes into two groups: 11 belonging to PFK and three belonging to PFP. The expression profiles of all 14 proteins were relatively the same in leaves but differed between stems and roots. Four genes (Qurub.02G189400.1, Qurub.02G189400.2, Qurub.09G134300.1, and Qurub.09G134300.2) were expressed at very low levels in both stems and roots, while two (Qurub.05G235500.1 and Qurub.05G235500.1) were expressed at low levels and the others showed relatively high expression in all tissues.

Intraoperative mean arterial pressure and acute kidney injury after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a retrospective study.

Intraoperative hemodynamics can affect postoperative kidney function. We aimed to investigate the effect of intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) as well as other risk factors on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 750 patients who underwent RALP. The average real variability (ARV)-MAP, standard deviation (SD)-MAP, time-weighted average (TWA)-MAP, area under threshold (AUT)-65 mmHg, and area above threshold (AAT)-120 mmHg were calculated using MAPs collected within a 10-s interval. Eighteen (2.4%) patients developed postoperative AKI. There were some univariable associations between TWA-MAP, AUT-65 mmHg, and AKI occurrence; however, multivariable analysis found no association. Alternatively, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status ≥ III and the low intraoperative urine output were independently associated with AKI occurrence. Moreover, none of the five MAP parameters could predict postoperative AKI, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for ARV-MAP, SD-MAP, TWA-MAP, AUT-65 mmHg, and AAT-120 mmHg being 0.561 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.424-0.697), 0.561 (95% CI, 0.417-0.704), 0.584 (95% CI, 0.458-0.709), 0.590 (95% CI, 0.462-0.718), and 0.626 (95% CI, 0.499-0.753), respectively. Therefore, intraoperative MAP changes may not be a determining factor for AKI after RALP.

Elevated CO2 Alters the Physiological and Transcriptome Responses of Pinus densiflora to Long-Term CO2 Exposure.

Physiological response and transcriptome changes were observed to investigate the effects on the growth, metabolism and genetic changes of Pinus densiflora grown for a long time in an environment with an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Pine trees were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (560 ppm and 720 ppm) CO2 concentrations for 10 years in open-top chambers. The content of nonstructural carbohydrates was significantly increased in elevated CO2. It was notable that the contents of chlorophylls significantly decreased at an elevated CO2. The activities of antioxidants were significantly increased at an elevated CO2 concentration of 720 ppm. We analyzed the differences in the transcriptomes of Pinus densiflora at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations and elucidated the functions of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RNA-Seq analysis identified 2415 and 4462 DEGs between an ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations of 560 ppm and 720 ppm, respectively. Genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch/sucrose metabolism were unchanged or decreased at an elevated CO2 concentration of 560 ppm and tended to increase at an elevated CO2 concentration of 720 ppm. It was confirmed that the expression levels of genes related to photosynthesis and antioxidants were increased at an elevated CO2 concentration of 720 ppm.

A risk scoring system integrating postoperative factors for predicting early mortality after major non-cardiac surgery.

We aimed to develop a risk scoring system for 1-week and 1-month mortality after major non-cardiac surgery, and assess the impact of postoperative factors on 1-week and 1-month mortality using machine learning algorithms. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21,510 patients who were transfused with red blood cells during non-cardiac surgery and collected pre-, intra-, and postoperative features. We derived two patient cohorts to predict 1-week and 1-month mortality and randomly split each of them into training and test cohorts at a ratio of 8:2. All the modeling steps were carried out solely based on the training cohorts, whereas the test cohorts were reserved for the evaluation of predictive performance. Incorporation of postoperative information demonstrated no significant benefit in predicting 1-week mortality but led to substantial improvement in predicting 1-month mortality. Risk scores predicting 1-week and 1-month mortality were associated with area under receiver operating characteristic curves of 84.58% and 90.66%, respectively. Brain surgery, amount of intraoperative red blood cell transfusion, preoperative platelet count, preoperative serum albumin, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status were included in the risk score predicting 1-week mortality. Postoperative day (POD) 5 (neutrophil count × mean platelet volume) to (lymphocyte count × platelet count) ratio, preoperative and POD 5 serum albumin, and occurrence of acute kidney injury were included in the risk score predicting 1-month mortality. Our scoring system advocates the importance of postoperative complete blood count differential and serum albumin to better predict mortality beyond the first week post-surgery.

A small GTPase activator protein interacts with cytoplasmic phytochromes in regulating root development.

Phytochromes enable plants to sense light information and regulate developmental responses. Phytochromes interact with partner proteins to transmit light signals to downstream components for plant development. PIRF1 (phytochrome-interacting ROP guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (RopGEF 1)) functions as a light-signaling switch regulating root development through the activation of ROPs (Rho-like GTPase of plant) in the cytoplasm. In vitro pulldown and yeast two-hybrid assays confirmed the interaction between PIRF1 and phytochromes. PIRF1 interacted with the N-terminal domain of phytochromes through its conserved PRONE (plant-specific ROP nucleotide exchanger) region. PIRF1 also interacted with ROPs and activated them in a phytochrome-dependent manner. The Pr form of phytochrome A enhanced the RopGEF activity of PIRF1, whereas the Pfr form inhibited it. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis demonstrated that PIRF1 was localized in the cytoplasm and bound to the phytochromes in darkness but not in light. PIRF1 loss of function mutants (pirf1) of Arabidopsis thaliana showed a longer root phenotype in the dark. In addition, both PIRF1 overexpression mutants (PIRF1-OX) and phytochrome-null mutants (phyA-211 and phyB-9) showed retarded root elongation and irregular root hair formation, suggesting that PIRF1 is a negative regulator of phytochrome-mediated primary root development. We propose that phytochrome and ROP signaling are interconnected through PIRF1 in regulating the root growth and development in Arabidopsis.

An ankyrin repeat protein is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

The ankyrin domain is one of the most common protein motifs in eukaryotic proteins. Repeated ankyrin domains are ubiquitous and their mediation of protein-protein interactions is involved in a number of physiological and developmental responses such as the cell cycle, signal transduction and cell differentiation. A novel putative phytochrome-interacting ankyrin repeat protein 2 (PIA2) containing three repeated ankyrin domains was identified in Arabidopsis. An in vitro pull-down and phosphorylation assay revealed that PIA2 is phosphorylated and interacts directly with oat phytochrome A. The N-terminal domain of PIA2 was specifically phosphorylated, whereas interactions between the domains of PIA2 and phytochrome A had no Pr/Pfr preference. PIA2 was ubiquitously expressed in most tissues and was localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm independent of treatment with light of specific wavelengths. Anthocyanin accumulation in seedlings grown under far-red light, a typical phenotype of wild-type plants, was reduced in a loss-of-function mutant of PIA2 (pia2), whereas anthocyanin accumulation was increased in an overexpressing plant (PIA2-OX). The gene expression of UDP-flavonoid-3'-glucosyl-transferase (UF3GT), a major enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthesis processes, was decreased in pia2 knockout plants suggesting that decreased anthocyanin was because of the decreased expression of UF3GT. Our results suggest that PIA2 plays a role in the anthocyanin biosynthesis during seedling development as a novel phytochrome-interacting protein.

Prediction of hypotension after postural change in robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy using esophageal Doppler monitoring: a prospective observational trial.

Postural change from a steep Trendelenburg position to a supine position (T-off) during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) induces a considerable abrupt decrease in the mean arterial pressure (MAP). We investigated the variables for predicting postural hypotension induced by T-off using esophageal Doppler monitoring (EDM). One hundred and twenty-five patients undergoing RALP were enrolled. Data on the MAP, heart rate, stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index, peak velocity, corrected flow time, stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation, arterial elastance (Ea), and dynamic arterial elastance were collected before T-off and at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min after T-off using EDM. MAP < 60 mmHg within 10 min after T-off was considered to indicate hypotension, and 25 patients developed hypotension. The areas under the curves of the MAP, SVI, and Ea were 0.734 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.623-0.846; P < 0.001), 0.712 (95% CI 0.598-0.825; P < 0.001), and 0.760 (95% CI 0.646-0.875; P < 0.001), respectively, with threshold values of ≤ 74 mmHg, ≥ 42.5 mL/m2, and ≤ 1.08 mmHg/mL, respectively. If patients have MAP < 75 mmHg with SVI ≥ 42.5 mL/m2 or Ea ≤ 1.08 mmHg/mL before postural change from T-off during RALP, prompt management for ensuing hypotension should be considered.Trial registration: NCT03882697 (ClinicalTrial.gov, March 20, 2019).

The Korean Version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment: Reliability and Validity Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically translate the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) into a Korean version of the FMA (K-FMA). METHODS: We translated the original FMA into the Korean version with three translators and a translation committee, which included physiatrists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Based on a test-retest method, each of 31 patients with stroke was assessed by two evaluators twice, once on recruitment, and again after a week. Analysis of intra- and inter-rater reliabilities was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient, whereas validity was analysed using Pearson correlation test along with the Motricity Index (MI), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). RESULTS: The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were significant for the total score, and good to excellent reliability was noted in all domains except for the joint range of motion of the lower extremity domain of the K-FMA. The MI and MAS scores were significantly correlated with all domains, all with p<0.01. The results for the MI ranged from r=0.639 to r=0.891 and those for the MAS from r=0.339 to r=0.555. However, the BBS was not significantly correlated with any domain, as the K-FMA lacks balance evaluation items. CONCLUSION: The K-FMA was found to have high reliability and validity. Additionally, the newly developed manual for the K-FMA may help minimise errors that can occur during evaluation and improve the reliability of motor function evaluation.

Treatment of Recalcitrant Viral Warts with Combination Therapy of Systemic Acitretin and Diphenylcyclopropenone Immunotherapy.

Viral warts are benign proliferations of the epithelium caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Diverse therapeutic options are available for viral warts, depending on extension and severity of the disease. We report a case of a 19-year-old man who presented with multiple viral warts on hands and feet for 5 years. He was treated at other clinics before visiting our hospital, but there was no improvement. We treated the lesions with a combination therapy of systemic acitretin and diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) immunotherapy for 6 months. A significant improvement was observed during the 12th week of therapy. Herein, we report a case of recalcitrant viral warts showing complete regression when a combination therapy of oral acitretin and immunotherapy was administered.

A Case of Livedoid Vasculopathy Successfully Treated with Sulodexide.

We report a 29-year-old female with a one-month history of non-healing multiple erythematous to violaceous plaques with crusts over both legs and feet. Tender, scarring ulcers with surrounding erythema were present. The clinical manifestation, together with histopathologic findings of fibrinoid plugs within vascular lumens and walls, as well as red blood cell extravasation, led to diagnosis of livedoid vasculopathy. The patient experienced recurrent painful violaceous plaques with ulcerations during the two years of treatment with oral pentoxifylline 400 mg three times daily. The cutaneous lesions and symptoms dramatically improved after the treatment regimen changed to oral sulodexide (250 lipasemic units) three times daily. Sulodexide, a highly purified mixture of glycosaminoglycans including dermatan sulfate and low-molecular weight heparin, could be an effective therapy for recalcitrant livedoid vasculopathy. Herein, we report a case of livedoid vasculopathy treated with sulodexide, which has not previously been reported.

Age-Related Difference in the Effect of Acute Hyperglycemia on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Age and acute hyperglycemia are known risk factors of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated age-related difference in the effect of acute hyperglycemia on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in Sprague-Dawley rats (young, 3 months; middle-aged, 10-12 months; and old, 22-24 months). The rats received 1.2 g/kg dextrose or normal saline and were subjected to coronary artery occlusion for 45 minutes followed by reperfusion for 240 minutes. Infarct size and ejection fraction were measured. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins (C-PARP, Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c) and autophagy-related proteins (Bnip3, Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3B-II) were evaluated. Infarct size increased with acute hyperglycemia in young and middle-aged rats but not in old rats, whereas the reduction of ejection fraction after ischemia-reperfusion was aggravated by acute hyperglycemia in all age groups. Acute hyperglycemia increased Bnip3 and Beclin-1 expressions after ischemia-reperfusion in young and middle-aged rats but not in old rats, whereas it increased the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, Atg5, and LC3B-II only in young or middle-aged rats. Conclusively, acute hyperglycemia does not aggravate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in old rats, unlike in young and middle-aged rats. This heterogeneity may be due to attenuated changes in protein signaling after ischemia-reperfusion injury under acute hyperglycemia in old rats.

Primary Cutaneous Solitary Fibrous Tumor on the Back.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are uncommon mesenchymal tumors. SFT have several synonyms including localized fibrous tumor, benign mesothelioma, localized fibrous mesothelioma, and submesothelial fibroma. SFT usually occur in the pleura or other serosal surfaces, but SFT can also develop in extrapleural areas including the nasal cavity, orbit, retroperitoneum, and pelvis. Cutaneous SFT is extremely rare, and more likely to occur in the head and neck region. Histologically, this tumor can mimic a variety of benign and malignant tumors such as dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, spindle cell lipoma or other mesenchymal tumors. Most cases of SFT show non-aggressive clinical courses, with low recurrence rates. Herein, we describe a case of primary cutaneous SFT which presented with huge mass on the back.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Neuropathic Pain in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Referred to a Rehabilitation Center.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and characteristics of neuropathic pain (NP) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to investigate associations between NP and demographic or disease-related variables. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with SCI whose pain was classified according to the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain classifications at a single hospital. Multiple statistical analyses were employed. Patients aged <19 years, and patients with other neurological disorders and congenital conditions were excluded. RESULTS: Of 366 patients, 253 patients (69.1%) with SCI had NP. Patients who were married or had traumatic injury or depressive mood had a higher prevalence rate. When other variables were controlled, marital status and depressive mood were found to be predictors of NP. There was no association between the prevalence of NP and other demographic or clinical variables. The mean Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of NP was 4.52, and patients mainly described pain as tingling, squeezing, and painful cold. Females and those with below-level NP reported more intense pain. An NRS cut-off value of 4.5 was determined as the most appropriate value to discriminate between patients taking pain medication and those who did not. CONCLUSION: In total, 69.1% of patients with SCI complained of NP, indicating that NP was a major complication. Treatment planning for patients with SCI and NP should consider that marital status, mood, sex, and pain subtype may affect NP, which should be actively managed in patients with an NRS ≥4.5.