RESUMO
In our continuing efforts to explore structure-activity relationships around the novel class of potent, isonicotinamide-based GSK3 inhibitors described in our previous report, we extensively explored structural variations around both 4/5-pyridine substitutions and the amide group. Some analogs were found to have greatly improved pTau lowering potency while retaining high kinase selectivity. In contrast to previous active compounds 1a-c, a close analog 3h did not show in vivo efficacy in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model. In general, these 2pyridinyl amide derivatives were prone to amidase mediated hydrolysis in mouse plasma.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase , Camundongos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Camundongos Transgênicos , Amidas/farmacologia , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/químicaRESUMO
Allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) of HIV-1 may hold promise as a novel mechanism for HIV therapeutics and cure. Scaffold modifications to the 4-(4,4-dimethylpiperidinyl) 2,6-dimethylpyridinyl class of ALLINIs provided a series of potent compounds with differentiated 5/6 fused ring systems. Notably, inhibitors containing the 1,2,4-triazolopyridine and imidazopyridine core exhibited single digit nM antiviral potency and low to moderate clearance after intravenous (IV) dosing in rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The 1,2,4-triazolopyridines showed a higher oral exposure when compared to the imidazopyridines. Further modifications to the C5 substituent of the 1,2,4-triazolopyridines resulted in a new lead compound, which had improved rat IV/PO PK compared to the former lead compound GSK3739936, while maintaining antiviral potency. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and rat pharmacokinetic profiles of this series are discussed.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV , Integrase de HIV , HIV-1 , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, stroke, bipolar disorders, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. GSK-3 inhibition has been a major area of pharmaceutical interest over the last two decades. A plethora of reports appeared recently on selective inhibitors and their co-crystal structures in GSK-3ß. We identified several series of promising new GSK-3ß inhibitors from a coherent design around a pyrrolopyridinone core structure. A systematic exploration of the chemical space around the central spacer led to potent single digit and sub-nanomolar GSK-3ß inhibitors. When dosed orally in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an exemplary compound showed significant lowering of Tau phosphorylation at one of the GSK-3 phosphorylating sites, Ser396. X-ray crystallography greatly aided in validating the binding hypotheses.
Assuntos
Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Piridonas/química , Pirróis/química , Aminopiridinas/administração & dosagem , Aminopiridinas/química , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The design, synthesis and characterization of a phosphonate inhibitor of N-acetylneuraminate-9-phosphate phosphatase (HDHD4) is described. Compound 3, where the substrate C-9 oxygen was replaced with a nonlabile CH2 group, inhibits HDHD4 with a binding affinity (IC50 11µM) in the range of the native substrate Neu5Ac-9-P (compound 1, Km 47µM). Combined SAR, modeling and NMR studies are consistent with the phosphonate group in inhibitor 3 forming a stable complex with native Mg(2+). In addition to this key interaction, the C-1 carboxylate of the sugar interacts with a cluster of basic residues, K141, R104 and R72. Comparative NMR studies of compounds 3 and 1 with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) are indicative of a highly dynamic process in the active site for the HDHD4/Mg(2+)/3 complex. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Siálicos/síntese química , Fosfatos Açúcares/síntese química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ratos , Ácidos Siálicos/química , Ácidos Siálicos/metabolismo , Fosfatos Açúcares/química , Fosfatos Açúcares/metabolismoRESUMO
A novel series of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors with high selectivity for the p38α isoform over the other family members including the highly homologous p38ß isoform has been identified. X-ray co-crystallographic studies have revealed an unprecedented kinase binding mode in p38α for representative analogs, 5c and 9d, in which a Leu108/Met109 peptide flip occurs within the p38α hinge region. Based on these findings, a general strategy for the rational design of additional promising p38α isoform selective inhibitors by targeting this novel binding mode is proposed.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates numerous cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and cell survival. Due to its multifaceted role, GSK-3 has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and mood disorders. GSK-3ß has been linked to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease that arise from the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. The design and synthesis of a series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives that were evaluated as GSK-3ß inhibitors are described herein. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of potent GSK-3ß inhibitors. In vivo studies with 47 in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model showed that this compound is a brain-penetrant, orally bioavailable GSK-3ß inhibitor that significantly lowered levels of phosphorylated tau.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Camundongos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that serves as an important regulator of a broad range of cellular functions. It has been linked to Alzheimer's disease as well as various other diseases, including mood disorders, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. There is considerable evidence indicating that GSK-3ß in the central nervous system plays a role in the production of abnormal, hyperphosphorylated, microtubule-associated tau protein found in neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease. A series of analogues containing a pyrimidine-based hinge-binding heterocycle was synthesized and evaluated, leading to the identification of highly potent GSK-3 inhibitors with excellent kinase selectivity. Further evaluation of 34 and 40 in vivo demonstrated that these compounds are orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant GSK-3 inhibitors that lowered levels of phosphorylated tau in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Camundongos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
CARM1 (co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1) is a PRMT (protein arginine N-methyltransferase) family member that catalyses the transfer of methyl groups from SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) to the side chain of specific arginine residues of substrate proteins. This post-translational modification of proteins regulates a variety of transcriptional events and other cellular processes. Moreover, CARM1 is a potential oncological target due to its multiple roles in transcription activation by nuclear hormone receptors and other transcription factors such as p53. Here, we present crystal structures of the CARM1 catalytic domain in complex with cofactors [SAH (S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine) or SNF (sinefungin)] and indole or pyazole inhibitors. Analysis of the structures reveals that the inhibitors bind in the arginine-binding cavity and the surrounding pocket that exists at the interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. In addition, we show using ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) that the inhibitors bind to the CARM1 catalytic domain only in the presence of the cofactor SAH. Furthermore, sequence differences for select residues that interact with the inhibitors may be responsible for the CARM1 selectivity against PRMT1 and PRMT3. Together, the structural and biophysical information should aid in the design of both potent and specific inhibitors of CARM1.
Assuntos
Indóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Indóis/química , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/química , Pirazóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirazóis/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Domínio Catalítico/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Indóis/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Pirazóis/metabolismoRESUMO
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) have garnered special interest because of their novel mechanism of action: they inhibit HIV-1 replication by promoting aberrant integrase multimerization, leading to the production of replication-deficient viral particles. The binding site of ALLINIs is in a well-defined pocket formed at the interface of two integrase monomers that is characterized by conserved residues along with two polymorphic amino acids at residues 124 and 125. The design, synthesis, and optimization of pyridine-based allosteric integrase inhibitors are reported here. Optimization was conducted with a specific emphasis on the inhibition of the 124/125 polymorphs such that the designed compounds showed excellent potency in vitro against majority of the 124/125 variants. In vivo profiling of promising preclinical lead 29 showed that it exhibited a good pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in preclinical species, which resulted in a low predicted human efficacious dose. However, findings in rat toxicology studies precluded further development of 29.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Integrase de HIV , Integrase de HIV , HIV-1 , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , RatosRESUMO
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) have been of interest recently because of their novel mechanism of action. Strategic modifications to the C5 moiety of a class of 4-(4,4-dimethylpiperidinyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridinyl ALLINIs led to the identification of a tetrahydroisoquinoline heterocycle as a suitable spacer element to project the distal hydrophobic aryl ring. Subsequent optimization of the aryl substitutions identified 12 as an ALLINI with single-digit nanomolar inhibitory potency and low clearance across preclinical species. In preclinical toxicology studies with 12 in rats, lipid hepatocellular vacuolation was observed. Removal of the C6 methyl group resulted in GSK3839919 (22), which exhibited a reduced incidence and severity of lipid vacuolation in both in vitro assays and in vivo studies while maintaining the potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the prototype. The virology, PK, and toxicology profiles of 22 are discussed.
RESUMO
Design, synthesis, and SAR of 7-oxopyrrolopyridine-derived DPP4 inhibitors are described. The preferred stereochemistry of these atropisomeric biaryl analogs has been identified as Sa. Compound (+)-3t, with a K(i) against DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 of 0.37 nM, 2.2, and 5.7 µM, respectively, showed a significant improvement in insulin response after single doses of 3 and 10 µmol/kg in ob/ob mice.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/química , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacologia , Canais de Potássio Éter-A-Go-Go/metabolismo , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Domínio Catalítico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacocinética , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Insulina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Pirróis/química , Pirróis/farmacocinética , Pirróis/farmacologia , Ratos , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Structure based rationales for the activities of potent N-benzyl-4-heteroaryl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide inhibitors of the hepatitis C viral polymerase are described herein. These compounds bind to the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5B (NS5B), and co-crystal structures of select examples from this series with NS5B are reported. Comparison of co-crystal structures of a potent analog with both NS5B genotype 1a and genotype 1b provides a possible explanation for the genotype-selectivity observed with this compound class and suggests opportunities for the further optimization of the series.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Antivirais/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/farmacologia , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Simulação por Computador , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
The design, synthesis and SAR of a novel class of valerolactam-based arylsulfonamides as potent and selective FXa inhibitors is reported. The arylsulfonamide-valerolactam scaffold was derived based on the proposed bioisosterism to the arylcyanoguanidine-caprolactam core in known FXa inhibitors. The SAR study led to compound 46 as the most potent FXa inhibitor in this series, with an IC(50) of 7 nM and EC(2×PT) of 1.7 µM. The X-ray structure of compound 40 bound to FXa shows that the sulfonamide-valerolactam scaffold anchors the aryl group in the S1 and the novel acylcytisine pharmacophore in the S4 pockets.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/química , Inibidores do Fator Xa , Piperidonas/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Anticoagulantes/síntese química , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Xa/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactamas/química , Conformação Molecular , Piperidonas/síntese química , Piperidonas/farmacologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine based inhibitors of p38α have been prepared exploring functional group modifications at the C6 position. Incorporation of aryl and heteroaryl ketones at this position led to potent inhibitors with efficacy in in vivo models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirróis/química , Triazinas/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Camundongos , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/farmacologia , Triazinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Protein tyrosine phosphatase γ is a membrane-bound receptor and is designated RPTPγ. RPTPγ and two mutants, RPTPγ(V948I, S970T) and RPTPγ(C858S, S970T), were recombinantly expressed and purified for X-ray crystallographic studies. The purified enzymes were crystallized using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. Crystallographic data were obtained from several different crystal forms in the absence and the presence of inhibitor. In this paper, a description is given of how three different crystal forms were obtained that were used with various ligands. An orthorhombic crystal form and a trigonal crystal form were obtained both with and without ligand, and a monoclinic crystal form was only obtained in the presence of a particularly elaborated inhibitor.
Assuntos
Domínio Catalítico , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Semelhantes a Receptores/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Clonagem Molecular , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Semelhantes a Receptores/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Semelhantes a Receptores/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
We have discovered that phenyltriazolinone is a novel and potent P1 moiety for coagulation factor Xa. X-ray structures of the inhibitors with a phenyltriazolinone in the P1 position revealed that the side chain of Asp189 has reoriented resulting in a novel S1 binding pocket which is larger in size to accommodate the phenyltriazolinone P1 substrate.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/síntese química , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores do Fator Xa , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/síntese química , Piridonas/síntese química , Sulfonas/síntese química , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridonas/química , Piridonas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/química , Sulfonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors based on a 5-amino-pyrazole scaffold are described. These studies led to the identification of compound 2j as a potent and selective inhibitor of p38α MAP kinase with excellent cellular potency toward the inhibition of TNFα production. Compound 2j was highly efficacious in vivo in inhibiting TNFα production in an acute murine model of TNFα production. X-ray co-crystallography of a 5-amino-pyrazole analog 2f bound to unphosphorylated p38α is also disclosed.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Camundongos , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of 2-aminothiazol-5-yl-pyrimidines as novel p38α MAP kinase inhibitors are described. These efforts led to the identification of 41 as a potent p38α inhibitor that utilizes a unique nitrogen-sulfur intramolecular nonbonding interaction to stabilize the conformation required for binding to the p38α active site. X-ray crystallographic studies that confirm the proposed binding mode of this class of inhibitors in p38 α and provide evidence for the proposed intramolecular nitrogen-sulfur interaction are discussed.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Nitrogênio/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Pirimidinas/química , Enxofre/química , Tiazóis/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazóis/síntese química , Tiazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
The standard of care for HIV-1 infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), combines two or more drugs from at least two classes. Even with the success of HAART, new drugs with novel mechanisms are needed to combat viral resistance, improve adherence, and mitigate toxicities. Active site inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase are clinically validated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Here we describe allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that bind to the LEDGF/p75 interaction site and disrupt the structure of the integrase multimer that is required for the HIV-1 maturation. A series of pyrazolopyrimidine-based inhibitors was developed with a vector in the 2-position that was optimized by structure-guided compound design. This resulted in the discovery of pyrazolopyrimidine 3, which was optimized at the 2- and 7-positions to afford 26 and 29 as potent allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that exhibited low nanomolar antiviral potency in cell culture and encouraging PK properties.
Assuntos
Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/química , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Descoberta de Drogas , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacocinética , Humanos , Masculino , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Necroptosis has been implicated in a variety of disease states, and RIPK3 is one of the kinases identified to play a critical role in this signaling pathway. In an effort to identify RIPK3 kinase inhibitors with a novel profile, mechanistic studies were incorporated at the hit triage stage. Utilization of these assays enabled identification of a Type II DFG-out inhibitor for RIPK3, which was confirmed by protein crystallography. Structure-based drug design on the inhibitors targeting this previously unreported conformation enabled an enhancement in selectivity against key off-target kinases.