Treatment of Freiberg's disease using a reverse pedicled metatarsal bone flap: Case report.

Despite no surgical procedures receiving unanimous support for treating Freiberg's disease, several surgical treatment options have been described. For the past few years, bone flaps have been shown in children to present promising regenerative properties. We report a novel technique using a reverse pedicled metatarsal bone flap from the first metatarsal to treat one case of Freiberg's disease in a 13-year-old female. The patient presented 100% involvement of the second metatarsal head, with a 6 × 2 mm defect, unresponsive to 16 months of conservative measures. A 7 mm × 3 mm pedicled metatarsal bone flap (PMBF) was obtained from the lateral proximal first metatarsal metaphysis, mobilized and pedicled distally. It was inserted at the dorsum of the distal metaphysis of the second metacarpal towards the center of the metatarsal head, reaching the subchondral bone. Initial favorable clinical and radiological results were maintained for over 36 months during the last follow-up. Based on the powerful vasculogenic and osteogenic properties of bone flaps, this novel technique could effectively induce bone revascularization and prevent further collapse of the metatarsal's head.

Plantar intermetatarsal perforator flap for first web skin-graftless syndactyly release: Anatomical study and clinical application.

INTRODUCTION: Foot-syndactyly has long been managed through conventional surgical procedures, each having its own distinct advantages and drawbacks. While these methods, which do not require skin grafts, exhibit a lower incidence of long-term complications, they lead to undesirable scarring on the dorsal side of the foot and reduced patient satisfaction. In this study, we introduce an innovative technique involving an intermetatarsal plantar flap, supported by an anatomical investigation and clinical application. METHODS: Eight freshly preserved lower limbs were injected with colored latex to examine the cutaneous vessels on the plantar surface, a skin-flap was designed in an elliptical shape to address first web conjoined toes. The flap was extended from the center of each affected ray measuring ~30% of the sole's length. Using the mentioned novel approach, a flap was created and dorsally extended with a straight incision to release bilateral simple foot-syndactyly in an 8-year-old child presented with Apert's Syndrome. RESULTS: We identified cutaneous branches originating either from the medial plantar vessels or the lateral proper artery of the hallux. On average, the mean number of cutaneous branches found over the first intermetatarsal web spaces was 5.8 (ranging from 5 to 8) most of them originating from medial plantar vessels with a mean of 5.1 branches (range 4-6) while proper lateral great-toe digital artery provided a mean of 0.6 branches (range 0-2). Intra-operatively, in our patient, advancing the plantar flap ensured complete coverage of the commissure, obviating the necessity for skin grafts. Incisions healed uneventfully and a wide first web was obtained. Over a 15 months follow-up, no complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the skin-graftless first web release of syndactyly using a plantar intermetatarsal flap is a reliable and straightforward procedure with good cosmetic results, offering a promising alternative to conventional techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Pedicled palmar intermetacarpal perforator flap for skin-graftless syndactyly release: Anatomical study and clinical application.

INTRODUCTION: Dorsal hand skin flaps have been described in order to avoid digit skin grafting in syndactyly release. Although these skin-graftless techniques present a lower rate of long term complications, they result in unsightly dorsal scarring and worse patient satisfaction. We describe a novel technique using an intermetacarpal palmar flap by performing an anatomic study and clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten colored-latex-injected fresh upper limbs were used to study the palmar cutaneous perforators to second to fourth intermetacarpal space skin flaps designed elliptical, its width extending from the center of each involved ray and measuring 40%-50% the length of the palm. RESULTS: The anatomical study revealed a mean 2.77 (range 1 to 4) cutaneous perforators originating from either the common or proper digital vessels for every intermetacarpal space and measuring 0.4 mm (range 0.3 to 0.5 mm) in diameter. CLINICAL APPLICATION: This flap, measuring a mean of 21.5 mm (range 20 to 23 mm) in length and 9.5 mm (range 9 to 10 mm) in width, was used to release simple syndactylies in three patients of mean age 24 months (range = 18-30 months). After skin incision, cutaneous septa to the digital canal were released to permit flap advancement to the web space. Cutaneous perforators were not dissected. Intra-operative palmar-flap advancement provided commissure coverage in all children with no skin grafts needed. Over a mean follow-up of 15 months, no complications occurred, mean palm scar VSS was 2.4 (range 2 to 3) while it was 3 (range 3 to 3) for the commissure scars. CONCLUSIONS: Skin-graftless syndactyly release using a palmar intermetacarpal flap seems both reliable and easy-to-perform. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Triceps to teres minor motor nerve transfer to restore glenohumeral external rotation after neonatal brachial plexus injury.

INTRODUCTION: Attaining active glenohumeral external rotation (aGHER), whether via primary reconstruction or spontaneous recovery, is infrequent in patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPI). We evaluated the effectiveness of triceps-to-teres minor motor branch transfers to restore this function, both performed primarily (i.e., in conjunction with microsurgical plexus reconstruction) or secondarily (after primary surgery has failed to restore aGHER). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 12 children with NBPI undergoing triceps-to-teres minor motor branch transfer via an axillary approach, six undergoing primary surgery and six secondary. The primary outcome was post-operative restoration of aGHER in abduction. The primary-surgery group consisted of six children of mean age 8 months (range 5-11) with partial injuries ranging from C5-C6 to C5-C8. The secondary-surgery group included six patients with C5-C6 injuries of mean age 43 months (range 23-120), undergoing re-operation a mean 40 months (range 18-116) after their primary surgery. RESULTS: No complications occurred after surgery. At a mean follow-up of 22 months (range 14-30), aGHER in abduction only was restored in one patient in the primary group while in the secondary group, aGHER in abduction was restored in all patients to a mean 73° (range 70-80) after a mean follow-up of 16 months (range 6-26). CONCLUSIONS: Triceps-to-teres minor motor branch transfer is not indicated as primary surgery for NBPI. However, they can be effective in children in whom primary surgery has failed to restore aGHER, even if the spinal accessory nerve is unavailable for transfer to the infraspinatus motor branch.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: Rate of and time to bone union following contralateral vascularized periosteal tibial graft transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is one of the most challenging orthopedic disorders. The use of a vascularized tibial periosteal grafts has been recently reported as a powerful tool to obtain bone union. We report its use in CPT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective short-term study of 29 children (18 male/11 female, 15 right-sided/14 left-sided) of mean age 45 months (range 11-144 months), operated upon after October 2014. Nonunion site was debrided, and the periosteum of the involved limb was excised. A vascularized tibial periosteal graft (mean length 10.7 cm (range 9-15 cm) with a monitoring skin island (mean length 4.1 cm (range 3-5 cm) and based on the anterior tibial vessels, was obtained from the contralateral tibia. Anterior tibial vessels were always the recipient vessels. Most cases were stabilized with an LCP plate. The rate of and time to bone union were analyzed. Charts only were evaluated through the first 3 months after bone union was achieved. RESULTS: The flap survived and bone union was obtained in all cases, through a periosteal callus, in a mean time of 5.1 weeks (range 3-6 weeks). Mean follow-up was 8.3 months (range 7-19 months). No union failures occurred 3 months after resuming unprotected weight bearing. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel technique produced a consistent, rapid capacity for CPT union, superior to previously-reported techniques. However, it cannot be recommended as a standard method of treatment until consistent, long-term, refracture-free follow-up is documented.

Free vascularized iliac periosteal graft for bilateral forearm nonunion reconstruction in a child with bilateral transfemoral amputation.

Vascularized periosteal flaps have been reported as very effective for treating biologically complex bone nonunion in pediatric patients, owing to their high angiogenic and osteogenic potentials. The purpose of this article is to report a case of a 6-year-old patient with nonunion involving both forearms and a very limited bone flap donor site in the context of prior bilateral transfemoral amputation due to meningococcal sepsis. Two free vascularized iliac periosteal flaps (VIPF), supplied by the deep circumflex iliac vessels, were used in two stages to reconstruct the forearms. In the first stage, the left forearm, which had a diaphyseal bone defect of 5 cm diameter in the ulna and 4 cm in the radius, was combined with an iliac-crest bone allograft, fixed with two longitudinal 1.8 mm Kirschner wires and surrounded with a free VIPF of 24 cm2 . Consolidation was achieved 3 months after left forearm surgery, while complete allograft revascularization and remodeling was observed at 12 months. In the second stage, the right forearm, which had a diaphyseal bone defect of 3 cm diameter in the ulna and 1 cm in the radius, was fixed the radius with a 2.7 mm plate and surrounded with a free VIPF of 24 cm2 . The radius nonunion healed 6 weeks after surgery. There were no postoperative complications. Two years postoperatively, the patient had again resumed his arm gait painlessly and without a splint. VIPF may be considered a valuable and reliable surgical option for nonunion reconstruction in complex clinical scenarios in children.

Effect of vascularized periosteum on revitalization of massive bone isografts: An experimental study in a rabbit model.

INTRODUCTION: In the last years, limb salvage has become the gold standard treatment over amputation. Today, 90% of extremity osteogenic sarcomas can be treated with limb salvage surgery. However, these reconstructions are not exempt from complications. Massive allografts have been associated to high risk of nonunion (12-57%), fracture (7-30%) and infection (5-21%). Association of vascularized periosteum flap to a massive bone allograft (MBA) has shown to halve the average time of allograft union in clinical series, even compared to vascularized fibular flap. Creeping substitution process has been reported in massive allograft when periosteum flap was associated. However, we have little data about whether it results into allograft revitalization. We hypothesize that the association of a periosteum flap to a bone isograft promotes isograft revitalization, defined as the colonization of the devitalized bone by new-form vessels and viable osteocytes, turning it vital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four New Zealand white male rabbits underwent a 10 mm segmental radial bone defect. In 24 rabbits the bone excision included the periosteum (controls); in 20 rabbits (periosteum group) bone excision was performed carefully detaching periosteum in order to preserve it. Cryopreserved bone isograft from another rabbit was trimmed and placed to the defect gap and was fixed with a retrograde intramedullar 0.6 mm Kirschner wire. Rabbits were randomized and distributed in 3 subgroups depending on the follow-up (control group: 5 rabbits in 5-week follow up group, 8 rabbits in 10-week follow-up group, 7 rabbits in 20-week follow-up group; periosteum group: 5 rabbits in 5-week follow up group, 7 rabbits in 10-week follow-up group, 7 rabbits in 20-week follow-up group). Fluoroscopic images of rabbit forelimb were taken after sacrifice to address union. Each specimen was blindly evaluated in optical microscope (magnification, ×4) after hematoxylin and eosin staining to qualitative record: presence of new vessels and osteocytes in bone graft lacunae (yes/no) to address revitalization, presence of callus (yes/no) and woven bone and cartilage tissue area (mm2 ) to address remodeling (osteoclast resorption of old bone and substitution by osteoblastic new bone formation). RESULTS: No isograft revitalization occurred in any group, but it was observed bone graft resorption and substitution by new-formed bone in periosteum group. This phenomenon was accelerated in 5-week periosteum group (control group: 49.5 ± 9.6 mm2 vs. periosteum group: 34.9 ± 10.4 mm2 ; p = .07). Remodeled lamellar bone was observed in both 20-week groups (control group: 6.1 ± 6.3 mm2 vs. periosteum group: 5.8 ± 3.0 mm2 , p = .67). Periosteum group showed complete integration and graft substitution, whereas devitalized osteons were still observed in 20-week controls. All periosteum group samples showed radiographic union through a bone callus, whereas controls showed nonunion in eight specimens (Union rate: control group 60% vs. periosteum group 100%, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Association of vascularized periosteum to a massive bone isograft has shown to accelerate bone graft substitution into a newly formed bone, thus, no bone graft revitalization occurs.

Arthroscopic Calcaneonavicular Coalition and Too-long Anterior Process of the Calcaneus Resection in Children.

Persistent symptomatic calcaneonavicular coalition (CNC) and too-long anterior process of the calcaneus (TLAP) are congenital disorders that can benefit from surgical treatment. The arthroscopic technique for CNC and TLAP resection has previously been described. The aim of this prospective study was to describe outcomes following arthroscopic resection of 12 (38.71%) CNC and 19 (61.29%) TLAP cases in 30 consecutive pediatric patients treated between July 2009 and March 2013. There mean age was 12.4 (range 10 to 15) years, and the mean follow-up was 55.2 (range 24 to 79) months. Radiographs, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scores, AOFAS pain scores, and patient satisfaction were assessed. All final postoperative imaging scans revealed complete synostosis resection without recurrence. The mean overall AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score increased from 78.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.74 to 81.01) to 93.06 (95% CI 91.10 to 95.03) (p < .001). All patients showed pain reduction after surgery; even 1 patient (3.23%) who initially developed complex regional pain syndrome eventually had a successful outcome. The mean AOFAS pain score increased from 23.87 (95% CI 22.05 to 25.69) to 34.84 (95% CI 32.97 to 36.70) (p < .001). All patients were either satisfied (n = 9 [30%]) or very satisfied (n = 21 [70%]) with the intervention at the final follow-up. Although both arthroscopic CNC and TLAP resection are demanding techniques, they allow for precise coalition resection through a less invasive approach, which may ultimately lead to faster recovery and improved outcomes.

Bone nonunion management in children with a vascularized tibial periosteal graft.

BACKGROUND: Vascularized periosteal graft have demonstrated a tremendous bone healing capacity in children. The objective is to report outcomes on the use of vascularized tibial periosteal graft (VTPG) during bone reconstruction in a series of children with complex bone healing problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were collected retrospectively since May 2013 to May 2019, excluding cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Mean age at surgery was 12.8 (range 11-18) years. Indications included treatment of recalcitrant bone nonunion and the prevention of bone allograft-host junction nonunion in seven and three patients, respectively. The periosteal flap, based on the anterior tibial vessels, was harvested as a free flap in six instances and as a pedicled flap in four. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 25.2 months (range 8-36). The flap showed a 13.6 cm (range 9-16) and mean width 3.4 cm (range 2.7-3.9). Early bone union was achieved, initially through periosteal callus, followed by cortical union at mean times of 2 and 4 months, respectively, in nine cases. The flap was not successful in a patient with severe comorbidities. No donor site complications were registered. CONCLUSIONS: VTPG was fast and high effective for the treatment complex bone nonunion or the prevention of allograft nonunion in children.

Vascularized Thumb Metacarpal Periosteal Flap for Scaphoid Nonunion in Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study of 12 Patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes after surgical treatment of scaphoid nonunion in adolescents with a vascularized thumb metacarpal periosteal pedicled flap (VTMPF). METHODS: Twelve patients younger than 18 years with scaphoid nonunion, who underwent a VTMPF procedure without bone grafting, were included for this prospective cohort study, at a mean follow-up of 10.2 months. Patients were operated on by 3 different hand surgeons at 3 hand surgery institutions. All patients received a VTMPF, but with different scaphoid internal fixation modalities, in 10 cases using 1 or 2 retrograde 2-mm headless compression screws and in 2 cases without internal fixation. RESULTS: In 11 boys and 1 girl, the mean age was 15.6 years. There were 1 type D1 nonunions (Herbert classification), 6 type D2, 2 type D3, and 2 type D4. Six patients had previously undergone an unsuccessful surgical attempt to treat their nonunion. The mean anterior bone defect was 3.5 mm in length. The patients experienced no postoperative complications. Successful consolidation was achieved in all cases, with 79% cross-sectional trabecular bridging at 12 weeks. Pain subsided after surgery and patients experienced improvements in both their Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) and Modified Mayo Wrist Score (MMWS) results. Overall, 34% and 40% gains in strength and wrist motion, relative to the contralateral normal side, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the use of VTMPF for scaphoid nonunion in children and adolescents is associated with generally good outcomes. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Knee Arthritis in Children: When Can It Be Safely Treated With Needle Joint Aspiration? A Large Children's Tertiary Hospital Study.

BACKGROUND: Early joint decompression associated to antibiotic therapy is the most important procedure to reduce joint damage in septic knee arthritis in children. Several joint decompression methods have been described such as arthrotomy with open debriding, arthroscopic drainage or needle joint aspiration. The aim of the present study was to determinate which patients with acute septic knee arthritis could be safely treated with needle joint aspiration. METHODS: Patients with an acute knee arthritis diagnosed between September 2003 and December 2013 in our children's tertiary hospital were retrospective review. All cases were initially treated with needle joint aspiration. Primary end-point was failure of joint aspiration. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients were included in the study. Forty-two (56.8%) were male and median age was 1.49 years. Mean delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 3.6 days and in 25 (33.8%) cases patients needed more than 1 visit to the emergency room. Median C-reactive protein (CRP) value was 36.3 mg/L and was >20 mg/L in 59 (79.7%) cases. A total of 11 (14.9%) patients showed failure of the joint aspiration treatment between 3 and 21 days after initial joint aspiration. The stepwise forward logistic regression model only identified as independent predictor of joint aspiration failure an age older than 3 years old (odds ratio, 5.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-29.61; P=0.018). Joint aspiration did not fail in any patient younger than 12 months and neither in any patient younger than 3 years old with CRP value <20 mg/L. Otherwise, treatment failed in 38% of patients older than 3 years and in 16% of patients between 1 and 3 years with a CRP>20 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Septic knee arthritis treated with needle joint aspiration succeed in all patients younger than 1 year and in all patients between 1 and 3 years with a CRP<20 mg/L. Alternative treatment such as arthroscopy debridement should be early considered in patients older than 3 years and patients between 1 and 3 years with CRP>20 mg/L. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Vascularized humeral periosteal flap to treat lateral humeral condyle nonunion: An anatomical study and report of two successfully-treated pediatric cases.

PURPOSE: Nonunion is a common complication of lateral condyle humeral (LCH) fractures in children. In situ fixation with a screw and bone grafting is the classically-recommended method of treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility of obtaining a vascularized periosteal flap obtained from the lateral humerus and based on the posterior collateral radial vessels (PCRV). Second, to report the results after the application in two pediatric cases. METHODS: Periosteal branches of PCRV were studied in ten upper limbs from fresh human cadavers. Then, two children with LCH nonunion were treated with this flap. RESULTS: The PCRV provided mean of 5.3 anterior periosteal branches (range 4-7) with a mean distance between them of 19.1 mm (range 5-29 mm) and 5.7 posterior periosteal branches (range 3-7) with a mean distance between them of 15.9 mm (range 6-33 mm. PCRV distally anastomosed to the interosseous recurrent artery and the radial recurrent artery, creating a vascular net over the lateral condyle and allowing for the design of a reverse vascularized humeral periosteal flap (VHPF). Abundant periosteal callus and rapid consolidation were achieved in both children. No bone fixation or grafting was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: VHPF might be considered a viable biological surgical option to promote bone healing in LCH nonunions in children, while avoiding the need for bone fixation and the donor morbidity associated with bone grafting.

Vascularized thumb metacarpal periosteal pedicled flap for scaphoid nonunion: An anatomical study and pediatric case report.

PURPOSE: Through an anatomical review, the primary aim of this study was to delineate the dorsal thumb metacarpal (TM) periosteal branches of the radial artery (RA). In addition, we report here the clinical utility of a vascularized TM periosteal pedicled flap (VTMPF), supplied by the first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA), in a complex case of scaphoid nonunion. METHODS: Ten latex-colored upper limbs from fresh human cadavers were used. Branches of the RA were dissected under 3x loupe magnification, noting the periosteal branches arising from the FDMA. The VTMPF was measured for both length (cm) and width (cm). RESULTS: The FDMA provided a mean 12 periosteal branches (range 9 to 15), with a mean distance between branches of 0.5 cm (range 0.2-1.1), allowing for the design of a VTMPF which measured a mean 4 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width. We used a VTMPF to treat recalcitrant scaphoid nonunion, with a volar defect of 0.7 cm, in a 16-year-old boy. No bone graft was used. The patient experienced no postoperative complications. Successful consolidation was achieved three months after surgery, confirming the flap's survival. At 14-months of postoperative follow-up, the patient's VAS pain rating was 0 out of 100, and his DASH questionnaire score was 5. The patient had painless range that was 95% that of the contralateral limb. The patient's pinch and grip strengths were 6.5 kg and 28 kg, respectively (95% of unaffected side). CONCLUSIONS: VTMPF may be considered a valuable and reliable surgical option for scaphoid nonunion in complex clinical scenarios.

Clinical measurements for inferior, posterior, and superior glenohumeral joint contracture evaluation in children with brachial plexus birth palsy: intraobserver and interobserver reliability.

BACKGROUND: Glenohumeral (GH) contractures appear in most patients with incomplete motor recovery as a result of progressive development of periarticular muscle contractures. The objectives of this study were to describe a method to measure the passive range of motion of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) and to evaluate its intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. METHODS: Three orthopedic surgeons measured the passive GHJ mobility of 25 patients older than 4 years with unilateral BPBP. Measurements were performed twice on both shoulders. They comprised the spinohumeral abduction angle (SHABD), spinohumeral adduction angle (SHADD), GH cross-body adduction (CBADD), and GH internal rotation in abduction (IRABD). Anterior GH contracture was not evaluated. RESULTS: Passive shoulder measurements obtained from the uninvolved and involved shoulders were as follows: SHABD, 42° and 18°, respectively; SHADD, 14° and -1°, respectively; CBADD, 71° and 41°, respectively; and IRABD, 54° and 37°, respectively. Contracture of the lower portion of the involved GHJ was observed in 18 of 25 patients (72%); the upper portion, in 16 of 25 (64%); and the posterior portion, in 22 of 25 (88%). Interobserver variation (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.91 (excellent) for SHABD, 0.63 (good) for SHADD, 0.86 (excellent) for CBADD, and 0.67 (good) for IRABD. Intraobserver variation (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.94 (excellent) for SHABD, 0.87 (excellent) for SHADD, 0.92 (excellent) for CBADD, and 0.89 (excellent) for IRABD. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical measurements of passive GHJ range-of-motion analyzed in this study showed excellent or good intraobserver and interobserver variability. Our study showed that BPBP resulted in a multidirectional GH contracture in most patients. We have described a simple and reliable way to evaluate passive GH motion, providing reliable anatomic landmarks.

Vascularized ulnar periosteal pedicled flap for forearm reconstruction: Anatomical study and a case report.

PURPOSE: Through an anatomical review, the aim of this study is to define the ulnar periosteal branches of the posterior interosseous vessels (PIV). In addition, we report the clinical utility of a vascularized ulnar periosteal pedicled flap (VUPPF), supplied by the investigated PIV, in a complex case of radial nonunion. METHODS: Ten upper limbs latex colored from fresh human cadavers were used. Branches of the PIV were dissected under 2.5× loupe magnification, noting the periosteal, muscular, and cutaneous branches arising distal to the interosseous recurrent artery. The VUPPF was measured in length (cm) and width (cm). RESULTS: The PIV provided a mean 12.8 periosteal branches to the ulna distributed along the most distal 15 cm, with a mean distance between branches of 1 cm, allowing for the design of a VUPPF which measured a mean 12 cm in length and 1.7 cm in width. We used a VUPPF of 7.8 cm in length and 2 cm in width to treat extensive nonvascularized bone graft nonunion with a defect of 2 cm of the left radius in a 6-year-old girl, secondary to previous Ewing's Sarcoma reconstruction. Successfully consolidation was achieved 6-months after surgery. The patient did not present postoperative complications. At 2-years of follow-up after surgery, active supination was 80° and pronation 0° (due an incomplete interosseous ossification); grip strength was 80% that of the opposite hand. The patient had resumed all her daily activities. CONCLUSIONS: VUPPF may be considered a valuable and reliable surgical option for forearm reconstruction in complex clinical scenarios.

Vascularized fibular grafts extended with vascularized periosteum in children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this report is to evaluate the results of extending vascularized fibular grafts (VFG) with vascularized periosteum (VPG) in bone defect reconstruction in children. METHODS: Retrospective study of 10 children, mean age at surgery was 9.8 years (range, 4-16 years). Origin of one defect was oncological (n = 5), septical (n = 2), traumatic (n = 2), or congenital (n = 1). In five cases the flap consisted of a VFG and a vascularized epiphyseal transfer (VFET) in five. Mean bone defect was 8.5 cm .Mean length of the vascularized periosteal extension was 5.5 cm (range 3.5-8) for VFET, 4.8 cm for VFG (range 3-8). Bone union was assessed with monthly radiographs. RESULTS: Radiographs showed a periosteal callus at 4 weeks in all cases. Bone union was achieved at a mean of 8.4 weeks (range 4-12). Donor site complications included two cases of flexor hallucis longus contracture, and one case of surgical wound marginal necrosis following FVG. One transient tibialis anterior weakness and one tibialis anterior contracture occurred following VFET harvest. None required surgical treatment. Mean follow-up was 28.7 months (range 7-72). CONCLUSIONS: The association of a vascularized periosteal extension with fibular flaps seems to accelerate flap to recipient bone union. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:410-415, 2017.

Free vascularized tibial periosteal graft with monitoring skin island for limb reconstruction: Anatomical study and case report.

Several types of vascularized periosteal flaps have recently been described for the treatment or prevention of complex non-union in pediatric patients. Among them, a vascularized tibial periosteal graft (VTPG), supplied by the anterior tibial vessels (ATV), has been used successfully as a pedicled flap in a few patients. The purpose of the study is to describe the periosteal branches of the ATV, as well as the cutaneous and muscular branches by means of an anatomical study. In addition, to report on the use of VTPG as a free flap with a monitoring skin island in a clinical case. A mean of 6.5 periosteal branches (range 5-7) were found. In all cases we located a cutaneous perforator branching from one of the periosteal branches located at the midlevel of the leg. We performed a two-stage reconstruction of a recalcitrant non-union and residual shortening of the right tibia in a 17-year-old boy. After nonunion focus distraction, we used a massive bone allograft fixed with a nail and covered by a VTPG as a biological resource. Allograft consolidation was achieved 5.5 months after surgery. At eighteen months after surgery, no complications were observed and the patient had resumed all his daily activities, despite a residual 2-cm limb-length discrepancy. VTPG may be considered as a valuable surgical option for bone reconstruction in complex biological scenarios in the young population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:248-251, 2017.

Non-invasive expandable prosthesis in musculoskeletal oncology paediatric patients for the distal and proximal femur. First results.

PURPOSE: The non-invasive expandable prosthesis for skeletally immature patients is used after limb salvage surgery following tumor resection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of this treatment. METHODS: Seven paediatric patients with femoral tumors had resection and limb salvage with an uncemented non-invasive growing prosthesis. Mean age at the time of surgery was 9.8 (range 8-12) years. There were six distal femur osteosarcomas and one proximal femur Ewing sarcoma. Six total knee prosthesis were implanted at the time of primary tumor resection and one bipolar hip prosthesis was a revision from a failed osteoarticular hip allograft. Functional outcomes and emotional acceptance were assessed using the MSTS score. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 65.3 months (range 29-91) months. Two patients died of pulmonary metastasis and there was no local recurrence. The mean femoral resection was 18 cm (range 17-19) on the knee, and 24 cm on the hip. Mean total expansion was 36.4 mm (range 12.3-63.5). The mean MSTS score after rehabilitation was 26.3 (range 21-29). There was one lengthening device failure, one late infection and one patient who required iliofemoral bypass grafting surgery for a pelvic metastasis. No local recurrence occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The non-invasive expandable prosthesis reduces the final limb-length discrepancy in growing patients with an acceptable function and appears to have an advantage as compared to invasive expandable prostheses which require multiple surgical procedures, but the complications rate is still high.

Arthroscopic Talocalcaneal Coalition Resection in Children.

PURPOSE: To present the technique and outcomes of arthroscopic talocalcaneal coalition (TCC) resection in pediatric patients. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 16 consecutive feet with persistent symptomatic TCCs in 15 children. The mean age was 11.8 years (range, 8 to 15 years), and the mean follow-up period was 28 months (range, 12 to 44 months). A posterior arthroscopic TCC resection was performed. The plantar footprint, subtalar motion, pain, and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot scale score were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were used to classify the coalition according to the Rozansky classification, to measure the percentage of involvement of the surface area, and to determine the degree of hindfoot valgus. Postoperative CT scans at 1 year (n = 15) and 3 years (n = 5) were used to assess recurrences. Patient satisfaction was also evaluated. RESULTS: The TCC distribution according to the Rozansky classification was type I in 7 cases, type II in 3, type III in 3, and type IV in 3. In all cases the arthroscopic approach enabled complete coalition resection. All patients increased by at least 1 stage in the footprint classification and showed clinical subtalar mobility after surgery. All patients showed a statistically significant improvement in pain after surgery except for 1 patient in whom complex regional pain syndrome developed (P < .001). The mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society score was 56.8 (range, 45 to 62) preoperatively versus 90.9 (range, 36 to 100) postoperatively, showing a statistically significant increase (P < .001). Preoperative CT scans showed that all TCCs involved the medial subtalar joint facet, with mean involvement of 40.8% of the articular surface. All postoperative CT scans showed complete synostosis resections with no recurrences at final follow-up. At final follow-up, all patients were either satisfied (n = 4 [27%]) or extremely satisfied (n = 10 [67%]) with the outcome, except the 1 patient (7%) in whom complex regional pain syndrome developed. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic TCC resection provides good outcomes (symptom relief and restoration of subtalar motion), with no recurrence of the coalition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.