NONDOMESTIC FELID ABC BLOOD PHENOTYPING, GENOTYPING, AND CROSSMATCHING.

Based upon previous clinical experience with domestic cats (Felis catus), the ability to assess ABC blood types and blood (in-)compatibilities of nondomestic felids, and adequately consider and plan for blood transfusions, may be important. Although nondomestic felids appear to have an ABC blood group system similar to domestic cats, typing with point-of-care kits and by CMAH genotyping for domestic cats have not been reported. In this study, 162 blood samples from 18 different nondomestic felid species (cheetah [Acinonyx jubatus, n = 42], lion [Panthera leo, n = 33], tiger [Panthera tigris, n = 23], Canada lynx [Lynx canadensis, n = 11], snow leopard [Uncia uncia, n = 10], puma [Puma concolor, n = 7], clouded leopard [Neofelis nebulosa, n = 6], serval [Leptailurus serval, n = 5], jaguar [Panthera onca, n = 5], fishing cat [Prionailurus viverrinus, n = 4], Pallas cat [Felis manul, n = 3], bobcat [Lynx rufus, n = 3], ocelot [Leopardus pardalis, n = 3], black footed cat [Felis nigripes, n = 2], leopard [Panthera pardus, n = 2], African wildcat [Felis lybica, n = 1], caracal [Caracal caracal, n = 1], and sand cat [Felis margarita, n = 1]) were ABC blood typed by laboratory and point-of-care tests, genotyped for four known CMAH variants for type B and type C (AB) phenotypes, and crossmatched with one another and domestic type A cats. Traditional tube typing identified blood type A (n = 106), type B (n = 8), type C (n = 43), and no discernible ABC type (n = 4). Several discrepancies were found between point-of-care and traditional typing test results. None of the tested felids possessed the four CMAH variants responsible for type B and C (AB) in domestic cats. Crossmatch incompatibilities (≥2+ agglutination) were identified within and between nondomestic felid species and beyond ABC incompatibilities. Of 26 crossmatches performed between domestic cats and various nondomestic felids, only 7 (27%) were compatible. In conclusion, point-of-care typing kits and CMAH genotyping, successfully used in domestic cats, may not identify the correct ABC blood type in nondomestic felids. Prior crossmatching is recommended to increase the likelihood of compatible transfusions between any nondomestic felids.

Effects of a perioperative antibiotic and veterinary probiotic on fecal dysbiosis index in dogs.

Although widely used, the effects of perioperative antibiotics on the gastrointestinal microbiome are still being researched. The role of probiotics to ameliorate adverse effects of perioperative antibiotics is unclear. The dysbiosis index (DI), based on a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique, is used to assess gastrointestinal health. The DI in dogs receiving perioperative antibiotics and the effects of concurrent probiotics were evaluated in this study. This was a prospective study of 20 dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy. Baseline and 48-hour postoperative fecal DI were evaluated. Eleven dogs received a probiotic and 9 received placebo. Preanesthetic DI was not different between treatment groups (P = 0.378). One bacterial group, Blautia, decreased in the placebo group (P = 0.002); however, there was no change in the probiotic group (P = 0.336). The DI increased numerically after probiotic administration, but the time × treatment interaction was not significant (P = 0.996). Administration of a probiotic failed to improve DI. Further investigation is needed to evaluate long-term effects of perioperative antibiotics on the gut microbiome.

Effets d'un antibiotique périopératoire et d'un probiotique vétérinaire sur l'indice de dysbiose fécale chez le chien. Les antibiotiques périopératoires sont largement utilisés, mais leurs effets sur le microbiome gastro-intestinal sont toujours à l'étude. Le rôle des probiotiques dans l'amélioration des effets indésirables liés aux antibiotiques périopératoires n'est pas clair. L'indice de dysbiose (ID), une technique de PCR quantitative, est utilisé pour évaluer la santé gastro-intestinale. Cette étude a évalué l'ID chez les chiens recevant des antibiotiques périopératoires ainsi que tout effet lié à l'administration d'un probiotique en simultané. Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective portant sur 20 chiens subissant une hémilaminectomie. Les valeurs d'ID de référence ainsi que 48 heures postopératoires ont été évaluées. Onze chiens ont reçu un probiotique; 9 ont reçu un placebo. L'ID pré-anesthésique n'était pas différent entre les deux groupes (P = 0,378). Un groupe bactérien, Blautia, a diminué dans le groupe placebo (P = 0,002); il n'y a eu aucun changement dans le groupe probiotique (P = 0,336). L'ID a augmenté quantitativement après l'administration de probiotiques, mais l'interaction « temps × traitement ¼ n'était pas significative (P = 0,996). L'administration d'un probiotique n'a pas amélioré l'ID. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer les effets à long terme des antibiotiques périopératoires sur le microbiome intestinal.(Traduit par les auteurs).

The comparative efficacy of disinfectant wipes on common-use computer keyboards in a veterinary teaching hospital.

The efficacies of 3 disinfectant wipes at reducing bacterial contamination on keyboards in a veterinary teaching hospital were studied. Thirty common-use keyboards were randomized into "dirty" and "clean" halves. Cultures were obtained from the "dirty" halves. The "clean" halves were disinfected with a randomly assigned wipe [peroxygen (AHP)-, alcohol-, quaternary ammonium (QAC)-based] or untreated (NT) and cultured. Colony-forming units (CFU) were enumerated after 48 hours. Mean reduction in CFU was 91.5%, 65.3%, 94.9%, and 78.8% for the AHP, alcohol, QAC, and NT groups, respectively. There was a significant reduction in CFUs between the dirty and clean keyboard halves within each group but no statistically significant differences were noted between groups. The reduction in CFUs in the NT group was attributed to the mechanical action of wiping the keyboard surface for culture. The use of disinfectant wipes reduced CFUs on keyboards and may be a useful component of veterinary infection control programs.

Efficacité comparative de lingettes désinfectantes sur des claviers d'ordinateurs en usage commun dans un hôpital d'enseignement vétérinaire. L'efficacité de trois lingettes désinfectantes à réduire la contamination bactérienne sur des claviers dans un hôpital d'enseignement vétérinaire fut étudiée. Trente claviers en usage commun furent séparés de manière aléatoire en moitié « sale ¼ et « propre ¼. Des cultures furent obtenues de la moitié « sale ¼. La moitié « propre ¼ fut désinfectée avec une lingette assignée de manière aléatoire [à base de peroxygène (AHP), alcool, ou ammonium quaternaire (QAC)] ou non traitée (NT) et échantillonnée pour culture. Le nombre d'unités formatrices de colonies (CFU) fut énuméré après 48 heures. La réduction moyenne de CFU était de 91,5 %, 65,3 %, 94,9 %, et 78,8 % pour les groupes AHP, alcool, QAC, et NT, respectivement. Il y avait une réduction significative dans les CFUs entre les claviers des moitiés sale et propre dans chaque groupe mais aucune différence statistiquement significative ne fut notée entre les groupes. La réduction en CFU dans le groupe NT fut attribuée à l'action mécanique de frottage de la surface des claviers. L'utilisation de lingettes désinfectantes a réduit le nombre d'UFC sur les claviers et pourrait être une composante utile des programmes de surveillance des infections vétérinaires.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Evaluation of activation characteristics of a canine platelet concentrate produced by a commercial double centrifugation system.

Introduction: In veterinary medicine there are few readily available products for platelet transfusion to patients with thrombocytopenia. Commercial tabletop platelet concentrating systems have recently become available to veterinarians, primarily directed towards uses associated with regenerative medicine. These systems could potentially be used to produce fresh concentrated platelets for use in transfusion medicine. This study evaluated the concentration, activation, and sterility of a double centrifugation platelet concentrate (PC) produced by a commercial benchtop system. Methods: Ten healthy dogs were studied. Whole blood was collected and mixed with ACD-A in a 1:7.6 ratio of ACD-A to whole blood. 12 mL of this mixture was processed into PC via single centrifugation, while 60 mL of the anticoagulated whole blood was processed via a commercial double centrifugation system. Both types of PC were evaluated for platelet concentration, CD62P expression with and without thrombin stimulation, and for sterility. Results: Mean platelet count in the double centrifuged PC was 863 ± 352 × 103/µL, with very low white blood cell contamination (median of 0.47 × 103 leukocyte/µL (range 0.15-2.18 × 103/µL)). The double-centrifuged PC had similar baseline activation characteristics (as determined by P-selectin expression) as the single centrifuge PC (0.76% vs. 0.72% unstimulated, 30.5% vs. 34.9% stimulated, p = 0.432). Discussion: The benchtop PC system studied here did not cause activation of platelets during production and produced a sterile product that can be further investigated as a source of fresh platelet concentrates for transfusion purposes.

Evaluation of a whole blood point-of-care coagulation analyzer in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of a point-of-care coagulation analyzer (POCCA) with a reference laboratory coagulation analyzer (LabCA) and to evaluate for confounding factors that could alter the performance of the POCCA. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Two university veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: Forty-three client-owned dogs undergoing coagulation testing between April 2020 and June 2021. METHODS: Samples were obtained from dogs undergoing coagulation testing as part of a diagnostic workup. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were measured on the POCCA and on the LabCA. PCV, platelet count, total plasma protein, hyperbilirubinemia, hemolysis, lipemia, and autoagglutination were recorded. RESULTS: Moderate correlation was seen for PT and strong correlation was seen for aPTT between the POCCA and the LabCA (PT: 0.59, P < 0.0001; aPTT: 0.71, P < 0.0001). The POCCA results were consistent with normal or hypocoagulable samples for 30 of 38 PT and 33 of 37 aPTT results, as identified by the LabCA. Samples with PCV of 30%-55% were moderately correlated (PT: 0.63, P = 0.0004; aPTT: 0.63, P = 0.0003), but those outside that range were more likely to register an error message on the POCCA or provide disparate results. When hemolysis was present, there was a weak correlation between the POCCA and the LabCA for PT (rho: 0.38 [95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.76], P = 0.18) and a strong correlation for aPTT (rho: 0.86 [95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.95], P < 0.0001). Samples with hyperbilirubinemia were strongly correlated for PT (0.97, P = 0.002) but not for aPTT. Lipemia and autoagglutination were not observed. CONCLUSION: There was an acceptable correlation in patients with PCV within the manufacturer's recommended reference range; however, measurements on samples with PCV outside the reference range were inconsistent with the LabCA. Caution should be used when using the POCCA in patients with coagulopathy and anemia or other potential confounders.

The sodium correction factor for dogs undergoing treatment for a hyperglycemic crisis is a 1.6-mEq/L decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sodium correction factor for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. SAMPLE: Retrospective analysis of 76 hospitalization episodes from 67 different dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2023. METHODS: For each hospitalization episode, paired blood sodium and glucose concentration measurements were recorded from the time of presentation until glucose concentration was ≤ 201 mg/dL. Therapies administered, primary diagnosis, and concurrent diseases were also recorded for each episode. A linear mixed model was used to determine the sodium correction factor per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose. Piecewise linear mixed models were also constructed for blood glucose measurements ≤ 400 mg/dL and > 400 mg/dL to explore potential correction factor differences between low and high glucose concentrations. RESULTS: A sodium correction factor of a 1.6-mEq/L (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9 mEq/L) decrease in sodium concentration per 100-mg/dL increase in blood glucose concentration was calculated. Differences in the correction factor between conditions of low and high glucose concentrations could not be determined due to a small sample size of blood glucose values > 400 mg/dL. Most dogs received similar treatments throughout the study period, including balanced isotonic crystalloids (97% [74/76]), electrolyte supplementation (84% [64/76]), and regular insulin (97% [74/76]). Almost all patients (93% [71/76]) had 1 or more concurrent diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A sodium correction factor of 1.6 mEq/L (decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose) is recommended for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs.

CMAH Coding Sequence Variants in 15 Non-Domestic Felid Species Related to ABC Blood Group System.

Different blood group systems have been characterized in people and other mammals. In domestic cats, the ABC blood group system plays the most important clinical role and has been investigated extensively-from the phenotype to the molecular genetics. In non-domestic felids, phenotypic ABC blood typing has been performed by different methods to detect the antigens, but the four informative CMAH markers in domestic cats were not able to identify types B and C (AB) in non-domestic cats. In this study, 138 blood samples from 15 non-domestic (wild) felid species were investigated by CMAH exonic sequencing and genotyping for putative variants causing type B or C (AB) and correlation to the respective ABC blood phenotype. A total of 58 CMAH variants were found, including 15 missense and 43 synonymous CMAH variants. One variant (c.635G>C) was concordant with blood type B (and C) in cheetahs and type B in cougars, compared to blood type A in all other felid species (lion, tiger, Canada lynx, snow leopard, clouded leopard, serval, jaguar, fishing cat, Pallas cat, bobcat, black footed cat, leopard, and sand cat). Since cheetahs and cougars belong to the genera puma, it could not be determined if the common CMAH variant is either a marker for type B (or C) or is just common in pumas.

Comparison of a commercially available veterinary digital refractometer to analogue refractometer and laboratory chemistry analyzer in the evaluation of canine serum total protein.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the agreement between measurements of total protein (TP) concentrations in canine serum samples between a commercially available veterinary digital refractometer (DR), an analog handheld refractometer (AR), and a laboratory-based chemistry analyzer (LAB). An additional objective was to assess the effects of various potential interferents (ie, hyperbilirubinemia, increased BUN, hyperglycemia, hemolysis, and lipemia) on DR measurements. SAMPLE: 108 canine serum samples. PROCEDURES: Serum samples were measured in duplicate on the DR, which reported TP concentration, assessed via optical reflectance and critical angle measurement. These serum samples were also assessed on the AR and LAB for comparison. Serum samples with grossly visible lipemia, hemolysis, and icterus were noted. Medical records were retrospectively assessed to determine concentrations of BUN, glucose, and bilirubin. RESULTS: Method comparisons among the various data generated by the analyzers were completed using linear regression, Bland Altman, and calculation of intraclass coefficients. Mean bias between DRTP and LABTP in samples without potential interferents was 0.54 g/dL with 95% limits of agreement of -0.17 to 1.27 g/dL. One-third of DRTP samples without potential interferents had > 10% difference from their LABTP comparison. Interferents, particularly marked hyperglycemia, can result in inaccurate measurements on the DR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There was a statistically significant difference between DRTP and LABTP measurements. TP measurements in samples with any potential interferent, particularly hyperglycemia, should be assessed cautiously on DR and AR.

Spirocercosis and Parvovirus in an Imported Dog: Implications for Biosecurity and Foreign Infectious Disease Risk.

Increased international travel and importation of animals brings with it the potential for spread of infectious diseases. This report details a case in which an 8-month-old male mixed breed dog died shortly after arrival to the United States from complications secondary to spirocercosis, despite having been deemed healthy and approved for international travel. Four weeks following arrival, the dog developed mild tachypnea and diarrhea. Physical examination revealed moderate pyrexia with generalized cerebellar ataxia, moderate anemia, a mature neutrophilia, and severe panhypoproteinemia. Packed red blood cells were administered. The dog was diagnosed with pyothorax and decompensated with septic shock shortly thereafter. Necropsy revealed severe transmural esophagitis with intralesional Spirocerca lupi. Evaluation of the brain revealed cerebellar hypoplasia, and polymerase chain reaction of brain tissue was positive for canine parvovirus. Despite receiving a clean bill of health in its country of origin, this patient ultimately had evidence of 2 different infectious processes that pre-dated its arrival into the United States. While neither of these diseases posed a significant public health risk, this case highlights the role veterinarians play before and after international travel as important barriers against the spread of exotic diseases, and emphasizes that maintaining vigilance is paramount to that task.

Mechanical Ventilator Parameter Estimation for Lung Health through Machine Learning.

Patients whose lungs are compromised due to various respiratory health concerns require mechanical ventilation for support in breathing. Different mechanical ventilation settings are selected depending on the patient's lung condition, and the selection of these parameters depends on the observed patient response and experience of the clinicians involved. To support this decision-making process for clinicians, good prediction models are always beneficial in improving the setting accuracy, reducing treatment error, and quickly weaning patients off the ventilation support. In this study, we developed a machine learning model for estimation of the mechanical ventilation parameters for lung health. The model is based on inverse mapping of artificial neural networks with the Graded Particle Swarm Optimizer. In this new variant, we introduced grouping and hierarchy in the swarm in addition to the general rules of particle swarm optimization to further improve its prediction performance of the mechanical ventilation parameters. The machine learning model was trained and tested using clinical data from canine and feline patients at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Our model successfully generated a range of parameter values for the mechanical ventilation applied on test data, with the average prediction values over multiple trials close to the target values. Overall, the developed machine learning model should be able to predict the mechanical ventilation settings for various respiratory conditions for patient's survival once the relevant data are available.

Effects of potential confounding variables on accuracy of a commercially available veterinary point-of-care hematocrit meter in the evaluation of blood samples from dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the agreement in measurements of Hct values and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentrations in blood samples from dogs and cats between a commercially available veterinary point-of-care (POC) Hct meter and a laboratory-based (LAB) analyzer and to determine the effects of various conditions (ie, lipemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemolysis, autoagglutination, and reticulocytosis) on the accuracy of the POC meter. SAMPLES: Blood samples from 86 dogs and 18 cats. PROCEDURES: Blood samples were run in duplicate on the POC meter, which reported Hgb concentration, measured via optical reflectance, and a calculated Hct value. The POC meter results were compared with results from a LAB analyzer. Blood samples with grossly visible lipemia, icterus, hemolysis, and autoagglutination were noted. RESULTS: Mean ± SD values for LAB Hct were 33.9 ± 15.73% (range, 3.9% to 75.8%), and for LAB Hgb were 11.2 ± 5.4 g/dL (range, 1 to 24.6 g/dL). Mean bias between POC Hct and LAB Hct values was -1.8% with 95% limits of agreement (LOAs) of -11.1% to 7.5% and between POC Hgb and LAB Hgb concentrations was -0.5 g/dL with 95% LOAs of -3.8 to 2.8 g/dL. There was no influence of lipemia (14 samples), icterus (23), autoagglutination (14), hemolysis (12), or high reticulocyte count (15) on the accuracy of the POC meter. The POC meter was unable to read 13 blood samples; 9 had a LAB Hct ≤ 12%, and 4 had a LAB Hct concentration between 13% and 17%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Overall, measurements from the POC meter had good agreement with those from the LAB analyzer. However, LOAs were fairly wide, indicating that there may be clinically important differences between measurements from the POC meter and LAB analyzer.

Comparison of serum versus EDTA plasma in canine major crossmatch reactions.

BACKGROUND: Protocols for crossmatch reactions vary in veterinary medicine, particularly regarding the use of recipient serum vs plasma. Sources suggest that major crossmatch results might differ when recipient plasma is used instead of serum, but there are conflicting reports as to the exact effects on the results. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and degree of discrepancy, if any, between canine major crossmatch reactions using serum versus EDTA plasma, performed via a standard tube method. METHODS: One hundred duplicate canine major crossmatch reactions were performed with both serum and EDTA plasma from 100 different "recipient" dogs against erythrocytes from a single, healthy "donor." Decreasing concentrations of a rabbit anti-dog erythrocyte antibody were added to generate strong positive, weak positive, and negative results for each crossmatch reaction. Crossmatch results were followed through the following phases: immediate spin, cold, warm, albumin, and Coombs. Semi-quantitative results were compared between reactions using serum vs EDTA plasma. RESULTS: Weak positive, major crossmatch reactions were significantly more likely to demonstrate stronger agglutination in EDTA plasma compared with serum in the immediate spin phase, cold phase, warm phase, and albumin phase (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between serum and EDTA plasma results in the Coombs' phase (P = 0.313). CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental setting, EDTA plasma and serum were both deemed acceptable for use in canine major crossmatch reactions. EDTA plasma might be preferable to detect weak agglutination with more sensitivity and reduce recipient blood volumes needed to complete the crossmatch reaction.

Evaluation of the i-STAT Alinity v in a veterinary clinical setting.

Many point-of-care (POC) analyzers are available for the measurement of electrolytes and acid-base status in animals. We assessed the precision of the i-STAT Alinity v, a recently introduced POC analyzer, and compared it to 2 commonly used and previously validated POC analyzers (i-STAT 1, Stat Profile pHOx Ultra). Precision was evaluated by performing multiple analyses of whole blood samples from healthy dogs, cats, and horses on multiple i-STAT Alinity v analyzers. For comparison between analyzers, whole blood samples from dogs and cats presented to the emergency room were run concurrently on all 3 POC instruments. Reported values were compared by species (dogs and cats only) using Pearson correlation, and all values from all species were analyzed together for the Bland-Altman analysis. Results suggested that the i-STAT Alinity v precision was very good, with median coefficients of variability <2.5% for all measured parameters (except the anion gap), with variable ranges of coefficients of variation. In addition, good-to-excellent correlation was observed between the i-STAT Alinity v and i-STAT 1, and between the i-STAT Alinity v and Stat Profile pHOx Ultra for all parameters in both cats and dogs, respectively. In this cohort, the i-STAT Alinity v had clinically acceptable bias compared to the currently marketed analyzers and can be used for monitoring measured analytes in cats and dogs, although serial measurements in a single animal should be performed on the same analyzer whenever possible.

Comparison of an implantable telemetry device and an oscillometric monitor for measurement of blood pressure in anaesthetized and unrestrained green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare an implanted direct blood pressure monitor and a non-invasive oscillometric unit for use in anesthetized and awake green iguanas. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Four male and four female adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) weighing 1833 +/- 534 g. METHODS: For each animal, the carotid artery was surgically exposed and the catheter tip of the pressure transducer was placed in the aortic arch. Non-invasive blood pressure was measured using a cuff over the left femoral region. Pulse rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Direct ABP measurements consisted of recording numerical values and graphic output. Simultaneous direct and indirect measurements were repeated in awake animals. RESULTS: The oscillometric device failed to provide a reading in over 80% of attempts, and failed to provide readings that correlated with direct measurements. The implanted direct transducer was capable of detecting blood pressures throughout all ABP ranges examined. CONCLUSIONS: The implantable transducer was a reliable means of determining blood pressure in this study, while the oscillometric device was unreliable and often failed to provide any reading. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We do not recommend using the oscillometric device as described in a research or clinical setting for green iguanas. The advantages of an implantable device include the ability to monitor awake and anesthetized subjects remotely and continuously. These monitors are small, biocompatible and function across a wide range of ABP.

Acute hemolytic reaction due to A-B mismatched transfusion in a cat with transient AB blood type.

OBJECTIVE: To document a case of transient AB blood type indicated by immunochromatography in a type B cat following administration of an incompatible type A transfusion. CASE SUMMARY: A 7-month-old neutered male domestic longhair cat was evaluted for anemia, pigmenturia, and intravascular hemolysis 1 day after receiving a feline whole blood transfusion. Neither blood donor nor patient had been blood-typed or crossmatched. The cat presented in shock with a severe non-regenerative anemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and a positive saline slide agglutination test. Immunochromatographic blood typing tests initially indicated the cat had type AB blood, but crossmatch tests with blood from type A and type B donors suggested that the cat was type B. The cat was transfused with type B packed red blood cells without apparent complications and clinically improved. The cat's blood type reverted to type B once all the previously transfused type A cells were cleared from circulation. Furthermore, the original donor was subsequently identified as a Siamese cat and confirmed to have type A blood. While the cause of the original anemia remained unknown, the cat completely recovered and regained a normal hematocrit. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: This is the first documented report of transient AB blood type diagnosed using immunochromatography after a transfusion mismatch and shows the utility of crossmatching or back-typing to identify the cat's correct blood type during the hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Investigation for correction formulas on the basis of packed cell volume for blood glucose concentration measurements obtained with portable glucometers when used in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of PCV on blood glucose (BG) concentration measurements obtained with a human portable blood glucometer (HPBG) and a veterinary portable blood glucometer (VPBG) on canine (cVPBG) and feline (fVPBG) settings (test methods) when used in rabbits and to develop correction formulas to mitigate effects of PCV on such measurements. SAMPLE: 48 resuspended blood samples with known PVCs (range, 0% [plasma] to 92% [plasma and packed RBCs]) from 6 healthy research rabbits (experimental sample set) and 252 historic measurements of BG concentration and PCV in 84 client-owned rabbits evaluated at a veterinary hospital (validation data set). PROCEDURES: Duplicate measurements of BG concentration with each test method and of PCV were obtained for each sample in the experimental sample set, and the mean results for each variable for each test method and sample were compared with results from a clinical laboratory analyzer (reference method) used to determine the true BG concentration for each sample. Mean ± SD differences in measurements between the reference and test methods were calculated. Linear regression and modified Clarke error grid analysis were used to develop correction formulas for the test methods given known PCVs, and these formulas were evaluated on the validation data set with linear regression and a modified Clarke error grid. RESULTS: Blood glucose concentrations were falsely low for cVPBG and fVPBG used on samples with PCV < 31% and were falsely high for all test methods used on samples with PCV > 43%. Compared with original measurements, formula-corrected measurements overall had better agreement with reference method measurements for the experimental sample set; however, only the formula-corrected HPBG measurements had improved agreement for the validation data set. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings indicated that, in rabbits, HPBG measurements had improved accuracy with the use of the correction formula HPBG measurement of BG concentration + ([0.75 × PCV] - 15); however, the correction formulas did not improve the accuracy of VPBG measurements, and we believe that neither the cVPBG nor fVPBG should be used in rabbits.

Purification of canine albumin by heat denaturation in a plasma bag.

OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate a method to purify canine albumin from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or stored plasma (SP) in a manner that could be applied clinically. DESIGN: In vitro experimental study. SETTING: FDA licensed Blood Bank Laboratory and University biochemistry laboratory. ANIMALS: None. INTERVENTIONS: Using equipment that is typically found in veterinary blood banks, plasma bags were thawed, injected with the heat stabilizing agent, sodium caprylate, and then heated and acidified to denature all but albumin proteins. Albumin-rich supernatant was removed, the pH was neutralized, and then pasteurized and refrigerated. Albumin and total plasma protein concentrations were measured and the product was cultured for bacteria at 0, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-processing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventeen bags of plasma were analyzed for purity, yield, and sterility of the finished albumin product. Bags were divided into categories based on the age of the frozen plasma. Mean yield of albumin for all bags was 77.3% and mean purity was 91.2%. There was no difference between old stored plasma, new stored plasma, and FFP with regard to yield (P = 0.31) or purity (P = 0.24) based on one-way analysis of variances. Overall 1 of 17 bags of plasma (5.9%) tested positive for bacterial contamination on day 60 after processing. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium caprylate is able to stabilize canine albumin enabling it to withstand heating that denatures other plasma proteins. The resulting albumin product is of sufficient quality to potentially be used therapeutically as a colloidal resuscitative fluid. Further study is needed into its safety and effect in dogs.

Development and evaluation of a formula to correct blood glucose concentration measurements in hemodiluted and hemoconcentrated feline blood samples tested by use of a veterinary point-of-care glucometer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of PCV on blood glucose concentration measurements in feline blood samples tested with a point-of-care (POC) glucometer and to develop and evaluate a correction formula that adjusts POC glucometer-measured blood glucose concentration (POCgluc) for a given PCV. DESIGN: Experimental and prospective study. SAMPLE: Blood samples from 4 healthy and 16 hospitalized cats. PROCEDURES: Heparinized blood samples from healthy cats were processed into packed RBCs and plasma. Packed RBCs were resuspended with plasma to achieve PCVs ranging from 0% to 87%. Duplicate PCV and POCgluc measurements were obtained for each suspension. Plasma glucose concentration as measured by a clinical laboratory biochemical analyzer (LABgluc) was assessed; results were compared with the POCgluc. A formula to correct POCgluc measurements for PCV was developed. Blood samples from hospitalized cats were used to evaluate the formula. RESULTS: For each healthy cat, LABgluc values were similar for all PCVs; the mean difference between POCgluc and LABgluc at PCVs outside a range of 35% to 55% was significant. Mean differences between POCgluc and LABgluc were 24.3 and 41.5 mg/dL, whereas mean differences between corrected POCgluc and LABgluc were 3 and 25.9 mg/dL for samples from healthy and hospitalized cats, respectively. Correlation between corrected POCgluc and LABgluc was stronger than that between POCgluc and LABgluc for samples from healthy and hospitalized cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The POCgluc did not reflect LABgluc in hemodiluted or hemoconcentrated feline blood samples. Use of a correction formula appeared to reduce this error. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the frequency with which this correction formula might prevent clinical errors. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254:1180-1185).

Inappropriate Secondary Erythrocytosis in a Dog With Renal Sarcoma.

A 7-year-old mixed breed dog was evaluated for erythrocytosis with an initial hematocrit of 82.3%. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 6 cm mass on the cranial pole of the right kidney. Daily therapeutic phlebotomies were performed, reducing the hematocrit to 54%. The dog underwent a right nephroureterectomy, recovered without complications, and was discharged 3 days after surgery. Histopathologic evaluation revealed a completely excised grade II soft tissue sarcoma. The preoperative erythropoietin level was 7.00 mU/mL (RI 1.90-22.90 mU/mL) and the 3-day postoperative erythropoietin level was 0.99 mU/mL, supporting a diagnosis of inappropriate secondary erythrocytosis due to the renal tumor. Secondary erythrocytosis resulting from renal soft tissue sarcoma is rare. Confirmatory testing with erythropoietin levels can assist in the diagnosis of secondary erythrocytosis. Erythropoietin levels that are normal or increased in the face of erythrocytosis indicate a source of inappropriate erythropoietin production.

Diagnosis and treatment of blastomycosis affecting the nose and nasopharynx of a dog.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old 38.9-kg (85.58-lb) sexually intact male German Shepherd Dog was examined because of a 4-month history of severe nasal swelling and nasal mucosa congestion. The signs were slowly progressive. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Physical examination revealed that the dorsal aspect of the dog's nose was swollen and hard. Mucous membranes in both nostrils were hyperemic and edematous. Diagnostic investigation revealed severe nasal osteolysis and pyogranulomatous rhinitis and nasopharyngitis attributable to blastomycosis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Oral administration of itraconazole was initiated (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], q 12 h for 5 days and then q 24 h). After a treatment period of 3 months, the nose had regained its normal appearance. After 5 months of treatment, the Blastomyces infection was eliminated as confirmed by results of rhinoscopy and biopsy specimen examination. No relapse was evident within 1 year after discontinuation of treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs, nasal and nasopharyngeal blastomycosis can result in severe osteolysis of the nasal bone. Resolution of disease can be achieved with oral administration of itraconazole for a period of at least 5 months.