RESUMO
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is the precursor lipid for the minor phosphoinositides (PPIns), which are critical for multiple functions in all eukaryotic cells. It is poorly understood how phosphatidylinositol, which is synthesized in the ER, reaches those membranes where PPIns are formed. Here, we used VT01454, a recently identified inhibitor of class I PI transfer proteins (PITPs), to unravel their roles in lipid metabolism, and solved the structure of inhibitor-bound PITPNA to gain insight into the mode of inhibition. We found that class I PITPs not only distribute PI for PPIns production in various organelles such as the plasma membrane (PM) and late endosomes/lysosomes, but that their inhibition also significantly reduced the levels of phosphatidylserine, di- and triacylglycerols, and other lipids, and caused prominent increases in phosphatidic acid. While VT01454 did not inhibit Golgi PI4P formation nor reduce resting PM PI(4,5)P2 levels, the recovery of the PM pool of PI(4,5)P2 after receptor-mediated hydrolysis required both class I and class II PITPs. Overall, these studies show that class I PITPs differentially regulate phosphoinositide pools and affect the overall cellular lipid landscape.
Assuntos
Fosfatidilinositóis , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Organelas/metabolismo , Endossomos/metabolismo , AnimaisRESUMO
The Hippo pathway plays a key role in development, organ size control and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation contributes to cancer. The LATS tumor suppressor kinases phosphorylate and inhibit the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators to suppress gene expression and cell growth. Through a screen of marine natural products, we identified microcolin B (MCB) as a Hippo activator that preferentially kills YAP-dependent cancer cells. Structure-activity optimization yielded more potent MCB analogs, which led to the identification of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins α and ß (PITPα/ß) as the direct molecular targets. We established a critical role of PITPα/ß in regulating LATS and YAP. Moreover, we showed that PITPα/ß influence the Hippo pathway via plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of PITPα/ß in Hippo pathway regulation and as potential cancer therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Via de Sinalização Hippo , Fosfatidilinositóis , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) that increase its kinase activity are strongly linked to genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the regulation of endogenous wild-type (WT) LRRK2 kinase activity remains poorly understood, despite its frequent elevation in idiopathic PD (iPD) patients. Various stressors such as mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dyshomeostasis, or vesicle trafficking deficits can activate WT LRRK2 kinase, but the specific molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that the production of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a lipid hydroperoxidation end-product, is a common biochemical response to these diverse stimuli. 4-HNE forms post-translational adducts with Cys2024 and Cys2025 in the kinase activation loop of WT LRRK2, significantly increasing its kinase activity. Additionally, we discovered that the 4-HNE responsible for regulating LRRK2 is generated by the action of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO), making 15-LO an upstream regulator of the pathogenic hyperactivation of LRRK2 kinase activity. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of 15-LO prevents 4-HNE post-translational modification of LRRK2 kinase and its subsequent pathogenic hyperactivation. Therefore, 15-LO inhibitors, or methods to lower 4-HNE levels, or the targeting of Cys2024/2025 could provide new therapeutic strategies to modulate LRRK2 kinase activity and treat PD.
RESUMO
A series of (S)-2-(2-(diethylamino)-5-(N-alkyl-N-sulfonamido)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-3-(4-(carbamoyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid is discovered as orally available VLA-4 antagonists. Representative compounds 11b and 11p showed efficacy in multiple in vivo animal models. The in vitro selectivity of 11p is also described.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Integrina alfa4beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/síntese química , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno Tipo II/antagonistas & inibidores , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Fibronectinas/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Esclerose Múltipla/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/síntese químicaRESUMO
The structure-activity relationship of a series of dihydroisoquinoline BACE-1 inhibitors is described. Application of structure-based design to screening hit 1 yielded sub-micromolar inhibitors. Replacement of the carboxylic acid of 1 was guided by X-ray crystallography, which allowed the replacement of a key water-mediated hydrogen bond. This work culminated in compounds such as 31, which possess good BACE-1 potency, excellent permeability and a low P-gp efflux ratio.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Catálise , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/síntese química , Isoquinolinas/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a novel, potent and metabolically stable series of benzo [3.2.1] bicyclic sulfonamide-pyrazoles as γ-secretase inhibitors are described. Compounds that are efficacious in reducing the cortical Aßx-40 levels in FVB mice via oral dose, as well as those with high selectivity over Notch, are highlighted.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Animais , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/química , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Camundongos , Pirazóis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
Mitsunobu reactions were employed to link t-butyl esters of α4 integrin inhibitors at each of the termini of a three-arm, 40 kDa, branched PEG. Cleavage of the t-butyl esters using HCO2H provided easily isolated PEG derivatives, which are potent α4 integrin inhibitors, and which achieve sustained levels and bioactivity in vivo, following subcutaneous administration to rats.
Assuntos
Integrina alfa4/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacocinética , Ésteres , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Integrina alfa4/imunologia , Integrina alfa4/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , RatosRESUMO
The structure activity relationship of the prime region of conformationally restricted hydroxyethylamine (HEA) BACE inhibitors is described. Variation of the P1' region provided selectivity over Cat-D with a series of 2,2-dioxo-isothiochromanes and optimization of the P2' substituent of chromane-HEA(s) with polar substituents provided improvements in the compound's in vitro permeability. Significant potency gains were observed with small aliphatic substituents such as methyl, n-propyl, and cyclopropyl when placed at the C-2 position of the chromane.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Cromanos/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Sítios de Ligação , Células Cultivadas , Etilaminas/síntese química , Etilaminas/química , Etilaminas/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Moleculares , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of potent α4ß1/α4ß7 integrin inhibitors is reported, including an inhibitor 12d with remarkable oral exposure and efficacy in rat models of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Assuntos
Integrina alfa4beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Integrinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Integrina alfa4beta1/metabolismo , Integrinas/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
Polo-like kinase-2 (Plk-2) is a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease and this Letter describes the SAR of a series of dihydropteridinone based Plk-2 inhibitors. By optimizing both the N-8 substituent and the biaryl region of the inhibitors we obtained single digit nanomolar compounds such as 37 with excellent selectivity for Plk-2 over Plk-1. When dosed orally in rats, compound 37 demonstrated a 41-45% reduction of pS129-α-synuclein levels in the cerebral cortex.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Pteridinas/síntese química , Pteridinas/química , Pteridinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Quinase 1 Polo-LikeRESUMO
The preparation of novel tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines is reported. Pivotal to the synthesis of these compounds was the development of mild reaction conditions to generate a highly functionalized nitrilimine capable of undergoing an intramolecular cycloaddition with a tethered alkyne. The desired cycloadduct was formed as an equal mixture of diastereomers.
Assuntos
Ciclização , Iminas/química , Nitrilas/química , Piridinas/síntese química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
Extensive knowledge has been gained on the transcription network controlled by ERα, however, the mechanism underlying ESR1 (encoding ERα) expression is less understood. We recently discovered that the Hippo pathway is required for the proper expression of ESR1. YAP/TAZ are transcription coactivators that are phosphorylated and inhibited by the Hippo pathway kinase LATS. Here we delineated the molecular mechanisms underlying ESR1 transcription repression by the Hippo pathway. Mechanistically, YAP binds to TEAD to increase local chromatin accessibility to stimulate transcription of nearby genes. Among the YAP target genes, Vestigial-Like Protein 3 (VGLL3) competes with YAP/TAZ for binding to TEAD transcription factor and recruits the NCOR2/SMRT repressor to the super-enhancer of ESR1 gene, leading to epigenetic alteration and transcriptional silencing. We developed a potent LATS inhibitor VT02956. Targeting the Hippo pathway by VT02956 represses ESR1 expression and inhibits the growth of ER+ breast cancer cells as well as patient-derived tumour organoids. Moreover, histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as Entinostat, induce VGLL3 expression to inhibit ER+ breast cancer cells. Our study suggests LATS as unexpected cancer therapeutic targets, especially for endocrine-resistant breast cancers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio , Via de Sinalização Hippo , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/metabolismoRESUMO
Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of amino-caprolactam analogs derived from amino-caprolactam benzene sulfonamide 1, highlighting affects on the potency of γ-secretase inhibition, selectivity for the inhibition of APP versus Notch processing by γ-secretase and selected pharmakokinetic properties. Amino-caprolactams that are efficacious in reducing the cortical Aß(x-40) levels in FVB mice via a single 100 mpk IP dose are highlighted.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Caprolactama/análogos & derivados , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animais , Caprolactama/síntese química , Caprolactama/química , Caprolactama/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Infusões Parenterais , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
In this Letter, we describe the evolution of selective JNK3 inhibitors from 1, that routinely exhibit >10-fold selectivity over JNK1 and >1000-fold selectivity over related MAPKs. Strong SAR was found for substitution of the naphthalene ring, as well as for inhibitors adopting different central scaffolds. Significant potency gains were appreciated by inverting the polarity of the thione of the parent triazolothione 1, resulting in potent compounds with attractive pharmacokinetic profiles.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase 10 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Naftalenos/síntese química , Tionas/síntese química , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Estrutura Molecular , Naftalenos/química , Naftalenos/farmacologia , Solubilidade , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tionas/química , Tionas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a novel, potent and metabolically stable series of sulfonamide-pyrazoles that attenuate ß-amyloid peptide synthesis via γ-secretase inhibition is detailed herein. Sulfonamide-pyrazoles that are efficacious in reducing the cortical Aßx-40 levels in FVB mice via a single PO dose, as well as sulfonamide-pyrazoles that exhibit selectivity for inhibition of APP versus Notch processing by γ-secretase, are highlighted.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
A series of N-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenylalanine VLA-4 antagonists is described. Optimization of substituents at the 2 and 5 positions of the pyrimidine ring gave 14, a very potent VLA-4 inhibitor which is orally active in a sheep asthma model.
Assuntos
Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Integrina alfa4beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Animais , Asma/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Descoberta de Drogas , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , OvinosRESUMO
The SAR of a series of tri-substituted thiophene JNK3 inhibitors is described. By optimizing both the N-aryl acetamide region of the inhibitor and the 4-position of the thiophene we obtained single digit nanomolar compounds, such as 47, which demonstrated an in vivo effect on JNK activity when dosed orally in our kainic acid mouse model as measured by phospho-c-jun reduction.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Desenho de Fármacos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Modelos Moleculares , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
In this Letter, we describe the discovery of selective JNK2 and JNK3 inhibitors, such as 10, that routinely exhibit >10-fold selectivity over JNK1 and >1000-fold selectivity over related MAPKs, p38α and ERK2. Substitution of the naphthalene ring affords an isoform selective JNK3 inhibitor, 30, with approximately 10-fold selectivity over both JNK1 and JNK2. A naphthalene ring penetrates deep into the selectivity pocket accounting for the differentiation amongst the kinases. Interestingly, the gatekeeper Met146 sulfide interacts with the naphthalene ring in a sulfur-π stacking interaction. Compound 38 ameliorates neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-ß in human cortical neurons. Lastly, we demonstrate how to install propitious in vitro CNS-like properties into these selective inhibitors.
Assuntos
Aminopiridinas/química , Proteína Quinase 10 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 9 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Triazinas/química , Aminopiridinas/farmacocinética , Aminopiridinas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 10 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 9 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacocinética , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Triazinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The SAR of a series of brain penetrant, trisubstituted thiophene based JNK inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties is described. These compounds were designed based on information derived from metabolite identification studies which led to compounds such as 42 with lower clearance, greater brain exposure and longer half life compared to earlier analogs.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Degeneração Neural/prevenção & controle , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Tiofenos/farmacocinética , Animais , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Meia-Vida , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiofenos/síntese química , Tiofenos/químicaRESUMO
Mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene that limit or abrogate expression of functional Merlin are common in malignant mesothelioma. Merlin activates the Hippo pathway to suppress nuclear translocation of YAP and TAZ, the major effectors of the pathway that associate with the TEAD transcription factors in the nucleus and promote expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. In this article, we describe the discovery of compounds that selectively inhibit YAP/TAZ-TEAD promoted gene transcription, block TEAD auto-palmitoylation, and disrupt interaction between YAP/TAZ and TEAD. Optimization led to potent analogs with excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics that selectively inhibit NF2-deficient mesothelioma cell proliferation in vitro and growth of subcutaneous tumor xenografts in vivo These highly potent and selective TEAD inhibitors provide a way to target the Hippo-YAP pathway, which thus far has been undruggable and is dysregulated frequently in malignant mesothelioma and in other YAP-driven cancers and diseases.