Primary Leiomyosarcoma of Suprahepatic Inferior Vena Cava with Metastases.

A 67-year-old female presented with shortness of breath, weight loss, abdomen, and back pain for 2 months. Ultrasound of the abdomen revealed multiple focal liver lesions. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed a hypermetabolic lesion in the suprahepatic inferior vena cava extending into the right atrium. Multiple hypermetabolic lesions were seen in liver, bones, and abdominal lymph nodes, suggestive of metastases. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the lesions revealed it to be metastatic leiomyosarcoma.

Imaging in Ocular Surface Squamous Cell Carcinoma: There's More to PET/CT Than Meets the Eye.

ABSTRACT: A 56-year-old woman presenting with swelling, redness, and pain in the left eye, initially treated with topical therapy for conjunctival squamous neoplasia, developed visual loss with progression of swelling in the left eye over the next year. Patient was referred for imaging as she also had significant weight loss and palpable neck swellings. Whole-body 18 F-FDG PET/CT revealed hypermetabolic left eye lesion; metastases in bilateral submandibular glands; cervical, mediastinal, and axillary lymph nodes; and a right lung nodule. Patient was diagnosed with ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma with metastases and started on systemic chemotherapy (cisplatin, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil).

Synchronous radiation-induced enterovesical and enterocervical fistulas in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Radiation-induced fistulas (RIF) are uncommon therapeutic complications of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Synchronous occurrence of enterocervical and enterovesical fistulas secondary to radiation is extremely rare and previously unreported in the literature. We report a case of synchronous enterovesical and enterocervical fistulas in a patient with carcinoma of the cervix treated using chemotherapy and radiation along with a brief overview of etiopathogenesis of RIF.

Accuracy of Tumor Bed Biopsy for Predicting Pathologic Complete Response After Chemotherapy Among Women With Breast Cancer: Complete Responders in the Breast Study.

PURPOSE: With the advent of taxanes and targeted agents in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for breast cancer, the rates for pathologic complete response (pCR) have been steadily increasing. Surgery in these women serves as a biopsy to confirm or negate a pCR. METHODS: All newly diagnosed patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer, planned for NACT, were screened. Eligible patients with a complete or near-complete response to NACT as seen on a mammogram and ultrasound (US) were recruited. A magnetic resonance imaging was performed for these patients for documentation. US-guided core biopsies of the tumor bed (Core Bx) using a 14G needle was performed (minimum four in number), and the results were compared with the final histopathology report after surgery for standard performance parameters. RESULTS: This study recruited 65 women of whom 94% were node-positive, and 60% were hormone receptor-negative. The pCR rate was 41.5% and 53.8% for the whole cohort and the hormone receptor-negative subgroup, respectively. The false-negative rate (FNR) for Core Bx was 42.1% (95% CI, 26.3 to 59.2), with a negative predictive value of 59.0% (95% CI, 42.1 to 74.4). Among the hormone receptor-negative tumors, the FNR was 44.4% (95% CI, 21.5 to 69.2) with a negative predictive value of 70.4% (95% CI, 49.8 to 86.2). CONCLUSION: The Complete Responders in the Breast study results suggest that ultrasound-guided 14G core needle biopsy of the tumor bed may not be a reliable predictor of pCR in the breast. These results highlight the importance of further research into the omission of surgery in the breast after chemotherapy. This study is registered with Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2018/01/011122).

Accuracy of digital mammography, ultrasound and MRI in predicting the pathological complete response and residual tumor size of breast cancer after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is the standard of care for the treatment of locally advanced or non-metastatic breast cancer, which may increase the chances of breast conservative surgery (BCS) in place of radical mastectomy without compromising on the overall survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of mammography (MG), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the complete response and to assess the extent of residual breast cancer in women treated with NACT. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six consecutive patients with stage II or III breast cancer, who underwent imaging evaluation of breast with digital mammogram, US, and MRI after NACT and before the breast surgery, were included in the study. For each patient, pathologic complete response (pCR) or residual tumor (non-pCR) was predicted and the maximum extent of the residual tumor was measured on each imaging modality. These measurements were subsequently compared with the final histopathology results. Results: Of 56 patients, 22 showed pCR with MRI having better accuracy for predicting complete response than the MG and US (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.86, 0.68, and 0.65, respectively; p = 0.0001 for MRI; p = 0.06 for MG, and p = 0.02 for US). The sensitivity of MRI for detecting pCR was 72.7%; specificity and positive predictive value were 100%. For pathological residual tumor, the size measured on MRI showed significantly higher correlation with the pathologic size (correlation coefficient, r = 0.786), than the MG (r = 0.293) and US (r = 0.508) with P < 0.05. Conclusions: Accuracy of MRI for predicting pathological complete response was significantly higher than the MG and US. Pathologic residual tumor size was also more precisely reflected by the longest tumor dimension on MRI with the strong positive correlation coefficient.

Technique and clinical applications of dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) in breast cancer evaluation: a pictorial essay.

This pictorial essay illustrates an overview of the basic technique used in acquiring dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) images and its potential clinical applications in regular practice. CEDM may be used as a low-cost alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a problem-solving tool in clinical practice and for therapeutic planning of breast cancer, which may include high-risk screening, dense breast evaluation, mammographically equivocal lesions, local staging, treatment response evaluation, and post treatment follow-up. We share our experience of CEDM at a tertiary care cancer hospital.

Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced digital mammography in breast cancer detection in comparison to tomosynthesis, synthetic 2D mammography and tomosynthesis combined with ultrasound in women with dense breast.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) in breast cancer detection in comparison to synthetic two-dimensional mammography (s2D MG), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) alone and DBT supplemented with ultrasound examination in females with dense breast with histopathology as the gold-standard. METHODS: It was a prospective study, where consecutive females presenting to symptomatic breast clinic between April 2019 and June 2020 were evaluated with DBT. Females who were found to have heterogeneously dense (ACR type C) or extremely dense (ACR type D) breast composition detected on s2D MG were further evaluated with high-resolution breast ultrasound and thereafter with CEDM, but before the core biopsy or surgical excision, were included in the study. s2D MG was derived from post-processing reconstruction of DBT data set. Females with pregnancy, renal insufficiency or prior allergic reaction to iodinated contrast agent were excluded from the study. Image interpretation was done by two experienced breast radiologists and both were blinded to histological diagnosis. RESULTS: This study included 166 breast lesions in130 patients with mean age of 45 ± 12 years (age range 24-72 years). There were 87 (52.4%) malignant and 79 (47.6%) benign lesions. The sensitivity of CEDM was 96.5%, significantly higher than synthetic 2D MG (75.6%, p < 0.0001), DBT alone (82.8%, p < 0.0001) and DBT + ultrasound (88.5%, p = 0.0057); specificity of CEDM was 81%, significantly higher than s2D MG (63.3%, p = 0.0002) and comparable to DBT alone (84.4%, p = 0.3586) and DBT + ultrasound (79.7%, p = 0.4135). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was of 0.896 for CEDM, 0.841 for DBT + ultrasound, 0.769 for DBT alone and 0.729 for s2D MG. CONCLUSION: CEDM is an accurate diagnostic technique for cancer detection in dense breast. CEDM allowed a significantly higher number of breast cancer detection than the s2D MG, DBT alone and DBT supplemented with ultrasonography in females with dense breast. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: CEDM is a promising novel technology with higher sensitivity and negative predictive value for breast cancer detection in females with dense breast in comparison to DBT alone or DBT supplemented with ultrasound.

Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pelvic Fistulas: Sonographic Findings in Correlation with Computed Tomography Imaging.

Even though ultrasound is an extensively used imaging modality, it has not been effectively utilized in the evaluation and diagnosis of malignant pelvic fistulas. In this study, we tried to correlate the accuracy of sonographic findings in identifying malignant fistulas with that of computed tomography (CT) imaging. Thirty-five patients with advanced pelvic malignancies were examined over a period of 2 y. Patients underwent CT of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous and oral/rectal contrast followed by ultrasound of the abdomen. Sonographic examinations were performed using a standardized protocol with a full bladder. Real-time ultrasound images of the abdomen and pelvis in multiple planes were acquired and stored as both image files and audio-video interleaves (AVIs). On ultrasound, the majority of the fistulas were visualized either as a continuous hyper-echoic tract within a hypo-echoic neoplastic mass ("air contrast sign") or as multiple discontinuous hyper-echoic foci with "ring down" artifacts. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the detection of malignant fistulas were 72% (confidence interval [CI]: 52%-87%) and 66% (CI: 22%-95%), respectively. We also reviewed the literature and compared the sensitivities of ultrasound in the detection of various types of pelvic fistulas obtained in previous studies with those in the present study. Results suggest that although ultrasound cannot be used as a primary imaging modality for the detection of fistulas, it can provide the earliest clue to the presence of a malignant fistula.

Evaluation of genitourinary fistulas in pelvic malignancies with etiopathologic correlation: role of cross sectional imaging in detection and management.

OBJECTIVE: Genitourinary fistulas in pelvic malignancies are abnormal communications occurring due to either locally advanced tumours invading the surrounding organs or post-therapeutic complications of malignancies. In this article we review and describe the role of cross-sectional imaging findings in the management of genitourinary fistulas in pelvic malignancies. METHODS: A retrospective study, for the period January 2012 to December 2018, was undertaken in patients with pelvic malignancies having genitourinary fistulas. The cross-sectional (CT and MRI) imaging findings in various types of fistulas were reviewed and correlated with the primary malignancy and the underlying etiopathology. RESULTS: Genitourinary fistulas were observed in 71 patients (6 males, 65 females). 11 types of fistulas were identified in carcinomas of cervix, rectum, ovary, urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, vault, endometrium and prostate. The commonest were rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas. 13 patients had multiple fistulas. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of CT and MRI are 98%, 100%, 66%, 98% and 95%, 25%, 88% and 50% respectively. Contrast-enhanced CT with oral and rectal contrast is more sensitive and specific than MRI in the evaluation of genitourinary fistulas. CONCLUSION: Imaging findings significantly influence the management and outcome of genitourinary fistulas in pelvic malignancies. Contrast-enhanced CT is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of pelvic fistulas associated with malignancies and MRI is complimentary to it. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind wherein the mean duration of occurrence of fistulas in pelvic malignancies is correlated with the underlying etiopathology.

Utility of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography in the Detection of Primary Colonic Malignancy Presenting as an Inguinoscrotal Hernia.

Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon presenting in an inguinoscrotal hernia is uncommon. Many of the cases seen in literature were diagnosed only intraoperatively, as most of them had misleading presentations. We report a case of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon in an incarcerated inguinoscrotal hernia with imaging findings of 18F-FDG PET/CT along with a brief review of the literature.

Metastatic Extramammary Paget Disease of the Perianal Region.

A 72-year-old man with history of itching for 8 months presented with an ill-defined, ulcerated, eczematous, thickened cutaneous lesion in the left perianal region. F-FDG PET/CT was performed, and neoplastic skin thickening with FDG uptake was seen at the left gluteal cleft. Hypermetabolic inguinal, retroperitoneal, and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, and bone metastases were seen. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the perianal growth and left inguinal lymph node were positive for cytokeratin7 and gross cystic disease fluid protein and negative for cytokeratin 20 and CDX2, confirming the diagnosis of primary extramammary Paget disease with metastases.

The clinical value of imaging in primary cutaneous lymphomas: Role of high resolution ultrasound and PET-CT.

BACKGROUND:: Primary cutaneous lymphoma is a rare extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the skin. The data on the imaging findings of primary cutaneous lymphomas are largely lacking and the current diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathological examination. With the advances in dermatological ultrasound and molecular imaging, newer perspectives in the evaluation of cutaneous lymphomas are available. OBJECTIVE:: To review and describe the imaging findings in patient's with the diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphoma. METHODS:: A multicentric, retrospective observational study was undertaken in four countries to review the high resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) and fluorine 18-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging findings. RESULTS:: We had 41 patients, Female:Male 1:4.1; mean age, 57 years; range, 13-94 years. High resolution ultrasonography of the primary cutaneous lesions revealed thickening of the dermis in all the cases and the lesions were hypoechoic without any calcifications or central necrosis. The sonographic appearances of the lesions were categorised into focal infiltrative, nodular, pseudonodular, and diffusely infiltrative patterns. Nodular and pseudonodular lesions were predominant in B cell lymphomas, while diffusely infiltrative lesions were more common in T-cell lymphomas. On colour Doppler imaging, the lesions were hypervascular. Whole body 18F-fludeoxyglucose PET-CT imaging of the patients revealed increased uptake of the metabolite in the lesions. CONCLUSION:: Sonographic patterns based on high resolution ultrasonography provide early clues to the non-invasive diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphomas and PET-CT is the recommended modality of imaging for staging and follow-up. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:: High resolution ultrasound with colour Doppler and PET-CT imaging are complimentary to the clinical diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphomas.

Accuracy of digital mammography, ultrasound and MRI in predicting the pathological complete response and residual tumor size of breast cancer after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is the standard of care for the treatment of locally advanced or non-metastatic breast cancer, which may increase the chances of breast conservative surgery (BCS) in place of radical mastectomy without compromising on the overall survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of mammography (MG), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the complete response and to assess the extent of residual breast cancer in women treated with NACT. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six consecutive patients with stage II or III breast cancer, who underwent imaging evaluation of breast with digital mammogram, US, and MRI after NACT and before the breast surgery, were included in the study. For each patient, pathologic complete response (pCR) or residual tumor (non-pCR) was predicted and the maximum extent of the residual tumor was measured on each imaging modality. These measurements were subsequently compared with the final histopathology results. Results: Of 56 patients, 22 showed pCR with MRI having better accuracy for predicting complete response than the MG and US (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.86, 0.68, and 0.65, respectively; p = 0.0001 for MRI; p = 0.06 for MG, and p = 0.02 for US). The sensitivity of MRI for detecting pCR was 72.7%; specificity and positive predictive value were 100%. For pathological residual tumor, the size measured on MRI showed significantly higher correlation with the pathologic size (correlation coefficient, r = 0.786), than the MG (r = 0.293) and US (r = 0.508) with P < 0.05. Conclusions: Accuracy of MRI for predicting pathological complete response was significantly higher than the MG and US. Pathologic residual tumor size was also more precisely reflected by the longest tumor dimension on MRI with the strong positive correlation coefficient