Implementing geriatric assessment for dose optimization of CDK4/6 inhibitors in older breast cancer patients.

Current evidence from both randomized trials and real-world studies suggests that older patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (HR+/HER2) breast cancer derive clinical benefit from the addition of CDK4/6 inhibitors to endocrine therapy. However, a higher risk for adverse events due to CDK4/6 inhibitors among older patients is evident, leading to a trend of initiating CDK4/6 inhibitors at lower dose in clinical practice, though without evidence. The aim of the IMPORTANT-trial, a pragmatic, multinational, open-label, partly decentralized randomized trial is to investigate whether lower starting dose of CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy is comparable to full dose in older (≥70 years old) patients with advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer who are assessed as vulnerable or frail based on comprehensive geriatric assessment.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT06044623 (ClinicalTrials.gov); Registration date: 13 September 2023.

[Box: see text].

Dose-dense sequential adjuvant chemotherapy in the trastuzumab era: final long-term results of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III HE10/05 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Dose-dense sequential chemotherapy with anthracyclines and taxanes achieved an 18% reduction of recurrence risk in early breast cancer (BC). The optimal chemotherapy schedule and interval between cycles remain under investigation. METHODS: Overall, 990 patients were randomised to receive either three cycles of epirubicin (E, 110 mg/m2) every 2 weeks followed by 3 cycles of paclitaxel (T, 200 mg/m2) every 2 weeks followed by three cycles of intensified CMF (Control Arm A, E-T-CMF) that was previously used in BC or three cycles of epirubicin followed by three cycles of CMF followed by nine consecutive weekly cycles of docetaxel (wD) 35 mg/m2 (Arm B, E-CMF-wD) or nine consecutive weekly cycles of paclitaxel (wT) 80 mg/m2 (Arm C, E-CMF-wT). Trastuzumab was administered for HER2-positive disease. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 13.3 years, 330 disease-free survival (DFS) events (33.3%) were reported. DFS and overall survival (OS) did not differ between patients in the combined B and C arms versus arm A either in the entire cohort (HR = 0.90, P = 0.38 and HR = 0.85, P = 0.20) or among trastuzumab-treated patients (HR = 0.69, P = 0.13 and HR = 0.67, P = 0.13). Thirty-four patients (3.4%) developed secondary neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, no significant differences in survival were found amongst the studied regimens after a long-term observational period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000151033.

Impact of performance status on non-small-cell lung cancer patients with a PD-L1 tumour proportion score ≥50% treated with front-line pembrolizumab.

Objectives: We retrospectively analysed patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring high PD-L1 expression (>50%) and treated with front-line pembrolizumab, comparing outcomes of patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 2 to those with PS 0-1.Methods: Data were collected by 16 participating centres. All patients with NSCLC and high PD-L1, treated with first-line pembrolizumab were included. We collected medical data from patient files, pathology and laboratory reports. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, PS, and tumour characteristics were reported. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and response rate (RR) were calculated.Results: 302 patients were included, 246 with PS 0-1, 56 with PS 2. RR was 72% among patients with PS 0-1 compared to 45% with PS2 (odds ratio (OR) 0.31 (95% CI: 0.17-0.57), p < .001). Median PFS was 2.6 months (95% CI: 1.9-5.1) among patients with PS2 and 11.3 months (95% CI: 8.5-14.4) among those with PS 0-1. Median OS was 7.8 months (95% CI: 2.5-10.7) in the PS2 group, not reached in the PS 0-1 group. PS 2 remained predictive of poor outcomes in multivariate analysis.Conclusion: PS 2 is a strong independent predictor of poor response and survival in NSCLC patients with high PD-L1, treated with front-line pembrolizumab. Prospective randomised trials comparing immunotherapy to chemotherapy in this population would be welcome.

Association of osteopontin with specific prognostic factors and survival in adjuvant breast cancer trials of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group.

BACKGROUND: The shift towards an earlier diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) highlights the need for biomarkers that would identify patients at risk for relapse and metastatic spread and indicate the potential value of additional treatment strategies. Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that has been suggested to be a potential biomarker in BC. In the present study, we used archived BC patient samples to assess the clinical utility of OPN. METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from 975 patients were collected from two large phase III randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trials (HE10/97 and HE10/00) that included patients with high risk BC. All tissue samples were assessed for ER, PgR, Ki67 and HER2 protein expression. OPN protein and mRNA expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: OPN mRNA expression data were available for 814 patients, whereas OPN protein expression data were available for 546 patients. The majority of patients were ER/PgR-positive (78.3%), HER2-negative (76.5%) and Ki67-positive (55.2%) and had received adjuvant radiation therapy (76.8%) and hormonal therapy (81.1%). OPN mRNA expression was significantly associated with age (60.9% in high OPN tumors vs. 54.1% in low OPN tumors, p = 0.047), ER/PgR-negative status (25.7 vs. 17.2%, p = 0.004) and BC subtypes (p = 0.021). In addition, high OPN mRNA expression was significantly associated with reduced DFS (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.00-1.59, Wald's p = 0.050) and OS (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.78, p = 0.019), while it retained its prognostic significance for both DFS (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.10-1.77, p = 0.007) and OS (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.61-2.05, p = 0.003) in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that high OPN mRNA expression is associated with decreased DFS and OS in a large cohort of BC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy in a clinical trial setting. Our results suggest that OPN may serve as a prognostic factor and a potential target for therapy. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; HE10/97 ACTRN12611000506998; HE10/00 ACTRN12609001036202.

Dose-dense sequential adjuvant chemotherapy followed, as indicated, by trastuzumab for one year in patients with early breast cancer: first report at 5-year median follow-up of a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group randomized phase III trial.

BACKGROUND: Dose-dense sequential chemotherapy including anthracyclines and taxanes has been established in the adjuvant setting of high-risk operable breast cancer. However, the preferable taxane and optimal schedule of administration in a dose-dense regimen have not been defined yet. METHODS: From July 2005 to November 2008, 1001 patients (990 eligible) were randomized to receive, every 2 weeks, 3 cycles of epirubicin 110 mg/m2 followed by 3 cycles of paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 followed by 3 cycles of intensified CMF (Arm A; 333 patients), or 3 cycles of epirubicin followed by 3 cycles of CMF, as in Arm A, followed 3 weeks later by 9 weekly cycles of docetaxel 35 mg/m2 (Arm B; 331), or 9 weekly cycles of paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 (Arm C; 326). Trastuzumab was administered for one year to HER2-positive patients post-radiation. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 60.5 months, the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 86%, 90% and 88%, for Arms A, B and C, respectively, while the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 96% in all arms. No differences were found in DFS or OS between the combined B and C Arms versus Arm A (DFS: HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.59-1.11, P = 0.20; OS: HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.55-1.30, P = 0.43). Among the 255 patients who received trastuzumab, 189 patients (74%) completed 1 year of treatment uneventfully. In all arms, the most frequently reported severe adverse events were neutropenia (30% vs. 27% vs. 26%) and leucopenia (12% vs. 13% vs. 12%), while febrile neutropenia occurred in fifty-one patients (6% vs. 4% vs. 5%). Patients in Arm A experienced more often severe pain (P = 0.002), neurological complications (P = 0.004) and allergic reactions (P = 0.004), while patients in Arm B suffered more often from severe skin reactions (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in survival between the regimens were found in the present phase III trial. Taxane scheduling influenced the type of severe toxicities. HER2-positive patients demonstrated comparable 3-year DFS and OS rates with those reported in other similar studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000151033.

Treatment of bone metastases before the onset of pain.

PURPOSE: Bone metastases are often asymptomatic and are not diagnosed until after the onset of bone pain. However, bone structural integrity may have diminished considerably before pain onset, resulting in increased risk of skeletal-related events. Therefore, we evaluated whether bisphosphonate therapy was differentially beneficial depending on initiation before or after the onset of bone pain. METHODS: Exploratory analyses were performed in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer or lung cancer/other solid tumors enrolled in two randomized trials comparing monthly zoledronic acid versus pamidronate (breast cancer) or placebo (lung cancer/other solid tumors). Analyses included proportion of patients with one or more skeletal-related events, time to first skeletal-related event, and skeletal morbidity rate in patients with and without baseline pain. RESULTS: Approximately 80 % of patients reported baseline pain. Similar to overall trial results, zoledronic acid reduced the skeletal morbidity rate in all groups. Although some subsets lacked statistical power, benefits were generally greater in patients without baseline pain. For example, in breast cancer, zoledronic acid increased the 25th quartile of time to first skeletal-related event versus pamidronate by 522 days in patients with no baseline pain (median not reached for either group), but by only 10 days in patients with baseline pain. Similar trends were observed in lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Benefits from zoledronic acid appeared to be greater if introduced before bone pain onset. Early diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases may delay onset of skeletal-related events.

Real-world Data and Economic Evaluation of Nivolumab in Previously Treated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Greek Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nivolumab is an FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) for patients with advanced, pre-treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, treatment profiles and patient outcomes often differ in routine clinical practice while the financial impact of approved therapies is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the efficacy, tolerability, and economic impact of nivolumab in real-world settings (RWS) in Greece. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with advanced pre-treated NSCLC, receiving nivolumab were recruited from October 2015 until November 2019 across 18 different clinical centers in Greece. Endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. Cost analysis was conducted using a third-party public-payer perspective (National Organization for Healthcare Services Provision; EOPYY). RESULTS: A total of 346 patients, median age 66.5 years, were included. With 43.4 months median follow-up, median PFS was 7.8 months and median OS 15.8 months. The 1-year OS rate was 56.5%, 2-year OS 38.8%, and 3-year OS 27.3%. The ORR was 29.5% and DCR 58.7%, with a median response duration of 26.8 months. Patients with objective response were more likely to experience long-term survival (HR=0.14, p<0.001). Only 8.4% of patients experienced grade 3-4 adverse events. The presence of immune-related adverse events was associated with improved OS (HR=0.77, p=0.043). Nivolumab-associated economic burden accounted for €2,214.10 per cycle for each patient, mainly attributed to drug-acquisition costs. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of real-world efficacy, safety, and economic burden of nivolumab in pre-treated patients with NSCLC in Greece. Indirectly compared to clinical trials, nivolumab was associated with improved efficacy in RWS, further supporting its use in clinical practice and providing insights on clinical prognosticators. The main cost component affecting the nivolumab economic burden was drug-acquisition costs, while toxicity-associated cost was negligible.

Molecular Epidemiology and Treatment Patterns of Patients With EGFR Exon 20-Mutant NSCLC in the Precision Oncology Era: The European EXOTIC Registry.

Introduction: Real-world evidence regarding molecular epidemiology and management patterns of patients with EGFR exon-20 mutated, advanced NSCLC outside the context of clinical trials is lacking. Methods: We created a European registry for patients with advanced EGFR exon 20-mutant NSCLC diagnosed from January 2019 to December 2021. Patients enrolled in clinical trials were excluded. Clinicopathologic and molecular epidemiology data were collected, and treatment patterns were recorded. Clinical end points according to treatment assignment were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models. Results: Data on 175 patients from 33 centers across nine countries were included in the final analysis. Median age was 64.0 (range: 29.7-87.8) years. Main features included female sex (56.3%), never or past smokers (76.0%), adenocarcinoma (95.4%), and tropism for bone (47.4%) and brain (32.0%) metastases. Mean programmed death-ligand 1 tumor proportional score was 15.8% (range: 0%-95%) and mean tumor mutational burden was 7.06 (range: 0-18.8) mutations per megabase. Exon 20 was detected in the tissue (90.7%), plasma (8.7%), or both (0.6%), using mostly targeted next-generation sequencing (64.0%) or polymerase chain reaction (26.0%). Mutations were mainly insertions (59.3%), followed by duplications (28.1%), deletions-insertions (7.7%), and the T790M (4.5%). Insertions and duplications were located mainly in the near loop (codons 767-771, 83.1%) and the far loop (codons 771-775, 13%) and only in 3.9% within the C helix (codons 761-766). Main co-alterations included mutations in TP53 (61.8%) and MET amplifications (9.4%). Treatment on mutation identification included chemotherapy (CT) (33.8%), CT-immunotherapy (IO) (18.2%), osimertinib (22.1%), poziotinib (9.1%), mobocertinib (6.5%), mono-IO (3.9%), and amivantamab (1.3%). Disease control rates were 66.2% with CT plus or minus IO, 55.8% with osimertinib, 64.8% with poziotinib, and 76.9% with mobocertinib. Corresponding median overall survival was 19.7, 15.9, 9.2, and 22.4 months, respectively. In multivariate analysis, type of treatment (new targeted agents versus CT ± IO) affected progression-free survival (p = 0.051) and overall survival (p = 0.03). Conclusions: EXOTIC represents the largest academic real-world evidence data set on EGFR exon 20-mutant NSCLC in Europe. Indirectly compared, treatment with new exon 20-targeting agents is likely to confer survival benefit than CT plus or minus IO.

Postoperative dose-dense sequential versus concomitant administration of epirubicin and paclitaxel in patients with node-positive breast cancer: 5-year results of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group HE 10/00 phase III Trial.

To explore the impact of dose intensity (DI) in the adjuvant setting of breast cancer, a randomized phase III trial was conducted comparing postoperative dose-dense sequential chemotherapy with epirubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF)in high-risk breast cancer patients. From Oct 2000 to June 2005, 1,121 node-positive patients were randomized to dose-dense sequential epirubicin 110 mg/m(2) and paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, NJ) 250 mg/m(2) (group A), or concurrent epirubicin 83 mg/m(2) and paclitaxel 187 mg/m(2) (group B), both followed by three cycles of "intensified" combination chemotherapy with CMF. By protocol design total cumulative dose and duration of treatment were identical in both groups. Dose intensity of epirubicin and paclitaxel was double in the dose-dense arm. Prophylactic treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was given with the dose-dense treatments. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint. At a median follow-up of 76 months, 253 patients (23%) had documented disease relapse (123 vs. 130 in groups A and B, respectively) and 208 deaths (101, group A and 107, group B) had been observed. The 5-year DFS rate of 74 and 74% and OS rate of 86 and 85% were observed for group A and group B, respectively. No differences were found in DFS or OS between the two treatment groups (P = 0.78 and P = 0.45 for DFS and OS, respectively). Safety analysis results showing that both regimens were well tolerated and safe have been previously published (Fountzilas et al. Ann Oncol 2008). No DFS or OS benefit from the dose-dense sequential epirubicin and paclitaxel was detected when compared to the concurrent administration of the same drugs. No additional safety issues were raised with long-term follow-up.

Prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among 403 women with triple-negative breast cancer: implications for genetic screening selection criteria: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study.

In spite the close association of the triple-negative breast cancer immunophenotype with hereditary breast cancers and the BRCA1 pathway, there is a lack of population studies that determine the frequency of BRCA1 mutations among triple-negative breast cancer patients. To address this, we have screened a large sample of 403 women diagnosed with triple-negative invasive breast cancer, independently of their age or family history, for germline BRCA1 mutations. Median age at diagnosis was 50 years (range 20-83). The overall prevalence of triple-negative cases among the initial patient group with invasive breast cancer was 8%. BRCA1 was screened by direct DNA sequencing in all patients, including all exons where a mutation was previously found in the Greek population (exons 5, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24-77% of the BRCA1 coding region), including diagnostic PCRs to detect the three Greek founder large genomic rearrangements. Sixty-five deleterious BRCA1 mutations were identified among the 403 triple-negative breast cancer patients (16%). Median age of onset for mutation carriers was 39 years. Among a total of 106 women with early-onset triple-negative breast cancer (<40 years), 38 (36%) had a BRCA1 mutation, while 27% of women with triple-negative breast cancer diagnosed before 50 years (56/208) had a BRCA1 mutation. A mutation was found in 48% (50/105) of the triple-negative breast cancer patients with family history of breast or ovarian cancer. It is noteworthy, however, that of the 65 carriers, 15 (23%) had no reported family history of related cancers. All but one of the carriers had grade III tumors (98%). These results indicate that women with early-onset triple-negative breast cancer, and ideally all triple-negative breast cancer patients, are candidates for BRCA1 genetic testing even in the absence of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer.

Expression of DNA repair and replication genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a role for thymidylate synthetase (TYMS).

BACKGROUND: BRCA1 (B), ERCC1 (E), RRM1 (R) and TYMS (T) mRNA expression has been extensively studied with respect to NSCLC patient outcome upon various chemotherapy agents. However, these markers have not been introduced into clinical practice yet. One of the reasons seems to be lack of a standard approach for the classification of the reported high/low mRNA expression. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic/predictive impact of B, E, R, T in routinely-treated NSCLC patients by taking into account the expression of these genes in the normal lung parenchyma. METHODS: B, E, R, T mRNA expression was examined in 276 NSCLC samples (real-time PCR). The normal range of B, E, R, T transcript levels was first determined in matched tumor - normal pairs and then applied to the entire tumor series. Four main chemotherapy categories were examined: taxanes-without-platinum (Tax); platinum-without-taxanes (Plat); taxanes/platinum doublets (Tax/Plat); and, all-other combinations. RESULTS: In comparison to remotely located normal lung parenchyma, B, E, R, T mRNA expression was generally increased in matched tumors, as well as in the entire tumor series. Therefore, tumors were classified as expressing normal or aberrant B, E, R, T mRNA. In general, no marker was associated with overall and progression free survival (OS, PFS). Upon multivariate analysis, aberrant intratumoral TYMS predicted for shorter PFS than normal TYMS in 1st line chemo-naïve treated patients (p = 0.012). In the same setting, specific interactions were observed for aberrant TYMS with Plat and Tax/Plat (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006, respectively). Corresponding patients had longer PFS in comparison to those treated with Tax (Plat: HR = 0.234, 95% CI:0.108-0.506, Wald's p < 0.0001; Tax/Plat: HR = 0.242, 95% CI:0.131-0.447, Wald's p < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for PFS in 1st line chemo-naïve and (neo)adjuvant pre-treated patients. Adenocarcinoma, early disease stage, and treatment with Tax/Plat doublets independently predicted for prolonged OS in patients who received only one line of treatment (adjuvant or 1st line). CONCLUSION: Classifying intratumoral B, E, R, T mRNA expression in comparison to normal lung may facilitate standardization of these parameters for prospective studies. With this approach, NSCLC patients with aberrant intratumoral TYMS expression will probably fare better with platinum-based treatments.

Artificial intelligence supporting cancer patients across Europe-The ASCAPE project.

INTRODUCTION: Breast and prostate cancer survivors can experience impaired quality of life (QoL) in several QoL domains. The current strategy to support cancer survivors with impaired QoL is suboptimal, leading to unmet patient needs. ASCAPE aims to provide personalized- and artificial intelligence (AI)-based predictions for QoL issues in breast- and prostate cancer patients as well as to suggest potential interventions to their physicians to offer a more modern and holistic approach on cancer rehabilitation. METHODS AND ANALYSES: An AI-based platform aiming to predict QoL issues and suggest appropriate interventions to clinicians will be built based on patient data gathered through medical records, questionnaires, apps, and wearables. This platform will be prospectively evaluated through a longitudinal study where breast and prostate cancer survivors from four different study sites across the Europe will be enrolled. The evaluation of the AI-based follow-up strategy through the ASCAPE platform will be based on patients' experience, engagement, and potential improvement in QoL during the study as well as on clinicians' view on how ASCAPE platform impacts their clinical practice and doctor-patient relationship, and their experience in using the platform. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: ASCAPE is the first research project that will prospectively investigate an AI-based approach for an individualized follow-up strategy for patients with breast- or prostate cancer focusing on patients' QoL issues. ASCAPE represents a paradigm shift both in terms of a more individualized approach for follow-up based on QoL issues, which is an unmet need for cancer survivors, and in terms of how to use Big Data in cancer care through democratizing the knowledge and the access to AI and Big Data related innovations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration on clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04879563.

Treatment adherence of cancer patients to orally administered chemotherapy: insights from a Greek study using a self-reported questionnaire.

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective observational study was to investigate the patterns of treatment adherence to orally administered chemotherapy of patients being treated for cancer. METHODS: Patients were asked to participate in the survey during their visits to the study centers' pharmacists or doctors to obtain their oral medication from April 2008 until May 2009. The data were collected using a self-reported anonymous 7-page long questionnaire, which contained questions about their demographic profile, disease and treatment characteristics, and side-effects and adherence information, both intentional and nonintentional. RESULTS: 99 Patients completed the questionnaire. Missing values ranged from 1% to 8%. Unintended nonadherence to therapy was reported by 19 patients. The most important factor correlating with unintended nonadherence was the patient's belief regarding treatment effectiveness since only 16.7% of the patients believing that their treatment is effective reported nonadherence as opposed to 62.5% for those that did not believe that treatment is effective (p=0.03). Intentional nonadherence was reported by 14 patients The most important factor correlating to intentional nonadherence was time since disease diagnosis, as nonadherence was reported by 33.3% of the patients having the disease less than 6 months, compared to 16.7% for those between 6 and 24 months and 8.3% for those between 2 and 5 years (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Greek patients seem to have similar nonadherence pattern as in other countries. Confidence in treatment efficacy appeared as a significant adherence determinant.

Genetic Variation in the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA) Gene at rs13207351 Is Associated with Overall Survival of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significantly heterogeneous disease and includes malignancies arising from different anatomical sites, such as nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and laryngeal cancer (LC). In the current study, polymorphisms located in angiogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes (VEGFA, FAS, EDNRA and NBS1) were evaluated regarding their clinical significance in HNC patients. In total, 333 HNC patients were enrolled in this study and 34 variants located on the aforementioned genes were genotyped via Sanger sequencing. LC patients, homozygous A for VEGFA rs13207351, had shorter overall survival (OS) as opposed to homozygous G (Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.06, Wald's p = 0.017) upon adjustment for age, disease stage, and surgery. Following the dominant model, LC patients carrying the A allele had a marginally significantly higher risk for death (HR = 1.72, p = 0.059). NPC patients heterozygous (CT) for FAS rs2234768 had a marginal but significantly higher risk of death compared to those with homozygosity for the T allele (HR = 2.22, p = 0.056). In conclusion, rs13207351 (VEGFA) and rs2234768 (FAS) polymorphisms seem to have prognostic significance in HNC, with VEGFA rs13207351 showing the most promise in this subgroup of LC patients.

Androgen Receptor and PIM1 Expression in Tumor Tissue of Patients With Triple-negative Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Effective targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are limited. In a subset of TNBC, androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role, while the human proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (PIM1) overexpression is also implicated. PIM1 kinases phosphorylate AR, thus regulating its transcriptional activity, regardless of the presence or not of androgens. We evaluated the expression of AR and PIM1 and their prognostic significance in TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AR and PIM1 transcripts were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor from 141 patients with TNBC. RESULTS: AR was expressed in 38.3%, PIM1 in 10.6%, while co-expression of AR and PIM1 was detected in 7/141 cases (5.0%). No prognostic significance of AR or PIM1 was reached for overall or disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: Co-expression of AR and PIM1 exists in only in a small percentage of patients with TNBC. The implications of this finding in the therapeutic management of patients with TNBC should be investigated in larger patient cohorts.

Steroid Use Independently Predicts for Poor Outcomes in Patients With Advanced NSCLC and High PD-L1 Expression Receiving First-Line Pembrolizumab Monotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Real-world data have suggested a detrimental effect of steroid use in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving immunotherapy. However, previous studies included heterogeneous cohorts of patients receiving different lines of treatment with several immuno-oncology agents and various combinations of chemotherapy and immuno-oncology agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A comprehensive clinicopathologic database of patients with NSCLC and programmed cell death ligand 1 >50% treated with frontline pembrolizumab monotherapy was constructed in 14 centers in Italy, Spain, Greece, and Switzerland. A multivariate analysis adjusting for the established prognostic factors was performed using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: For the 265 eligible patients, the median age at diagnosis was 67 years, 66% were male, 90% were current or former smokers, 18% had had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or 3. Of the NSCLC subtypes, 64% were adenocarcinoma and 25% were squamous cell. Of the patients, 18% had had brain metastases at diagnosis and 24% had received steroids before or during pembrolizumab treatment. The median time to progression was 4.4 months with and 13.7 months without steroid use (hazard ratio [HR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-3.85; log-rank P < .001). The median survival was 22.5 months for the whole cohort, 7.7 months for the steroid group, and not reached for the non-steroid group (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.34-5.68; log-rank P < .001). On multivariate analysis accounting for all established prognostic variables, steroid use was still independently associated with a high risk of progression (HR, 1.864; 95% CI, 1.179-2.949; P = .008) and death (HR, 2.292; 95% CI, 1.441-3.644; P < .001) CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced NSCLC and programmed cell death ligand 1 expression > 50% receiving frontline pembrolizumab monotherapy, any use of steroids before or during treatment was associated with an 86% increase in the risk of progression and a 2.3-fold increase in the risk of death, even accounting for palliative indication-related bias, including the presence of central nervous system metastasis. The use of steroids for palliative indications should be restricted to absolutely necessary for patients receiving immuno-oncology monotherapy.

Clinical Significance of Germline Cancer Predisposing Variants in Unselected Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

Our aim was to determine the prevalence, prognostic and predictive role of germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (P/LPVs) in cancer predisposing genes in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Germline testing of 62 cancer susceptibility genes was performed on unselected patients diagnosed from 02/2003 to 01/2020 with PDAC, treated at Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG)-affiliated Centers. The main endpoints were prevalence of P/LPVs and overall survival (OS). P/LPVs in PDAC-associated and homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes were identified in 22 (4.0%) and 42 (7.7%) of 549 patients, respectively. P/LPVs were identified in 16 genes, including ATM (11, 2.0%) and BRCA2 (6, 1.1%), while 19 patients (3.5%) were heterozygotes for MUTYH P/LPVs and 9 (1.6%) carried the low-risk allele, CHEK2 p.(Ile157Thr). Patients carrying P/LPVs had improved OS compared to non-carriers (22.6 vs. 13.9 months, p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, there was a trend for improved OS in P/LPV carriers (p = 0.063). The interaction term between platinum exposure and mutational status of HRR genes was not significant (p-value = 0.35). A significant proportion of patients with PDAC carries clinically relevant germline P/LPVs, irrespectively of age, family history or disease stage. The predictive role of these P/LPVs has yet to be defined. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03982446.

A randomized phase II study of carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel in platinum sensitive ovarian cancer patients: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-based combinations are the standard second-line treatment for platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (OC). This randomized phase II study was undertaken in order to compare the combination of carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (LD) with carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) in this setting. METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed recurrent OC, at the time of or more than 6 months after platinum-based chemotherapy, were randomized to six cycles of CP (carboplatin AUC5 + paclitaxel 175 mg/m2, d1q21) or CLD (carboplatin AUC5 + pegylated LD 45 mg/m2, d1q28). RESULTS: A total of 189 eligible patients (CP 96, CLD 93), with a median age of 63 years, median Performance Status (PS) 0 and a median platinum free interval (PFI) of 16.5 months, entered the study. Discontinuation due to toxicity was higher in the CP patients (13.5% versus 3%, P = 0.016). The overall response rate was similar: CP 58% versus CLD 51%, P = 0.309 (Complete Response; CR 34% versus 23%) and there was no statistical difference in time-to-progression (TTP) or overall survival (OS; TTP 10.8 months CP versus 11.8 CLD, P = 0.904; OS 29.4 months CP versus 24.7 CLD, P = 0.454). No toxic deaths were recorded. Neutropenia was the most commonly seen severe toxicity (CP 30% versus CLD 35%). More frequent in CLD were severe thrombocytopenia (11% versus 2%, P = 0.016), skin toxicity and Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) grade 1-2 (38% versus 9%, P< 0.001), while grade 3 neurotoxicity and alopecia were higher in CP (7% versus 0%, P = 0.029, 20% versus 5%, P = 0.003). PS and PFI were independent prognostic factors for TTP and OS. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pegylated LD with carboplatin is effective, showing less neurotoxicity and alopecia than paclitaxel-carboplatin. It thus warrants a further phase III evaluation as an alternative treatment option for platinum-sensitive OC patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12609000436279.

Impact of Bevacizumab Versus Erlotinib on Tumor Metrics in Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Study by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of action of bevacizumab and erlotinib is quite different in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study sought to compare the two targeted therapies in terms of sequential tumor response metrics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Parameters of radiological tumor response evaluation were assessed at baseline and periodically in 58 patients receiving either bevacizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy (N=25) or erlotinib (N=33). RESULTS: Bevacizumab-treated patients had lower longest diameter at best response compared to the erlotinib group (p=0.011). The longest diameter, tumor volume and density significantly decreased from baseline to best response for the entire cohort and bevacizumab-treated patients; no difference was found in the erlotinib group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with bevacizumab substantially improved tumor metrics between baseline and each cycle of treatment, as well as between baseline and best response, in patients with advanced NSCLC.

Genetic Variations of VEGFA Gene Are Associated With Infiltration of Adjacent Tissues and the Clinical Outcome of Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA), nibrin (NBS1) and Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) genes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood specimens of 60 patients. Genotyping of 4 VEGFA polymorphisms, namely VEGFA -1154 G/A (rs1570360), -2578 A/C (rs699947), -1498 C/T (rs833061) and +936 C/T (rs3025039), as well as EDNRA SNP p.His323 (rs5333), NBS1 p.E185Q (rs1805794) and FAS -671 A/G (rs1800682) was performed by using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The VEGFA +936 CC genotype was more frequent in tumors with bilateral infiltration of pterygoid plates compared to those with ipsilateral (76.9% vs. 69.6%, p=0.008) and no infiltration of pterygoid plates (76.9% vs. 68.8%, p=0.023). VEGFA -2578, VEGFA -1154 and VEGFA +936 were significantly associated with infiltration to the pterygoid processes (p=0.011, p=0.041 and p=0.032, respectively). EDNRA H323H TT genotype was marginally associated with infiltration to the ipsilateral medial pterygoid muscles (p=0.045). A trend towards longer overall survival was observed for VEGFA -2578 CC as compared to AC (HR=0.24, p=0.060). CONCLUSION: The studied VEGFA SNPs seem to be associated with the local extension of the NPC and maybe with the clinical outcome of this patient group.