Post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour have been clearly linked with colorectal cancer development, yet data on their potential role in colorectal cancer survival is limited. Better characterisation of these relationships is needed for the development of post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidance for colorectal cancer survivors. We searched PubMed and Embase through 28 February 2022 for studies assessing post-diagnosis physical activity, and/or sedentary behaviour in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality and recurrence after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Total and recreational physical activity were assessed overall and by frequency, duration, intensity, and volume using categorical, linear, and non-linear dose-response random-effects meta-analyses. The Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel interpreted and graded the likelihood of causality. We identified 16 observational studies on 82,220 non-overlapping patients from six countries. Physical activity was consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality outcomes, with 13%-60% estimated reductions in risk. Sedentary behaviour was positively associated with all-cause mortality. The evidence had methodological limitations including potential confounding, selection bias and reverse causation, coupled with a limited number of studies for most associations. The CUP Global Expert panel concluded limited-suggestive evidence for recreational physical activity with all-cause mortality and cancer recurrence. Total physical activity and its specific domains and dimensions, and sedentary behaviour were all graded as limited-no conclusion for all outcomes. Future research should focus on randomised trials, while observational studies should obtain objective and repeated physical activity measures and better adjustment for confounders.

Post-diagnosis adiposity and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

The adiposity influence on colorectal cancer prognosis remains poorly characterised. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on post-diagnosis adiposity measures (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, weight) or their changes and colorectal cancer outcomes. PubMed and Embase were searched through 28 February 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The quality of evidence was interpreted and graded by the Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. We reviewed 124 observational studies (85 publications). Meta-analyses were possible for BMI and all-cause mortality, colorectal cancer-specific mortality, and cancer recurrence/disease-free survival. Non-linear meta-analysis indicated a reverse J-shaped association between BMI and colorectal cancer outcomes (nadir at BMI 28 kg/m2). The highest risk, relative to the nadir, was observed at both ends of the BMI distribution (18 and 38 kg/m2), namely 60% and 23% higher risk for all-cause mortality; 95% and 26% for colorectal cancer-specific mortality; and 37% and 24% for cancer recurrence/disease-free survival, respectively. The higher risk with low BMI was attenuated in secondary analyses of RCTs (compared to cohort studies), among studies with longer follow-up, and in women suggesting potential methodological limitations and/or altered physiological state. Descriptively synthesised studies on other adiposity-outcome associations of interest were limited in number and methodological quality. All the associations were graded as limited (likelihood of causality: no conclusion) due to potential methodological limitations (reverse causation, confounding, selection bias). Additional well-designed observational studies and interventional trials are needed to provide further clarification.

Post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) summary of evidence grading.

Based on the World Cancer Research Fund Global Cancer Update Programme, we performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the association of post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and dietary factors with colorectal cancer prognosis. We searched PubMed and Embase until 28th February, 2022. An independent expert committee and expert panel graded the quality of evidence. A total of 167 unique publications were reviewed, and all but five were observational studies. The quality of the evidence was graded conservatively due to the high risk of several biases. There was evidence of non-linearity in the associations between body mass index and colorectal cancer prognosis. The associations appeared reverse J-shaped, and the quality of this evidence was graded as limited (likelihood of causality: limited-no conclusion). The evidence on recreational physical activity and lower risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] highest vs. lowest: 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.77) and recurrence/disease-free survival (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.92) was graded as limited-suggestive. There was limited-suggestive evidence for the associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant-based foods), intake of whole grains and coffee with lower risk of all-cause mortality, and between unhealthy dietary patterns and intake of sugary drinks with higher risk of all-cause mortality. The evidence for other exposures on colorectal cancer outcomes was sparse and graded as limited-no conclusion. Analyses were conducted excluding cancer patients with metastases without substantial changes in the findings. Well-designed intervention and cohort studies are needed to support the development of lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer patients.

Post-diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

The role of diet in colorectal cancer prognosis is not well understood and specific lifestyle recommendations are lacking. We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies on post-diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer survival outcomes in PubMed and Embase from inception until 28th February 2022. Random-effects dose-response meta-analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The evidence was interpreted and graded by the CUP Global independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. Five RCTs and 35 observational studies were included (30,242 cases, over 8700 all-cause and 2100 colorectal cancer deaths, 3700 progression, recurrence, or disease-free events). Meta-analyses, including 3-10 observational studies each, were conducted for: whole grains, nuts/peanuts, red and processed meat, dairy products, sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, alcohol, dietary glycaemic load/index, insulin load/index, marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplemental calcium, circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all-cause mortality; for alcohol, supplemental calcium, circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer-specific mortality; and for circulating 25(OH)D and recurrence/disease-free survival. The overall evidence was graded as 'limited'. The inverse associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant-based foods), whole grains, total, caffeinated, or decaffeinated coffee and all-cause mortality and the positive associations between unhealthy dietary patterns, sugary drinks and all-cause mortality provided 'limited-suggestive' evidence. All other exposure-outcome associations provided 'limited-no conclusion' evidence. Additional, well-conducted cohort studies and carefully designed RCTs are needed to develop specific lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors.

Microfluidic processing of synovial fluid for cytological analysis.

Cytological analysis of synovial fluid is widely used in the clinic to assess joint health and disease. However, in general practice, only the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) are available for cytologic evaluation of the joint. Moreover, sufficient volume of synovial aspirates is critical to run conventional analyses, despite limited volume of aspiration that can normally be obtained from a joint. Therefore, there is a lack of consistent and standardized synovial fluid cytological tests in the clinic. To address these shortcomings, we developed a microfluidic platform (Synovial Chip), for the first time in the literature, to achieve repeatable, cost- and time-efficient, and standardized synovial fluid cytological analysis based on specific cell surface markers. Microfluidic channels functionalized with antibodies against specific cell surface antigens are connected in series to capture WBC subpopulations, including CD4+, CD8+, and CD66b+ cells, simultaneously from miniscule volumes (100 µL) of synovial fluid aspirates. Cell capture specificity was evaluated by fluorescent labeling of isolated cells in microchannels and was around 90% for all three WBC subpopulations. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of synovial fluid viscosity on capture efficiency in the microfluidic channels and utilized hyaluronidase enzyme treatment to reduce viscosity and to improve cell capture efficiency (>60%) from synovial fluid samples. Synovial Chip allows efficient and standardized point-of-care isolation and analysis of WBC subpopulations in miniscule volumes of patient synovial fluid samples in the clinic.

Visual attention and the acquisition of information in human crowds.

Pedestrian crowds can form the substrate of important socially contagious behaviors, including propagation of visual attention, violence, opinions, and emotional state. However, relating individual to collective behavior is often difficult, and quantitative studies have largely used laboratory experimentation. We present two studies in which we tracked the motion and head direction of 3,325 pedestrians in natural crowds to quantify the extent, influence, and context dependence of socially transmitted visual attention. In our first study, we instructed stimulus groups of confederates within a crowd to gaze up to a single point atop of a building. Analysis of passersby shows that visual attention spreads unevenly in space and that the probability of pedestrians adopting this behavior increases as a function of stimulus group size before saturating for larger groups. We develop a model that predicts that this gaze response will lead to the transfer of visual attention between crowd members, but it is not sufficiently strong to produce a tipping point or critical mass of gaze-following that has previously been predicted for crowd dynamics. A second experiment, in which passersby were presented with two stimulus confederates performing suspicious/irregular activity, supports the predictions of our model. This experiment reveals that visual interactions between pedestrians occur primarily within a 2-m range and that gaze-copying, although relatively weak, can facilitate response to relevant stimuli. Although the above aspects of gaze-following response are reproduced robustly between experimental setups, the overall tendency to respond to a stimulus is dependent on spatial features, social context, and sex of the passerby.

Fascia Iliaca Blocks Performed in the Emergency Department Decrease Opioid Consumption and Length of Stay in Patients with Hip Fracture.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of fascia iliaca (FI) blocks performed in the emergency department on patients with hip fracture on opioid consumption, length of stay, and readmission rate. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Community-based Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-eight patients with isolated femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric femur fractures (OTA/AO 31-A and 31-B) presenting from January 1, 2020, to June 30, 2020. INTERVENTION: Ultrasound-guided FI compartment block using 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Opioid consumption, length of stay, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmission rate. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients had contraindication to FI block. Thirty-nine of 65 patients (60%) without contraindications to undergoing FIB received FI block. Mean age, body mass index, fracture type, and surgical procedure were similar between patients undergoing FIB and not receiving FIB. The FIB group had significantly lower opioid consumption preoperatively [17.4 vs. 32.0 morphine milliequivalents (MMEs)], postoperatively (37.1 vs. 85.5 MMEs), over total hospital stay (54.5 vs. 117.5 MMEs), and mean opioid consumption per day of hospital stay (13.3 vs. 24.0 MMEs). Patients in the FIB group had shorter length of stay compared with the control group (4.3 vs. 5.2 days). There was no significant difference in discharge disposition destination between groups. No patients reported complications of FI block. CONCLUSIONS: Undergoing FI block in the emergency department was associated with decreased opioid consumption, decreased length of stay, and decreased hospital readmission within 30 days of hip fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Should conservation strategies consider spatial generality? Farmland birds show regional not national patterns of habitat association.

A key assumption underlying any management practice implemented to aid wildlife conservation is that it will have similar effects on target species across the range it is applied. However, this basic assumption is rarely tested. We show that predictors [nearly all associated with agri-environment scheme (AES) options known to affect European birds] had similar effects for 11 bird species on sites with differing farming practice (pastoral vs. mixed farming) or which differed in the density at which the species was found. However, predictors from sites in one geographical region tended to have different effects in other areas suggesting that AES options targeted at a regional scale are more likely to yield beneficial results for farmland birds than options applied uniformly in national schemes. Our study has broad implications for designing conservation strategies at an appropriate scale, which we discuss.

Fission-Produced 99Mo Without a Nuclear Reactor.

99Mo, the parent of the widely used medical isotope 99mTc, is currently produced by irradiation of enriched uranium in nuclear reactors. The supply of this isotope is encumbered by the aging of these reactors and concerns about international transportation and nuclear proliferation. Methods: We report results for the production of 99Mo from the accelerator-driven subcritical fission of an aqueous solution containing low enriched uranium. The predominately fast neutrons generated by impinging high-energy electrons onto a tantalum convertor are moderated to thermal energies to increase fission processes. The separation, recovery, and purification of 99Mo were demonstrated using a recycled uranyl sulfate solution. Conclusion: The 99Mo yield and purity were found to be unaffected by reuse of the previously irradiated and processed uranyl sulfate solution. Results from a 51.8-GBq 99Mo production run are presented.

Rocky mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997-2002.

The increased incidence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in 1997-2002 compared with previous years may be related to enhanced awareness and reporting of RMSF as well as changes in human-vector interaction. However, reports on RMSF mortality underscore the need for physician vigilance in considering a diagnosis of RMSF for febrile individuals potentially exposed to ticks and stress the importance of treating such persons regardless of the presence of a rash.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997-2002.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is the most commonly reported fatal tick-borne disease in the United States. During 1997-2002, 3,649 cases of RMSF were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention via the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance; 2,589 case report forms, providing supplemental information, were also submitted. The average annual RMSF incidence during 1997-2002 was 2.2 cases/million persons. The annual incidence increased during 1997-2002 to a rate of 3.8 cases/million persons in 2002. The incidence was lowest among persons aged<5 and 10-29 years, and highest among adults aged 60-69 years. The overall case-fatality rate was 1.4%; the rate peaked in 1998 at 2.9% and declined to 0.7% in 2001 and 2002. Children<5 years of age had a case-fatality rate (5%) that was significantly greater than the rates for age groups<60 years of age, except for that for 40-49 years of age. Continued national surveillance is needed to assess the effectiveness of prevention efforts and early treatment in decreasing severe morbidity and mortality associated with RMSF.

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2005.

During 2005, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the CDC, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. Approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cattle (1.5%), and 76 dogs (1.2%). Compared with numbers of reported cases in 2004, cases in 2005 decreased among all groups, except bats, horses, and other wild animals. Decreases in numbers of rabid raccoons during 2005 were reported by 10 of the 20 eastern states in which raccoon rabies was enzootic and decreased overall by 1.2%, compared with 2004. On a national level, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2005 decreased 20.4% from the number reported in 2004. Once again, Texas reported the greatest number (n = 392) of rabid skunks and the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (741). Texas reported no cases of rabies associated with the dog/coyote rabies virus variant and only 8 cases associated with the Texas gray fox rabies virus variant (compared with 22 cases in 2004). The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes decreased 3.3%, compared with those reported in 2004. The 1,408 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 3.5% increase over numbers reported in 2005. Cases of rabies in cats, dogs, cattle, and sheep and goats decreased 4.3%, 19.2%, 19.1%, and 10%, respectively, whereas cases reported in horses and mules increased 9.3%. In Puerto Rico, reported cases of rabies in mongooses increased 29.8%, and rabies in domestic animals decreased 37.5%. One case of human rabies was reported from Mississippi during 2005. This case was submitted by the state to the CDC's unexplained deaths project and diagnosed as rabies retrospectively.

Epidemiology of human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States, 2001-2002.

During 2001 through 2002, 1,176 cases of the tick-borne diseases human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by 32 states through the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance. The average reported annual incidences for HME and HGA during 2001-2002 were 0.6 and 1.4 cases per million population, respectively; incidence was highest among men > 60 years of age. During this same interval, a total of 883 cases of HME and HGA were reported to CDC through a passive surveillance system of tick-borne disease case report forms (CRFs). The surveillance information retrieved from CRFs has allowed for qualitative evaluation of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis risk factors, severity, and diagnostic accuracy. Although these surveillance systems likely substantially under-represent the true burden of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States due to poor recognition and reporting, they represent the first compilation of national data since these diseases were made nationally notifiable. Continued and improved surveillance activities will progressively reinforce our understanding and awareness of these newly recognized zoonotic infections.

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004.

During 2004, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the CDC, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. Approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bats (19.9%), 389 foxes (5.7%), 281 cats (4.1%), 115 cattle (1.7%), and 94 dogs (1.4%). Compared with the numbers of reported cases in 2003, cases in 2004 decreased among all groups, except bats, cattle, human beings, and "other domestics" (1 llama). Decreases in numbers of rabid raccoons during 2004 were reported by 12 of the 20 eastern states in which raccoon rabies was enzootic. In the East, Massachusetts reported the first cases of raccoon rabies detected beyond the Cape Cod oral rabies vaccine barrier. Along the western edge of the raccoon rabies epizootic (Ohio in the north and Tennessee in the south), cases of rabies were reported from unexpected new foci beyond oral rabies vaccine zones. On a national level, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2004 decreased by 12.1% from the number reported in 2003. Once again, Texas reported the greatest number (n = 534) of rabid skunks and the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (913). Texas reported only 1 case of rabies in a dog that was infected with the dog/coyote rabies virus variant and only 22 cases associated with theTexas gray fox rabies virus variant (compared with 61 cases in 2003). The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes and raccoons declined 14.7% and 2.7%, respectively, during 2004. The 1,361 cases of rabies reported in bats during 2004 represented a 12.3% increase over the previous year's total of 1,212 cases for this group of mammals. Cases of rabies reported in cats, dogs, horses and mules, and sheep and goats decreased 12.5%, 19.7%, 31.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, whereas cases reported in cattle increased 174%. In Puerto Rico, reported cases of rabies in mongooses decreased 4.1% and rabies in dogs (9 cases) remained unchanged from those reported in 2003. Among the 8 cases of rabies in human beings, 1 person from Oklahoma and 3 from Texas died following receipt of infected organs and tissues from an Arkansas donor. In California, a person originally from El Salvador and, in Florida, a person originally from Haiti both died of canine rabies infections acquired outside the United States. In Wisconsin, a teenager contracted rabies from a bat bite and became the first known person to survive rabies despite not having received rabies vaccine prior to symptom onset.

National surveillance for the human ehrlichioses in the United States, 1997-2001, and proposed methods for evaluation of data quality.

This report describes the data accumulated during the first 5 years of national surveillance for the human ehrlichioses in the United States and territories, from its initiation in 1997 through 2001. Reported cases of human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HME and HGE) and cases of "other ehrlichiosis" (OE), where the agent was unspecified, originated from 30 states. As anticipated, most HME cases were from the south-central and southeastern United States, while HGE was most commonly reported from the northeastern and upper-Midwestern region. State-level incident reports of 487 HME, 1,091 HGE, and 11 OE cases were evaluated. The average annual incidences of HME, HGE, and OE per million persons residing in states reporting disease were 0.7, 1.6, and 0.2, respectively. The median ages of HME (53 yr) and HGE cases (51 yr) were consistent with published patient series. Most (> 57%) ehrlichiosis patients were male. The results suggest that national surveillance for the ehrlichioses, although imperfect in coverage, will help define endemic regions and may be useful for monitoring long-term trends. Although the data appear representative of the demographic profiles established for HME and HGE, rigorous evaluation of the system is required. Methods are proposed for evaluating the quality and representativeness of HME and HGE surveillance data, using well-established surveillance systems for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease.

Assessing the magnitude of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States: comparison of two national data sources.

To assess the magnitude of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and to evaluate the completeness of national surveillance for this occurrence from 1983 through 1998, two independent sources of RMSF mortality data were analyzed using a capture-recapture method. Two hundred twenty-four deaths reported through RMSF case report forms (CRFs) were compared with 304 RMSF-associated deaths recorded in the United States multiple cause-of-death (MCD) database. Demographic, geographic, seasonal, and temporal characteristics of decedents were remarkably similar between sources. Median annual deaths ascertained from CRF and MCD data sources were 11 (range = 5-35) and 18 (range = 5-39), respectively. Decedents were matched between sources by year, state, age, sex, race, and month-of-death; 111 deaths were matched to both sources, and percent concordance between CRFs and MCD data during the 16-year study period was 27% (range = 7-45%). An estimated 612 RMSF-associated deaths occurred during the study period (median = 37 per year, range = 16-64), suggesting that approximately 400 fatal cases of RMSF went unreported to national surveillance during the period 1983-1998, for an estimated completeness of CRF reporting of 36%.

Chick growth and prey quality in the European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster).

1. In each of four replicate experiments we fed three groups of bee-eater chicks for 24 h on different diets: bees, dragonflies, and a mixture of the two. 2. Dry weight assimilation efficiency did not differ between treatments and was in the region of 40-50%. Caloric assimilation efficiency was about 60% and did not differ significantly between diets. 3. Mean Growth efficiency (wt. gain/intake) was highest in all four replicates in chicks fed on the mixed diet. 4. When metabolic requirements are taken into account, growth efficiency on the mixed diet varies less with variation in intake than on the two pure diets. 5. The advantage of feeding chicks on a mixed diet may partly explain why parents do not show exclusive preferences for energy-maximising prey types.

Environmental and human demographic features associated with epizootic raccoon rabies in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

We assessed land use and demographic data as predictors discriminating between counties experiencing large or small first epizootics of rabies among raccoons (Procyon lotor). Monthly county reports of raccoons testing positive for rabies were obtained from rabies surveillance databases from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia (USA). Environmental and demographic data for the three states were obtained from public sources. On the basis of total reports of raccoon rabies during the first defined epizootic period, the 203 counties were dichotomized at the 75th percentile as having a large epizootic (> or = 24 rabid raccoons in the first epizootic) (51 counties) or a small epizootic or no epizootic (152 counties). A high percentage of agricultural land use [OR = 9.1, 95% CI (3.6-23.1)], high water coverage in combination with low human population density [OR = 8.8, 95% CI (2.9-27.0)], and low water coverage with high human population density [OR = 11.7, 95% CI (4.0-34.1)] were positively associated with large rabies epizootics. Counties with more than 15% of mixed forest were less likely to experience large epizootics than were counties with < or = 15% of mixed forest [OR = 0.3, 95% CI (0.1, 0.9)]. A combination of land use and human population density measures provided the best model for determining epizootic size and may be important predictors of epizootic behavior and risk of exposure to this reservoir species.

Rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the United States, 1960-2000.

Most cases of rabies reported annually in the United States occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (Procyon lotor), skunks (Mephitis, Spilogale, and Putorius), foxes (Vulpes, Urocyon, and Alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). However, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (USA), from 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Three species of these other carnivores (mongooses [Herpestes javanicus], coyotes [Canis latrans], and bobcats [Lynx rufus]) accounted for 92% (2,624/2,851) of the cases reported among other canivorous mammals (OCMs). Most OCMs demonstrated temporal or spatial variation in numbers of reported cases. Tests of specimens from OCMs infected in the United States identified variants of the rabies virus that corresponded with variants associated with the major terrestrial reservoirs within their respective regions of origin. Variants of the rabies virus in samples from mongooses in Puerto Rico could not be distinguished from those in samples from dogs in Puerto Rico by virus typing methods.