Ocular Adverse Events following Yellow Fever Vaccination: A Case Series.

PURPOSE: To describe four cases of ocular adverse events resembling intraocular inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions following yellow fever vaccination (YFV) during a recent yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil. METHODS: Charts of patients diagnosed with ocular adverse events after YFV between January 2017 and January 2019 at two tertiary referral centers in Brazil. RESULTS: Four patients (two adults and two children) are reported. Case 1 presented with typical findings of central serous chorioretinopathy which resolved spontaneously; case 2 was diagnosed with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease; cases 3 and 4 had bilateral diffuse retinal vasculitis. In the absence of infectious and noninfectious disorders, the temporal association between stand-alone YFV and onset of ocular symptoms within 15 days was interpreted as evidence of causation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of the wide spectrum of possible ocular adverse reactions to stand-alone YFV.

Alterations of color vision and pupillary light responses in age-related macular degeneration.

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in developed countries and one of the leading causes of blindness. In this work, we evaluated color vision and the pupil light reflex (PLR) to assess visual function in patients with early and neovascular AMD (NVAMD) compared with the control group. Methods: We recruited 34 early patients with dry AMD and classified them into two groups following AREDS: 13 patients with NVAMD and 24 healthy controls. Controls and patients with early dry AMD had visual acuity (VA) best or equal to 20/25 (0.098 logMAR). Color vision was assessed in controls and patients with early dry AMD using the Cambridge Color Test (CCT) 2.0 through the Trivector protocol. The PLR was evaluated using a Ganzfeld, controlled by the RETI-port system. The stimuli consisted of 1s blue (470 nm) and red (631 nm) light flashes presented alternately at 2-min intervals. To assess the cone contribution, we used a red flash at 2.4 log cd.m-2, with a blue background at 0.78 log cd.m-2. For rods, we used 470-nm flashes at -3 log cd.m-2, and for the melanopsin function of ipRGCs, we used 470 nm at 2.4 log cd.m-2. Results: Patients with early dry AMD had reduced color discrimination in all three axes: protan (p = 0.0087), deutan (p = 0.0180), and tritan (p = 0.0095) when compared with the control group. The PLR has also been affected in patients with early dry AMD and patients with NVAMD. The amplitude for the melanopsin-driven response was smaller in patients with early dry AMD (p = 0.0485) and NVAMD (p = 0.0035) than in the control group. The melanopsin function was lower in patients with NVAMD (p = 0.0290) than the control group. For the rod-driven response, the latency was lower in the NVAMD group (p = 0.0041) than in the control group. No changes were found in cone-driven responses between the control and AMD groups. Conclusion: Patients with early dry AMD present diffusely acquired color vision alteration detected by CCT. Rods and melanopsin contributions for PLR are affected in NVAMD. The CCT and the PLR may be considered sensitive tests to evaluate and monitor functional changes in patients with AMD.

MASSIVE RETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE: ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, VITRECTOMY, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FEATURES.

PURPOSE: To report a rare presentation of ocular von Hippel-Lindau disease associated with a massive epiretinal vascular proliferation over the macula removed by vitrectomy and submitted to histological analysis. METHODS: Interventional case report. RESULTS: A 13-year-old woman with von Hippel-Lindau disease reported progressive visual loss in the right eye over the preceding 6 months. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye. Fundoscopy showed retinal neovascularization (RNV) with macular traction and a small superotemporal hemangioblastoma. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography confirmed increased macular thickness and macular traction secondary to RNV. Bevacizumab was injected intravitreally, resulting in partial regression of RNV. Five days after the injection, the patient underwent complete removal of fibrovascular proliferation via pars plana vitrectomy, followed by peripheral tumor photocoagulation. The specimen was subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. At 2 years of follow-up, vision had improved to 20/30, and anatomical improvement was confirmed on both fundoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. CONCLUSION: Ocular von Hippel-Lindau disease may be associated with RNV and macular traction. In such cases, RNV is likely responsive to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and may be removed surgically along a cleavage plane between the tissue proliferation and the inner retina. In the reported case, the procedure was found to be safe and associated with macular anatomical improvement and vision recovery.

Spontaneous outer retinal layer recovery in a case of hypertensive choroidopathy secondary to pre-eclampsia: a multimodal evaluation.

A 26-year-old woman presented at 28 weeks gestation with hypertensive choroidopathy associated with pre-eclampsia. Fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography were performed in both eyes in the immediate postoperative period. SD-OCT images were obtained before delivery and during a 3-month follow-up. Fundus autofluorescence exhibited patchy hyper- and hypoautofluorescent lesions; fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography revealed areas of choroidal ischemia; and SD-OCT showed disorganization of the outer retinal layers and disruption of the ellipsoid zone. After her blood pressure was stabilized, progressive recovery of the outer retinal layer was monitored on SD-OCT.

The role of pattern-reversal electroretinography in the diagnosis of glaucoma.

Pattern electroretinography is used to assess the function of the inner retinal layers, particularly the retinal ganglion cell layer, using a reversing checkerboard or grating pattern that maintains a constant overall mean luminance over time. A normal transient response comprises a positive component of the wave (P50) followed by a longer negative component of the wave (N95). Glaucomatous optic neuropathy causes progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, potentially detectable as abnormalities on examination, particularly in the N95 component. Therefore, pattern electroretinography may be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma. The present article is an updated review of published data regarding the use of pattern electroretinography for the detection of glaucoma-induced retinal changes.

Spontaneous outer retinal layer recovery in a case of hypertensive choroidopathy secondary to pre-eclampsia: a multimodal evaluation / Recuperação espontânea das camadas externas da retina em um caso de coroidopatia hipertensiva secundária a pré-eclâmpsia: avaliação multimodal

ABSTRACT A 26-year-old woman presented at 28 weeks gestation with hypertensive choroidopathy associated with pre-eclampsia. Fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography were performed in both eyes in the immediate postoperative period. SD-OCT images were obtained before delivery and during a 3-month follow-up. Fundus autofluorescence exhibited patchy hyper- and hypoautofluorescent lesions; fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography revealed areas of choroidal ischemia; and SD-OCT showed disorganization of the outer retinal layers and disruption of the ellipsoid zone. After her blood pressure was stabilized, progressive recovery of the outer retinal layer was monitored on SD-OCT.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 26 anos de idade, com 28 semanas de gestação apresentando coroidopatia hipertensiva associada à pré-eclâmpsia. Retinografia, autofluorescência, tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral, angiofluoresceínografia e angiografia com indocianina verde foram realizadas em ambos os olhos no período pós-operatório imediato do parto. Imagens da tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral foram obtidas antes do parto e durante o seguimento de 3 meses. A autofluorescência apresentou lesões heterogêneas hiper e hipoautofluorescentes, a angiofluoresceínografia e angiografia com indocianina verde revelaram áreas de isquemia de coroide, e a tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral apresentou desorganização das camadas externas da retina e interrupção da zona elipsóide. Após a estabilização da pressão sanguínea, a recuperação progressiva da camada externa da retina foi monitorada pela tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral.

Nerve fiber layer in glaucomatous hemifield loss: a case-control study with time- and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer measurements with time-domain (TD) and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to test the diagnostic ability of both technologies in glaucomatous patients with asymmetric visual hemifield loss. METHODS: 36 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with visual field loss in one hemifield (affected) and absent loss in the other (non-affected), and 36 age-matched healthy controls had the study eye imaged with Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California, USA) and 3 D OCT-1000 (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and normative classification were recorded. Total deviation values were averaged in each hemifield (hemifield mean deviation) for each subject. Visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer "asymmetry indexes" were calculated as the ratio between affected versus non-affected hemifields and corresponding hemiretinas. RESULTS: Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements in non-affected hemifields (mean [SD] 87.0 [17.1] µm and 84.3 [20.2] µm, for TD and SD-OCT, respectively) were thinner than in controls (119.0 [12.2] µm and 117.0 [17.7] µm, P<0.001). The optical coherence tomography normative database classified 42% and 67% of hemiretinas corresponding to non-affected hemifields as abnormal in TD and SD-OCT, respectively (P=0.01). Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were consistently thicker with TD compared to SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry index was similar in TD (0.76 [0.17]) and SD-OCT (0.79 [0.12]) and significantly greater than the visual field asymmetry index (0.36 [0.20], P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Normal hemifields of glaucoma patients had thinner retinal nerve fiber layer than healthy eyes, as measured by TD and SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were thicker with TD than SD-OCT. SD-OCT detected abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness more often than TD-OCT.

The role of pattern-reversal electroretinography in the diagnosis of glaucoma / Importância do eletroretinograma de padrão reverso no diagnóstico do glaucoma

Pattern electroretinography is used to assess the function of the inner retinal layers, particularly the retinal ganglion cell layer, using a reversing checkerboard or grating pattern that maintains a constant overall mean luminance over time. A normal transient response comprises a positive component of the wave (P50) followed by a longer negative component of the wave (N95). Glaucomatous optic neuropathy causes progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, potentially detectable as abnormalities on examination, particularly in the N95 component. Therefore, pattern electroretinography may be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma. The present article is an updated review of published data regarding the use of pattern electroretinography for the detection of glaucoma-induced retinal changes.

O eletroretinograma de padrão reverso é utilizado para avaliar a função das camadas internas da retina, particularmente a camada de células ganglionares retinianas, utilizando um estímulo em xadrez ou barras alternantes, mantendo constante o nível de contraste total. A resposta transiente normal é constituída por uma onda positiva (P50) seguida de uma onda maior negativa (N95). A neuropatia óptica glaucomatosa causa perda progressiva das células ganglionares da retina, detectável como anormalidades no exame, especialmente na onda N95. Por isso, o eletroretinograma de padrão reverso pode ser útil no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes glaucomatosos. Este artigo é uma revisão atualizada dos dados publicados a respeito da capacidade do eletroretinograma de padrão reverso em detectar alterações retinianas induzidas pelo glaucoma.

Nerve fiber layer in glaucomatous hemifield loss: a case-control study with time- and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography / Camada de fibras nervosas na perda de hemicampo glaucomatoso: um estudo caso-controle com tomografia de coerência óptica time- e spectral-domain

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer measurements with time-domain (TD) and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to test the diagnostic ability of both technologies in glaucomatous patients with asymmetric visual hemifield loss. METHODS: 36 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with visual field loss in one hemifield (affected) and absent loss in the other (non-affected), and 36 age-matched healthy controls had the study eye imaged with Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California, USA) and 3 D OCT-1000 (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and normative classification were recorded. Total deviation values were averaged in each hemifield (hemifield mean deviation) for each subject. Visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer "asymmetry indexes" were calculated as the ratio between affected versus non-affected hemifields and corresponding hemiretinas. RESULTS: Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements in non-affected hemifields (mean [SD] 87.0 [17.1] µm and 84.3 [20.2] µm, for TD and SD-OCT, respectively) were thinner than in controls (119.0 [12.2] µm and 117.0 [17.7] µm, P<0.001). The optical coherence tomography normative database classified 42% and 67% of hemiretinas corresponding to non-affected hemifields as abnormal in TD and SD-OCT, respectively (P=0.01). Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were consistently thicker with TD compared to SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry index was similar in TD (0.76 [0.17]) and SD-OCT (0.79 [0.12]) and significantly greater than the visual field asymmetry index (0.36 [0.20], P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Normal hemifields of glaucoma patients had thinner retinal nerve fiber layer than healthy eyes, as measured by TD and SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were thicker with TD than SD-OCT. SD-OCT detected abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness more often than TD-OCT.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as medidas da camada de fibras nervosas da retina com a tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) "time domain" (TD) e "spectral domain" (SD), e testar a habilidade diagnóstica de ambas as tecnologias em pacientes com perda assimétrica glaucomatosa de hemicampo visual. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com perda de campo visual em um hemicampo (acometido) e ausência de perda no hemicampo oposto (não-acometido), e 36 controles pareados por idade tiveram o olho de estudo examinado com Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California, USA) e 3 D OCT-1000 (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). As medidas de espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina peripapilar e classificação normativa fornecida pelos aparelhos foram registrados para análise. A média aritmética dos valores do gráfico de desvio total em cada hemicampo foi calculada para cada indivíduo. "Índices de assimetria" para campo visual e camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram calculados como a razão entre hemicampos acometido e não-acometido e hemirretinas correspondentes, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: As medidas da camada de fibras nervosas da retina em hemicampos não-acometidos (média [SD] 87.0 [17.1] µm e 84.3 [20.2] µm, para TD e SD-OCT, respectivamente) foram menores do que em controles (119.0 [12.2] µm e 117.0 [17.7] µm, P<0.001). O banco de dados normativo classificou como alterado 42% e 67% das hemirretinas correspondentes a hemicampos não-acometidos com TD e SD-OCT, respectivamente (P=0.01). As medidas da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram consistentemente mais espessas com TD comparados com SD-OCT. Índices de assimetria da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram semelhantes entre TD (0.76 [0.17]) e SD-OCT (0.79 [0.12]) e significantemente maiores do que o índice de assimetria do campo visual (0.36 [0.20], P<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Os hemicampos normais de pacientes com glaucoma apresentaram camada de fibras nervosas da retina mais fina do que olhos saudáveis. As medidas da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram mais espessas com TD do que com SD-OCT, que por sua vez detectou anormalidades na espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina mais frequentemente do que o TD-OCT.