SATB2 Expression Is Sensitive but Not Specific for Osteosarcomatous Components of Gynecologic Tract Carcinosarcomas: A Clinicopathologic Study of 60 Cases.

The novel marker special AT-rich sequence binding protein (SATB2) is highly sensitive for mesenchymal tumors with osteoblastic differentiation. However, SATB2 expression in gynecologic tract carcinosarcoma has not been previously explored. Given the potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of heterologous carcinosarcoma in the gynecologic tract, this study investigates the utility of SATB2 in identifying osteosarcomatous elements. A multi-institution database review identified consecutive cases of gynecologic tract carcinosarcoma including both heterologous and homologous types. Clinicopathologic parameters were recorded. Nuclear SATB2 immunoreactivity was scored from 1 representative whole-slide section from each case. Sixty gynecologic tract carcinosarcoma were identified (uterine corpus=47, ovary=11, fallopian tube=1, cervix=1) including 32 heterologous type (7 osteosarcoma, 3 mixed osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma, 6 chondrosarcoma, 12 rhabdomyosarcoma, 4 mixed chondrosarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma) and 28 homologous type. Patient ages ranged from 41 to 90 yr (average 67.9 yr). Mostly diffuse strong SATB2 positivity was present in 10/10 (100%) cases containing osteosarcoma. In these cases, SATB2 positivity was seen in malignant cells intimately associated with osteoid or bone [3/10 (30%) of these cases additionally showed patchy weak/moderate SATB2 staining in areas of nonosteogenic sarcoma elsewhere in the same tumor]. SATB2 positivity was present in 30/50 (60%) cases lacking osteosarcoma, predominantly as patchy moderate staining within undifferentiated sarcoma. No cases showed SATB2 positivity in chondrosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma components. SATB2 is a highly sensitive marker for osteosarcomatous differentiation in gynecologic tract carcinosarcoma, and is also highly specific when used to differentiate osteosarcoma from chondrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma elements in these tumors. However, a positive SATB2 result may lack specificity for differentiating osteosarcoma from an undifferentiated sarcoma component.

Interobserver Reproducibility Among Gynecologic Pathologists in Diagnosing Heterologous Osteosarcomatous Component in Gynecologic Tract Carcinosarcomas.

Distinguishing hyalinized stroma from osteoid production by a heterologous osteosarcomatous component can be challenging in gynecologic tract carcinosarcomas. As heterologous components in a carcinosarcoma may have prognostic and therapeutic implications, it is important that these are recognized. This study examines interobserver reproducibility among gynecologic pathologists in the diagnosis of osteosarcomatous components, and its correlation with expression of the novel antibody SATB2 (marker of osteoblastic differentiation) in these osteosarcomatous foci. Digital H&E images from 20 gynecologic tract carcinosarcomas were reviewed by 22 gynecologic pathologists with a request to determine the presence or absence of an osteosarcomatous component. The 20 preselected cases included areas of classic heterologous osteosarcoma (malignant cells producing osteoid; n=10) and osteosarcoma mimics (malignant cells with admixed nonosteoid matrix; n=10). Interobserver agreement was evaluated and SATB2 scored on all 20 cases and compared with the original diagnoses. Moderate agreement (Fleiss' κ=0.483) was identified for the 22 raters scoring the 20 cases with a median sensitivity of 7/10 and a median specificity of 9/10 for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. SATB2 showed 100% sensitivity (10/10) and 60% (6/10) specificity in discriminating classic osteosarcoma from osteosarcoma mimics. Utilizing negative SATB2 as a surrogate marker to exclude osteosarcoma, 73% (16/22) of the reviewers would have downgraded at least 1 case to not contain an osteosarcomatous component (range, 1-6 cases, median 1 case). Gynecologic pathologists demonstrate only a moderate level of agreement in the diagnosis of heterologous osteosarcoma based on morphologic grounds. In such instances, a negative SATB2 staining may assist in increasing accuracy in the diagnosis of an osteosarcomatous component.

Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis.

Immunohistochemical staining for p53 is used as a surrogate for mutational analysis in the diagnostic workup of carcinomas of multiple sites including ovarian cancers. Strong and diffuse immunoexpression of p53 is generally interpreted as likely indicating a TP53 gene mutation. The immunoprofile that correlates with wild-type TP53, however, is not as clear. In particular, the significance of completely negative immunostaining is controversial. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship of the immunohistochemical expression of p53 with the mutational status of the TP53 gene in ovarian cancer. A total of 57 ovarian carcinomas (43 high-grade serous ovarian/peritoneal carcinomas, 2 malignant mesodermal mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas), 2 low-grade serous carcinomas, 4 clear cell carcinomas, 1 well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, and 5 carcinomas with mixed epithelial differentiation) were analyzed for TP53 mutations by nucleotide sequencing (exons 4-9), and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of p53 expression. Thirty six tumors contained functional mutations and 13 had wild type TP53. Five tumors were found to harbor known TP53 polymorphism and changes in the intron region were detected in three. Tumors with wild-type TP53 displayed a wide range of immunolabeling patterns, with the most common pattern showing ≤10% of positive cells in 6 cases (46%). Mutant TP53 was associated with 60-100% positive cells in 23 cases (64% of cases). This pattern of staining was also seen in three cases with wild-type TP53. Tumors that were completely negative (0% cells staining) had a mutation of TP53 in 65% of cases and wild-type TP53 in 11%. Combining two immunohistochemical labeling patterns associated with TP53 mutations (0% and 60-100% positive cells), correctly identified a mutation in 94% of cases (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis can be used as a robust method for inferring the presence of a TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinomas. In addition to a strong and diffuse pattern of p53 expression (in greater than 60% of cells), complete absence of p53 immunoexpression is commonly associated with a TP53 mutation. Accordingly, this latter pattern, unlike low-level expression (10-50% cells), should not be construed as indicative of wild-type TP53.

Expression of metabolically targeted biomarkers in endometrial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The differential metabolic phenotype observed between malignant and non-transformed cells may constitute a biochemical basis for therapeutic intervention. Increased glucose uptake is one of the major metabolic changes found in malignant tumors, a process that is mediated by glucose transporters such as Glut1. Cellular growth can be regulated by mTOR in response to the nutrient milieu. In this study, we sought to determine if endometrial carcinoma cells express Glut1 and mTOR, and if inhibition of these factors is cytotoxic to endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS: Expression of Glut1, pAkt, and pmTOR was assessed in tissue microarrays constructed from 42 type I and 34 type II endometrial tumors by immunohistochemistry, and in a panel of endometrial carcinoma cell lines. Representative endometrial carcinoma cells with wild type or mutant endogenous PTEN were treated with the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor or cisplatin. Inhibition of cell growth and mechanism of cell death was determined. RESULTS: Glut1, pAkt, and pmTOR were expressed strongly in both types I and II endometrial carcinoma. 2-DG and rapamycin induced apoptotic cell death in type I endometrial carcinoma cells, and profound growth inhibition and cytostasis in type II endometrial carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Glut1, pAkt, and pmTOR are overexpressed in endometrial carcinomas. Distinct alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathway upstream of mTOR, such as pAkt, may identify endometrial carcinoma patients who may benefit from adjuvant treatment with mTOR inhibitors and/or glucose analogs.

Inhibition of glycolysis enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.

OBJECTIVE: Up-regulation of glycolysis has been demonstrated in multiple tumor types and is believed to originate as an adaptive response to the selective pressure of the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that ovarian cancer cells are dependent on the glycolytic pathway for adenosine triphosphate generation and that this phenotype could be exploited for therapeutic intervention. STUDY DESIGN: Expression of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), phosphorylated protein kinase B (pPKB/pAkt), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (pmTOR) was assessed in ovarian carcinoma tumors and cell lines. Cells were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose and rapamycin; growth inhibition, viability, and mechanism of cell death were determined. RESULTS: Ovarian carcinoma cells overexpress Glut1, pAkt, and pmTOR compared with benign ovarian epithelial cells. 2-deoxyglucose and rapamycin markedly enhance apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death in ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION: The glycolytic phenotype of ovarian cancer cells can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Combined treatment modalities that target multiple cellular pathways hold promise for the treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.

Histologic type, organ of origin, and Wnt pathway status: effect on gene expression in ovarian and uterine carcinomas.

PURPOSE: Ovarian and uterine carcinomas manifest several differentiation patterns resembling those seen in nonneoplastic epithelia of the gynecologic tract. Specific oncogene and tumor suppressor gene defects have been associated with particular differentiation patterns in carcinomas arising in either the uterus or ovary. For instance, ovarian and uterine carcinomas with endometrioid differentiation frequently show beta-catenin mutations. Whereas type of differentiation is considered in the treatment of uterine carcinomas, it does not presently contribute to decisions about treatment of ovarian carcinomas. A widely accepted view is that the accumulation of specific gene defects and gene expression changes underlies phenotypic traits of cancers, including their response to treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Using oligonucleotide microarrays to assess gene expression in 103 primary ovarian and uterine carcinomas, we sought to address whether organ of origin or type of differentiation (histotype; endometrioid versus serous) had a more substantial effect on gene expression patterns. RESULTS: We found that effects on gene expression due to organ of origin and histotype are similar in magnitude and are parallel in that organ effects are similar in the two histotypes and histotype effects are similar in the two organs. In addition, ovarian and uterine endometrioid adenocarcinomas with beta-catenin defects show a common gene expression signature largely distinct from that seen in tumors lacking such defects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate how organ of origin, type of differentiation, and specific molecular defects all contribute to gene expression in the most common types of ovarian and uterine cancers. The findings also imply gene expression data will be of value for stratifying ovarian cancer patients for new treatment approaches.

DNA Damage Response is Prominent in Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinomas, Especially Those with Rsf-1 (HBXAP) Overexpression.

DNA damage commonly occurs in cancer cells as a result of endogenous and tumor microenvironmental stress. In this study, we applied immunohistochemistry to study the expression of phosphorylated Chk2 (pChk2), a surrogate marker of the DNA damage response, in high grade and low grade of ovarian serous carcinoma. A phospho-specific antibody specific for threonine 68 of Chk2 was used for immunohistochemistry on a total of 292 ovarian carcinoma tissues including 250 high-grade and 42 low-grade serous carcinomas. Immunostaining intensity was correlated with clinicopathological features. We found that there was a significant correlation between pChk2 immunostaining intensity and percentage of pChk2 positive cells in tumors and demonstrated that high-grade serous carcinomas expressed an elevated level of pChk2 as compared to low-grade serous carcinomas. Normal ovarian, fallopian tube, ovarian cyst, and serous borderline tumors did not show detectable pChk2 immunoreactivity. There was no significant difference in pChk2 immunoreactivity between primary and recurrent high-grade serous carcinomas. In high-grade serous carcinomas, a significant correlation (P < 0.0001) in expression level (both in intensity and percentage) was found between pChk2 and Rsf-1 (HBXAP), a gene involved in chromatin remodeling that is amplified in high-grade serous carcinoma. Our results suggest that the DNA damage response is common in high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas, especially those with Rsf-1 overexpression, suggesting that Rsf-1 may be associated with DNA damage response in high-grade serous carcinomas.

Trichostatin A restores Apaf-1 function in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance is the major factor limiting long-term treatment success in patients with epithelial ovarian cancers. Most cytotoxic drugs kill cells through apoptosis; therefore, defective execution of apoptotic pathways results in a drug-resistant phenotype in many tumor types. METHODS: A panel of ovarian cancer cell lines was screened for expression and function of the apoptosome components Apaf-1 and caspase-9. Expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting; Apaf-1 function was determined by assessing the ability of endogenous Apaf-1 to cleave caspase-9 in the presence or absence of cytochrome c. The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A on Apaf-1 expression and function was evaluated. RESULTS: The authors report here that the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to the proapoptotic effects of chemotherapy is due in part to deficient Apaf-1 activity. Although Apaf-1 is expressed in most ovarian cancers, the functional activity is impaired, as Apaf-1 has a diminished ability to recruit and activate caspase-9. Treatment of ovarian cancer cells with trichostatin A results in restoration of Apaf-1 function independent of alterations in Apaf-1 expression. Furthermore, treating chemoresistant cells with sublethal doses of trichostatin A restores Apaf-1 function and sensitizes cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting intrinsic pathway defects for therapeutic intervention may result in sensitizing tumors to standard chemotherapy or triggering apoptosis in the absence of other apoptotic signals. The identification of drugs that can use Apaf-1 when it is present, yet can overcome its functional inactivation, may be an important clinical advance.

Abnormal villous morphology associated with triple trisomy of paternal origin.

The vast majority of trisomies in spontaneous abortions (SAB) are single and of maternal origin, most frequently due to meiosis I errors. Triple trisomies are exceedingly rare (approximately 0.05% of spontaneous abortions), most often of maternal origin, and associated with increased maternal age. Some trisomic SAB specimens can exhibit abnormal villous morphology simulating a partial hydatidiform mole, a distinct form of hydatidiform mole characterized by diandric triploidy. A SAB specimen from a 27-year-old woman, G1P0 at 8 weeks gestational age, was reviewed in consultation to address the finding of morphological features suggestive of a partial hydatidiform mole but DNA ploidy analysis yielding a diploid result. The villi were irregularly shaped and hydropic but lacked trophoblastic hyperplasia; p57 expression was retained. Since fully developed features of a partial hydatidiform mole were lacking, additional analysis was performed. Molecular genotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis demonstrated biparental diploidy with trisomy of chromosomes 7, 13, and 20, all of paternal origin. The three trisomies may have originated from paternal meiosis II errors, or from mitotic nondisjunction. We believe this to be the first report of triple trisomy in a SAB confirmed to be of paternal origin.

Histologic alterations from neoadjuvant chemotherapy in high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcoma: clinicopathological correlation.

Histologic response to chemotherapy is generally regarded as an independent prognostic variable in bone sarcomas, both osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. In soft tissue sarcomas, however, descriptions of histologic alterations from chemotherapy and correlative outcome studies are much more limited. Herein we report clinicopathological findings from a homogeneously treated group of 31 patients with tumor stage T2 grade 3 extremity soft tissue sarcomas treated with the same neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical excision, treated by the same medical oncologist and orthopedic surgeon. Histologic response to therapy was evaluated by multiple parameters using a semiquantitative grading system. Based upon the percentage of post-treatment viable tumor, tumors were arbitrarily categorized similarly to Huvos score as showing excellent (< or =5% viability), moderate (6%-49% viability), or poor (> or =50% viability) responses. Nineteen percent had excellent, 10% had moderate, and 71% had poor responses. These histologic response groups did not correlate with overall or event-free survival. For example, of the 22 patients showing a "poor" response, 13 were cured. Similarly, other histologic parameters, including percentages of necrosis, fibrosis/hyalinization, and cellular degeneration, did not correlate with outcome. Chemotherapy induces profound tissue alterations in soft tissue sarcomas. However, histologic alteration by itself may not be a reliable prognostic variable. Correlation of all data from clinical, imaging, and pathological observations by a multidisciplinary tumor board should have greater prognostic value than histology alone. Finally, although the histologic grading system used in this study could not be validated, the criteria we employed are simple and reproducible and take into account the major histologic patterns seen after therapy, and would be amenable for use in future studies.