Correction: Lamy et al. Monitoring Solar Radiation UV Exposure in the Comoros. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10475.

Text Correction [...].

Monitoring Solar Radiation UV Exposure in the Comoros.

As part of the UV-Indien project, a station for measuring ultraviolet radiation and the cloud fraction was installed in December 2019 in Moroni, the capital of the Comoros, situated on the west coast of the island of Ngazidja. A ground measurement campaign was also carried out on 12 January 2020 during the ascent of Mount Karthala, located in the center of the island of Ngazidja. In addition, satellite estimates (Ozone Monitoring Instrument and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) and model outputs (Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service and Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model) were combined for this same region. On the one hand, these different measurements and estimates make it possible to quantify, evaluate, and monitor the health risk linked to exposure to ultraviolet radiation in this region, and, on the other, they help to understand how cloud cover influences the variability of UV-radiation on the ground. The measurements of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard the EOS-AURA satellite, being the longest timeseries of ultraviolet measurements available in this region, make it possible to quantify the meteorological conditions in Moroni and to show that more than 80% of the ultraviolet indices are classified as high and that 60% of these are classified as extreme. The cloud cover measured in Moroni by an All Sky Camera was used to distinguish between the cases of UV index measurements taken under clear or cloudy sky conditions. The ground-based measurements thus made it possible to describe the variability of the diurnal cycle of the UV index and the influence of cloud cover on this parameter. They also permitted the satellite measurements and the results of the simulations to be validated. In clear sky conditions, a relative difference of between 6 and 11% was obtained between satellite or model estimates and ground measurements. The ultraviolet index measurement campaign on Mount Karthala showed maximum one-minute standard erythemal doses at 0.3 SED and very high daily cumulative erythemal doses at more than 80 SED. These very high levels are also observed throughout the year and all skin phototypes can exceed the daily erythemal dose threshold at more than 20 SED.

Investigation of triboelectric charging in dry powder inhalers using electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI).

Electrostatics and triboelectrification phenomena in dry powder inhalers (DPI) are not well understood, but as shown in this study they may play an important role. Using model formulations of albuterol in lactose, the extent of triboelectrification in the operation of DPI was investigated using an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). An experimental apparatus was developed, the performance of the ELPI was evaluated for consistency and reproducibility, and compared to a conventional inertial impactor. Using a statistical experimental design the effects of lactose type, drug load, capsule fill, capsule material, and inhaler were assessed. DPI formulations appear to be subject to strong triboelectric effects. Charge separation can occur between different size fractions, i.e. different fractions can carry charges of different sign. In particular, lactose type, inhaler, and capsule material have a strong effect on the magnitude and polarity of the charge developed during DPI operation. The study suggests that the polarity of the aerosol can be controlled by choice of lactose type, capsule material, and inhaler, which could be exploited for targeting different lung physiologies.