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α-Tocopherol is a well-known fat-soluble antioxidant and is widely used in the food industry for stabilizing free radicals. Incorporation and stability of it into food is another challenge as directly added α-tocopherol is prone to inactivation by food constituents. This study was aimed at optimizing conditions for encapsulation of α-tocopherol using combination of sodium alginate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) as primary wall material and pectin (2.0%) as filler. The optimum conditions were selected on the basis of encapsulation efficiency, shape, size, bulk density, yield and swelling index with syringe method. The encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol in microencapsules produced under optimal conditions was 52.91% using sodium alginate 1.5% w/v and pectin 2.0% w/v. α-Tocopherol was encapsulated with encapsulator using standard conditions and was compared with syringe method. The encapsulation efficiency was found more (55.97%) in microencapsules prepared with encapsulator and 52.11% in microencapsules prepared with syringe.
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Honey bee products comprise various compounds, including honey, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen, bee wax and bee venom, which have long been recognized for their pharmacological and health-promoting benefits. Scientists have discovered that periodontal disorders stem from dental biofilm, an inflammatory response to bacterial overgrowth produced by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. The bee products have been investigated for their role in prevention of oral diseases, which are attributed to a myriad of biologically active compounds including flavonoids (pinocembrin, catechin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin), phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric, ellagic, caffeic and ferulic acids) and terpenoids. This review aims to update the current understanding of role of selected bee products, namely, honey, propolis and royal jelly, in preventing oral diseases as well as their potential biological activities and mechanism of action in relation to oral health have been discussed. Furthermore, the safety of incorporation of bee products is also critically discussed. To summarize, bee products could potentially serve as a therapy option for people suffering from a variety of oral disorders.
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Background:Patients with hypertension in India been reported with high heart rate owing to sympathetic overdrive (SO). Beta-blockers provides several positive effects to reduce SO in patients with hypertension. The aim of present survey studywasto understand current real-world prevalence of SO in Indian patients with hypertension and usage of beta-blocker therapy in them.Methods:A cross sectional, observational, questionnaire-based survey conducted across India between June 2020 to October 2020. A specially designed validated questionnaire was shared with 157 registered health care practitioners (HCP),their anonymous inputs were captured and analysed in qualitative manner. Categorical data was summarized by number (n) and percentage (%). Results:Total 157 HCP participated and completed the survey. Around 53% of HCP observed that patients with average heart rate above 75 beats/min were associated with negative prognosis. Around 43% of HCP reported that raised heart rate is associated with advancedage and increased body mass index (BMI). Two-third of HCP reported that tachycardia is associated with stage-2 hypertension and marked by restlessness and anxiety which is suggestive of SO. Over 70% HCP agreed that the HR below 75 beats/min is associated with good prognosis. Around 89% HCP reported beta-blockers as the drug of choice in patients with augmented SO. S-Metoprololwas reported to bethemost preferred beta-blocker agent and was recommended by 76% HCP in patients with hypertension and coexisting SO.Conclusions:SO been reported prevalent conditionin Indian patients with hypertension which likely worsensthe prognosis in these patients. Beta-blockers reported to be the preferred choice of anti-hypertensive and S-Metoprololseem to be themost preferred agent amongst the available beta-blockers against SO in patients with hypertension in India.
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The study was undertaken with the objective to purify and characterize cellulases from thermophilic fungus Humicola fuscoatra in order to find out its potential to increase hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass especially paddy straw. Cellobiase, an important component of cellulase enzyme complex, was produced by solid-state fermentation on Mandel media under optimized conditions using rice straw as substrate and was partially purified by ammonium sulphate saturation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two isoforms of cellobiase, C-I and C-II, which were most kinetically efficient at their optimum pH of 6.0 and temperature of 50°C were identified after purification,. These isoforms were thermostable at a temperature range of 30–70°C. Co2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ activated whereas, EDTA and Hg2+ inhibited the activity of cellobiase. Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe2+ did not influence the activity of isoforms. The molecular weight of isoforms C-I & C-II was 48 and 44 kDa, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) values for C-I and C-II isoforms were 7.65 and 9.57 KJ/mol and corresponding enthalpy change (ΔH) values were 16.27 and 11.49 KJ/mol, respectively. Change in entropy (ΔS) values at 50°C for C-I and C-II were 0.098 KJ/K/mol and 0.085 KJ/K/mol, respectively. The pK values of ionizing groups in free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex were between 4.3 and 6.8, indicating the possible precipitation of carboxyl groups of aspartate and glutamate and imidazolium group of histidine in the cellobiase catalyzed the hydrolysis of cellobiose by both isoforms.