RESUMO
Previous reports indicated that zinc deficiency could increase the risk of infectious diseases and developmental retardation in children. In experimental study, it has been reported that zinc deficiency during the embryonic period inhibited fetal growth, and disturbed neural differentiation and higher brain function later in adulthood. Although it has been suggested that zinc deficiency during development can have significant effects on neuronal differentiation and maturation, the molecular mechanisms of the effects of low zinc on neuronal differentiation during development have not been elucidated in detail. This study was performed to determine the effects of low zinc status on neurite outgrowth and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) signal pathway. Low zinc suppressed neurite outgrowth, and caused increase levels of phosphorylated CRMP2 (pCRMP2) relative to CRMP2, and decrease levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (pGSK3ß) relative to GSK3ß in human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) cells on days 1, 2, and 3 of neuronal differentiation induction. Neurite outgrowth inhibited by low zinc was restored by treatment with the GSK3ß inhibitor CHIR99021. These results suggested that low zinc causes neurite outgrowth inhibition via phosphorylation of CRMP2 by GSK3ß. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that CRMP signaling is involved in the suppression of neurite outgrowth by low zinc.
Assuntos
Neuritos , Neuroblastoma , Criança , Humanos , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Neuritos/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Transdução de Sinais , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental toxin known to damage the central nervous system. When pregnant women ingest seafood, which may contain accumulated MeHg, fetal development may be affected. The embryonic period, a time of major epigenetic change, is susceptible to epigenetic disruptions due to chemical exposure. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying MeHg's effects on neuronal development requires consideration of epigenetic factors. In this study, we investigated epigenetic modifications in the synaptophysin (SYP) and discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (DLG4) genes. LUHMES cells were exposed to 1 nM MeHg for 6 days during days 2-8 of neural differentiation. MeHg exposure significantly reduced the number of spikes observed on day 16 of differentiation. Both mRNA and protein expression levels of SYP and DLG4 were significantly decreased by MeHg exposure. Additionally, MeHg treatment reduced acetyl histone H3 levels associated with transcriptional activity in the SYP gene while increasing histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) levels related to transcriptional repression. Conversely, regarding the DLG4 gene, MeHg exposure increased H3K27me3 levels. Differential changes in DNA methylation (high and low methylation states) were observed in the SYP and DLG4 genes due to MeHg exposure depending on CpG site position. In conclusion, this study suggests that epigenetic changes, particularly histone modifications, contribute to decreased MeHg exposure-induced SYP and DLG4 expression during neuronal differentiation.
RESUMO
Primary brain calcification (PBC), also known as idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) and so on, is a rare intractable disease characterized by abnormal mineral deposits, including mostly calcium in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. The causative gene of familial PBC is SLC20A2, which encodes the phosphate transporter PiT-2. Despite this knowledge, the molecular mechanism underlying SLC20A2-associated PBC remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether haploinsufficiency or a dominant-negative mechanism reduced Pi uptake in two PiT-2 variants (T115 M and R467X). We demonstrated that the presence of T115 M or R467X had no dominant-negative effect on Pi transport activity of wild-type (WT). In addition, the subcellular localization of R467X completely differed from that of WT, indicating that there is no interaction between R467X and WT. Conversely, T115 M and WT showed almost the same localization. Therefore, we examined the interaction between T115 M and WT using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) method. Although WT and T115 M interact with each other, T115 M does not inhibit WT's Pi transport activity. These results suggest that the role of SLC20A2 in the pathogenesis of PBC may involve decreased intracellular Pi uptake by a haploinsufficiency mechanism rather than a dominant-negative mechanism; agents promoting PiT-2 dimerization may be promising potential therapeutic agents for PBC.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Gânglios da Base , Gânglios da Base , Calcinose , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III , Humanos , Gânglios da Base/metabolismo , Gânglios da Base/patologia , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/genética , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/patologia , Transporte Biológico , Calcinose/genética , Calcinose/patologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/genética , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/metabolismoRESUMO
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the second most abundant inorganic ion in the body. Since abnormalities in Pi metabolism are risk factors for various diseases, serum Pi levels are strictly controlled. Type-III sodium-dependent Pi transporters, PiT-1 (encoded by SLC20A1) and PiT-2 (encoded by SLC20A2), are distributed throughout the tissues of the body, including the central nervous system, and are known to be responsible for extracellular to intracellular Pi transport. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a major growth factor of mesenchymal cells. PDGF-BB, a homodimer of PDGF-B, regulates intracellular Pi by increasing PiT-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the effects of PDGF-BB on Pi transporters in neurons have yet to be reported. Here, we investigated the effect of PDGF-BB on Pi transporters in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. PDGF-BB did not induce SLC20A1 mRNA expression, but it increased the intracellular uptake of Pi via PiT-1 in SH-SY5Y cells. Among the signaling pathways associated with PDGF-BB, AKT signaling was shown to be involved in the increase in Pi transport. In addition, the PDGF-BB-induced increase in Pi mediated neuroprotective effects in SLC20A2-suppressed cells, in an in vitro model of the pathological condition found in idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. Moreover, the increase in Pi uptake was found to occur through promotion of intracellular PiT-1 translocation to the plasma membrane. Overall, these results indicate that PDGF-BB exerts neuroprotective effects via Pi transport, and they demonstrate the potential utility of PDGF-BB against abnormal Pi metabolism in neurons.
Assuntos
Becaplermina/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/metabolismo , Becaplermina/genética , Transporte Biológico , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/genética , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters 1 and 2 (PiT 1 and PiT 2, respectively) are proteins encoded by SLC20A1 and SLC20A2, respectively. The ubiquitous distribution of SLC20A1 and SLC20A2 mRNAs in mammalian tissues supports the housekeeping maintenance and homeostasis of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is absorbed from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions. SLC20A2 variants have been found in patients with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr's disease or primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). Thus, disrupted Pi homeostasis is considered one of the major factors in the pathogenic mechanism of IBGC. In this paper, among the causative genes of IBGC, we focused specifically on PiT2, and its potential for a therapeutic target of IBGC.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/genética , Calcinose/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/genética , Animais , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/metabolismo , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/terapia , Calcinose/metabolismo , Calcinose/terapia , Homeostase/genética , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/terapia , Fosfatos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/metabolismoRESUMO
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a chemical substance that causes adverse effects on fetal development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which environmental MeHg affects fetal development have not been clarified. Recently, it has been suggested that the toxic effects of chemicals on fetal development are related alterations in epigenetics, such as DNA methylation and histone modification. In order to analyze the epigenetic effects of low-level MeHg exposure on neuronal development, we evaluated neuronal development both in vivo and in vitro. Pregnant mice (C57BL/6J) were orally administrated 3 mg/kg of MeHg once daily from embryonic day 12-14. Fetuses were removed on embryonic day 19 and brain tissues were collected. LUHMES cells were treated with 1 nM of MeHg for 6 days and collected on the last day of treatment. In both in vivo and in vitro samples, MeHg significantly suppressed neurite outgrowth. Decreased acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) levels and increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3 and HDAC6 levels were observed in response to MeHg treatment in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In addition, increased DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) levels were observed in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The inhibition of neurite outgrowth resulting from MeHg exposure was restored by co-treatment with DNMT inhibitor or HDAC inhibitors. Our results suggest that neurological effects such as reduced neurite outgrowth due to low-level MeHg exposure result from epigenetic changes, including a decrease in AcH3 via increased HDAC levels and an increase in DNA methylation via increased DNMT1 levels.
Assuntos
Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Desacetilase 6 de Histona/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Crescimento Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , GravidezRESUMO
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Therefore, the removal of α-Syn aggregation could lead to the development of many new therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we succeeded in generating a new α-Syn stably expressing cell line using a piggyBac transposon system to investigate the neuroprotective effect of the flavonoid kaempferol on α-Syn toxicity. We found that kaempferol provided significant protection against α-Syn-related neurotoxicity. Furthermore, kaempferol induced autophagy through an increase in the biogenesis of lysosomes by inducing the expression of transcription factor EB and reducing the accumulation of α-Syn; thus, kaempferol prevented neuronal cell death. Moreover, kaempferol directly blocked the amyloid fibril formation of α-Syn. These results support the therapeutic potential of kaempferol in diseases such as synucleinopathies that are characterized by α-Syn aggregates.
Assuntos
Amiloide/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia , Quempferóis/farmacologia , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/tratamento farmacológico , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , alfa-Sinucleína/toxicidade , Amiloide/metabolismo , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Lisossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neuroblastoma/etiologia , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/etiologia , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/patologiaRESUMO
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degenerative disease caused by the loss of motor neurons. Although the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS (sALS) remains unclear, it has recently been suggested that disorders of microRNA (miRNA) may be involved in neurodegenerative conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate miRNA levels in sALS and the target genes of miRNA. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed significantly-decreased levels of miR-139-5p and significantly increased levels of miR-5572 in the spinal cords of sALS patients compared with those in controls. We then focused on miR-5572, which has not been reported in ALS, and determined its target gene. By using TargetScan, we predicted SLC30A3 as the candidate target gene of miR-5572. In a previous study, we found decreased SLC30A3 levels in the spinal cords of sALS patients. We revealed that SLC30A3 was regulated by miR-5572. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the level of novel miRNA miR-5572 is increased in sALS and that SLC30A3 is one of the target genes regulated by miR-5572.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , PrognósticoRESUMO
The excessive intake of phosphate (Pi), or chronic kidney disease (CKD), can cause hyperphosphatemia and eventually lead to ectopic calcification, resulting in cerebrovascular diseases. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced by high concentrations of Pi loading, play a key role in vascular calcification. Therefore, ROS suppression may be a useful treatment strategy for vascular calcification. 12AC3O is a newly synthesized gem-dihydroperoxide (DHP) that has potent antioxidant effects. In the present study, we investigated whether 12AC3O inhibited vascular calcification via its antioxidative capacity. To examine whether 12AC3O prevents vascular calcification under high Pi conditions, we performed Alizarin red and von Kossa staining, using the mouse aortic smooth muscle cell line p53LMAco1. Additionally, the effect of 12AC3O against oxidative stress, induced by high concentrations of Pi loading, was investigated using redox- sensitive dyes. Further, the direct trapping effect of 12AC3O on reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated by ESR analysis. Although high concentrations of Pi loading exacerbated vascular smooth muscle calcification, calcium deposition was suppressed by the treatment of both antioxidants and 12AC3O, suggesting that the suppression of ROS may be a candidate therapeutic approach for treating vascular calcification induced by high concentrations of Pi loading. Importantly, 12AC3O also attenuated oxidative stress. Furthermore, 12AC3O directly trapped superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical. These results suggest that ROS are closely involved in high concentrations of Pi-induced vascular calcification and that 12AC3O inhibits vascular calcification by directly trapping ROS.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Peróxidos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos , Músculo Liso Vascular/citologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Calcificação Vascular/tratamento farmacológico , Calcificação Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification (IBGC) is a rare neuropsychiatric illness also known as Fahr's disease or Primary Familial Brain Calcification (PFBC). IBGC is caused by SLC20A2 variants, which encodes the inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter PiT-2, a transmembrane protein associated with Pi homeostasis. We have reported novel SLC20A2 variants in the Japanese population and established an induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an IBGC patient carrying a SLC20A2 variant. To investigate the effect of these SLC20A2 variants identified in our previous study, we used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing these variant proteins using the Flp-In system (Flp-In CHO cells), and showed that variant SLC20A2 proteins significantly disrupted the Pi transport activity in Flp-In CHO cells. Endothelial cells (ECs) represent important target cells for elucidating the pathology of IBGC. Using patient-derived iPSCs in this study, we differentiated these cells into ECs and found no significant difference in their differentiation capacity into ECs compared with control iPSCs. However, the Pi transport activity of IBGC patient-derived iPS-ECs was significantly decreased compared with that of control iPS-ECs without changing the gene expression of the other SLC 20 family members. We confirmed that SLC20A2 variants caused the loss of function of the Pi transport activity in both Flp-In CHO cells and disease-specific iPSCs. This is the first report to show an in vitro model of iPSCs in IBGC with patient-identified SLC20A2 variants. These useful tools will help in elucidating IBGC pathogenesis and can be used for screening drug candidates.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/metabolismo , Calcinose/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Proteínas Cotransportadoras de Sódio-Fosfato Tipo III/metabolismo , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Células CHO , Diferenciação Celular , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Fosfatos/químicaRESUMO
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, and death. Although its neuropathology is well investigated, currently, effective treatments are unavailable. The mechanism of ALS involves the aggregation and accumulation of several mutant proteins, including mutant copperzinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), TAR DNA binding protein 43â¯kDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) proteins. Previous reports have shown that excessive oxidative stress, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mutant protein accumulation, contributes to ALS pathology. The present study focuses on the promotion of SOD1 misfolding and aggregation by oxidative stress. Having recently synthesized novel organic gem-dihydroperoxides (DHPs) with high anti-oxidant activity, we now examined whether DHPs reduce the mutant SOD1-induced intracellular aggregates involved in oxidative stress. We found that, among DHPs, 12AC2O significantly inhibited mutant SOD1-induced cell death and reduced the intracellular mutant SOD1 aggregates. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining with redox-sensitive dyes showed that 12AC2O reduced the excessive level of intracellular mutant SOD1-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, ESR analysis showed that 12AC2O exerts a direct scavenging effect against the hydroxyl radical (OH) and the superoxide anion (O2-). These results suggest that 12AC2O is a very useful agent in combination with other agents against ALS.
Assuntos
Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Superóxido Dismutase-1/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Camundongos , Mutação , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Peróxidos/química , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genéticaRESUMO
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons. In previous our study, an ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis (EBGP) prevented mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1mut)-induced neurotoxicity. This paper aims to reveal the effects of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), an active ingredient contained in EBGP, against SOD1mut-induced neurotoxicity. We found that p-CA reduced the accumulation of SOD1mut subcellular aggregation and prevented SOD1mut-associated neurotoxicity. Moreover, p-CA attenuated SOD1mut-induced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are significant features in ALS pathology. To examine the mechanism of neuroprotective effects, we focused on autophagy, and we found that p-CA induced autophagy. Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of p-CA were inhibited by chloroquine, an autophagy inhibiter. Therefore, these results obtained in this paper suggest that p-CA prevents SOD1mut-induced neurotoxicity through the activation of autophagy and provides a potential therapeutic approach for ALS.
Assuntos
Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Propionatos/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Superóxido Dismutase-1/genética , Linhagem Celular , Ácidos Cumáricos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Methylmercury (MeHg) is the causative substance of Minamata disease, which is associated with various neurological disorders such as sensory disturbance and ataxia. It has been suggested low-level dietary intake of MeHg from MeHg-containing fish during gestation adversely affects the fetus. In our study, we investigated the toxicological effects of MeHg exposure on neuronal differentiation focusing on epigenetics. We used human fetal brain-derived immortalized cells (LUHMES cells) as a human neuronal differentiation model. Cell viability, neuronal, and catecholamine markers in LUHMES cells were assessed after exposure to MeHg (0-1000â¯nM) for 6 days (from day 2 to day 8 of neuronal differentiation). Cell viability on day 8 was not affected by exposure to 1â¯nM MeHg for 6 days. mRNA levels of AADC, DBH, TUJ1, and SYN1 also were unaffected by MeHg exposure. In contrast, levels of TH, the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, were significantly decreased after MeHg exposure. Acetylated histone H3, acetylated histone H3 lysine 9, and tri-methyl histone H3 lysine 9 levels at the TH gene promoter were not altered by MeHg exposure. However, tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 levels, related to transcriptional repression, were significantly increased at the TH gene promotor after MeHg exposure. In summary, MeHg exposure during neuronal differentiation led to epigenetic changes that repressed TH gene expression. This study provides useful insights into the toxicological mechanisms underlying the effects of developmental MeHg exposure during neuronal differentiation.
Assuntos
Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Peixes , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Mercúrio/etiologia , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Mercúrio/genética , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Mercúrio/patologia , Metilação , Modelos Neurológicos , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/enzimologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It has been pointed out that environmental factors or chemicals can cause diseases that are developmental in origin. To detect abnormal epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, convenient and cost-effective methods are required for such research, in which multiple samples are processed simultaneously. We here present methylated site display (MSD), a unique technique for the preparation of DNA libraries. By combining it with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, we developed a new method, MSD-AFLP. RESULTS: Methylated site display libraries consist of only DNAs derived from DNA fragments that are CpG methylated at the 5' end in the original genomic DNA sample. To test the effectiveness of this method, CpG methylation levels in liver, kidney, and hippocampal tissues of mice were compared to examine if MSD-AFLP can detect subtle differences in the levels of tissue-specific differentially methylated CpGs. As a result, many CpG sites suspected to be tissue-specific differentially methylated were detected. Nucleotide sequences adjacent to these methyl-CpG sites were identified and we determined the methylation level by methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease (MSRE)-PCR analysis to confirm the accuracy of AFLP analysis. The differences of the methylation level among tissues were almost identical among these methods. By MSD-AFLP analysis, we detected many CpGs showing less than 5% statistically significant tissue-specific difference and less than 10% degree of variability. Additionally, MSD-AFLP analysis could be used to identify CpG methylation sites in other organisms including humans. CONCLUSION: MSD-AFLP analysis can potentially be used to measure slight changes in CpG methylation level. Regarding the remarkable precision, sensitivity, and throughput of MSD-AFLP analysis studies, this method will be advantageous in a variety of epigenetics-based research.
Assuntos
Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados/métodos , Ilhas de CpG , Metilação de DNA , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados/economia , Animais , DNA/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Solute carrier family 30 member 10 (SLC30A10) has been known as manganese transporter. It has been suggested that neurodegenerative diseases are related with cellular stress such as oxidative stress or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, it remains unknown whether SLC30A10 is actually involved in several intracellular stress. We found that the level of Slc30a10 was increased in midbrain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. Therefore, we further investigated the role of SLC30A10 in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpiridium ion (MPP+)-induced intracellular stress, and the molecular mechanism underlying SLC30A10 induction by MPP+ treatment. In human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) treated with MPP+ (1 mM), the SLC30A10 mRNA level was significantly increased, and in addition, the expression of CHOP, which is known as one of ER stress markers, was significantly increased by MPP+. Interestingly, the level of SLC30A10 mRNA was significantly increased by tunicamycin as an ER stressor, suggesting that the induction of SLC30A10 by MPP+ was caused via ER stress. Considering that PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway is activated under ER stress induced by MPP+, we investigated whether the expression of SLC30A10 is increased through ATF4, which is major transcription factor in PERK pathway. The increase of SLC30A10 expression in MPP+-treated cells was eliminated by ATF4 knockdown. And the protective role of SLC30A10 against MPP+-induced ER stress was confirmed by measuring cell viability in SLC30A10 knockdown cells. In conclusion, SLC30A10 is thought to have protective role for MPP+-induced toxicity via PERK-ATF4 pathway.
Assuntos
1-Metil-4-fenilpiridínio/farmacologia , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/genética , eIF-2 Quinase/genética , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina/farmacologia , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Mesencéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mesencéfalo/metabolismo , Mesencéfalo/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/patologia , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição CHOP/genética , Fator de Transcrição CHOP/metabolismo , Tunicamicina/farmacologia , Transportador 8 de Zinco , eIF-2 Quinase/metabolismoRESUMO
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been thought to be involved to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The previous studies have shown that SLC30A3 level is decreased in prefrontal cortex of AD patients. In addition, we have shown that level of zinc (Zn) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and SLC30A3 level is decreased in spinal cord of ALS patients. It was thought that both SLC30A3 and ER stress could be related to the cause of AD and ALS, however the relationship between ER stress and SLC30A3 has not been elucidated. Therefore we investigated that the role of SLC30A3 against ER stress. The level of SLC30A3 mRNA was significantly increased by tunicamycin treatment in human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) and human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293). Cell viability under tunicamycin treatment was significantly decreased in SLC30A3 knockdown cells by siRNA in comparison with negative control (NC) cells. Cleaved caspase-3 level was significantly increased in SLC30A3 knockdown cells, not in NC cells. These results showed that SLC30A3 has a protective role to ER stress-induced toxicities. The previous study has shown that SLC30A3 protect cells from oxidative stress in ERK1/2 signal dependent manner, thus we determined the activity of ERK1/2 in SLC30A3 knockdown cells under ER stress condition. The level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly increased by tunicamycin treatment in NC cells, not in SLC30A3 knockdown cells. The ERK1/2 pathway is thought to have an association with defensive effects of SLC30A3 on cellular stress such as ER stress. In conclusion, this study suggested that SLC30A3 is supposed to play a protective role against ER stress, which is related to ERK1/2 activation.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HEK293 , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/etiologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/prevenção & controle , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Fator de Transcrição CHOP/genética , Tunicamicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is a potential target for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapeutics. α-Synuclein (α-Syn), a principal component of Lewy bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions), is a major contributor to PD pathophysiology. Previous studies have demonstrated that activating α7 nAChR protects against nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration in acute and chronic PD animal models induced by 6-hydroxydopamine and rotenone, respectively. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PNU282987, a selective α7 nAChR agonist, against α-Syn-induced neurotoxicity in α-SynWT-, α-SynA30P-, and α-SynE46K-N2a cells. PNU282987 exhibited substantial neuroprotection against both wild-type and mutant-type α-Syn-induced toxicity. Furthermore, PNU282987 promoted transcription factor EB activity and reduced intracellular α-Syn protein levels through autophagy induction. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of α7 nAChR activation in diseases characterized by α-Syn aggregation, such as PD.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes , Síndromes Neurotóxicas , Doença de Parkinson , Receptores Nicotínicos , Animais , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7 , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Agonistas Nicotínicos/toxicidade , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known developmental neurotoxin. Our previous research showed that the inhibition of neurite extension by exposure to a low level of MeHg (1 nM) was attributed to the decrease of acetylation of histone H3 and the increase of DNA methylation. However, the target molecules responsible for the neurological dysfunctions caused by MeHg exposure have not been identified. This study focused on a nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1), which is reported to be related to synaptic plasticity and neurite extension. LUHMES cells, which are derived from human fetal brain, were treated with 0.1 and 1 nM MeHg beginning at two days of differentiation and continued for 6 consecutive days. The present study showed that exposure to a 1 nM MeHg during neural differentiation inhibited neuronal spike activity and neurite extension. Furthermore, MeHg exposure increased DNA methylation, and altered histone modifications for transcriptional repression in the NR4A1 promoter region to decrease the levels of NR4A1 expression. In addition, MeHg exposure inhibited the mobilization of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and CREB binding protein (CBP) in the NR4A1 promoter region. These results suggest that MeHg inhibits the recruitment of the CREB-CBP complex to the NR4A1 promoter region and impairs neuronal functions associated with NR4A1 repression via a decrease in acetylation of histone H3 lysine 14 levels. Conclusively, this study demonstrated that MeHg exposure during neuronal differentiation could induce neurological dysfunctions even at a low concentration in vitro. These dysfunctions could be associated with the transcriptional repression of NR4A1 by the dissociation of CREB and CBP from the NR4A1 promoter region due to the alterations of epigenetic modifications.
Assuntos
Histonas , Compostos de Metilmercúrio , Humanos , Histonas/metabolismo , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Neurônios/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Diferenciação Celular , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismoRESUMO
Currently, interventions from the preclinical stage are considered necessary for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have reported that vacuolar protein-sorting protein (VPS), a retromer construct, is involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and Parkinson's disease. This study evaluated VPS26, VPS29, and VPS35 before and after the onset of cognitive decline in an App knock-in mouse model of AD that more closely resembles the human pathology than previous AD models. The results showed that the expression of VPS26 and VPS35 decreased before the onset of cognitive decline, suggesting the possibility of anti-amyloid-ß disease-modifying treatment targeting these proteins.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismoRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The pathological hallmark of PD is the appearance of intraneuronal cytoplasmic α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, called Lewy bodies. α-Syn aggregation is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Oxidative stress is also associated with the progression of PD. In the present study, to investigate whether a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase (PH) inhibitor, FG-4592 (also called roxadustat), has neuroprotective effects against α-Syn-induced neurotoxicity, we employed a novel α-Syn stably expressing cell line (named α-Syn-N2a cells) utilizing a piggyBac transposon system. In α-Syn-N2a cells, oxidative stress and cell death were induced by α-Syn, and FG-4592 showed significant protection against this neurotoxicity. However, FG-4592 did not affect α-Syn protein levels. FG-4592 triggered heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression downstream of HIF-1α in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, FG-4592 decreased the production of reactive oxygen species possibly via the activation of HO-1 and subsequently suppressed α-Syn-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, FG-4592 regulated mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration via the induction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α. As FG-4592 has various neuroprotective effects against α-Syn and is involved in drug repositioning, it may have novel therapeutic potential for PD.