Suicidal Ideation in Bipolar Disorder: The Relation with Clinical and Sociodemographic Variables.

INTRODUCTION: Bipolar disorder (BD) has the highest risk of suicide among all mental disorders. Thus, identifying factors related to suicidal ideation is essential for a better assessment of the risk of suicide in BD. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between suicidal ideation and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics in BD patients. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study that included eighty individuals with BD. Information regarding sociodemographic data and history of attempted suicide were collected, and the Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale/positive symptom subscale, Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness, Insight Scale for Affective Disorders, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were administered. The presence and severity of suicidal ideation were assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. RESULTS: All regression models significantly predicted suicidal ideation. In the model that had the lowest AIC score and the highest cross-validity, the severity of depressive and of manic symptoms (standardized ß = 0.49, p < 0.001; standardized ß = 0.42, p = 0.007), the insight level (standardized ß = - 0.38, p = 0.012) and previous suicide attempt (standardized ß = 0.20, p = 0.036) acted as predictors of suicidal ideation, while degree of impulsivity (ß standardized = 0.13, p = 0.229) and educational level (standardized ß = - 0.16, p = 0.108) did not give a significant contribution. CONCLUSION: According to our results, more severe depression and mania symptoms, higher level of insight and a history of suicide attempt indicate the occurrence of suicidal ideation in BD.

Autobiographical Memory and Episodic Specificity Across Different Affective States in Bipolar Disorder.

Autobiographical memory is essential to ground a sense of self-identity, contributing to social functioning and the development of future plans, and being an essential source for the psychiatric interview. Previous studies have suggested loss of autobiographical episodic specificity in unipolar depression, but relatively fewer investigations have been conducted in bipolar disorder (BD) patients, particularly across different mood states. Similarly, there is a scarcity of systematic investigations about mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory in relation to autobiographical memory in BD. Considering this, a total of 74 patients with BD (24 in euthymia, 26 in mania, and 24 in depression) responded with autobiographical memories to cue words belonging to four categories: mania, depression, BD, and neutral. Episodic specificity was scored according to the Autobiographical Interview, with high intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results indicated that patients in mania generally re-experience more episodic details than those in depression. Depressed bipolar patients reported fewer details of perception and less time integration of memories than those in euthymia or mania. Words linked to depression and BD induced greater episodic re-experiencing than neutral words, just as words about BD provided greater episodic re-experiencing and more details of emotion/thoughts than words about mania. Words linked to depression provoked more time details about the recalled episodes than words on BD or neutral themes. No mood-congruent or mood-dependent effects were observed. Current findings may improve the ability of clinicians to conduct psychiatric interviews and the diagnosis of BD, with special attention to how memory details are generated across different mood states of the condition. Additionally, interventions to foster autobiographical recollection in BD may be developed, similar to what has already been done in the context of schizophrenia.

Mixed states and suicidal behavior: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to identify whether mixed states in bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with more frequent suicidal behavior when compared to manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes. METHOD: We performed a systematic search of the scientific literature on the subject using the PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, PsycINFO and SciELO databases. The terms chosen for the search were (bipolar) AND (suicid*) AND (mixed). We selected original studies comparing suicidal behavior of patients in mixed states and suicidal behavior of patients in other BD phases. RESULTS: Sixteen papers fit the selection criteria. Twelve of the original 16 studies compared suicidal behavior in mixed states and pure mania, and the majority of these studies (n = 11) revealed that suicidal behavior was more frequent among individuals in mixed states. Five of the papers compared suicidal behavior between depressive and mixed phases of BD. One of these five papers reported more severe suicidal behavior in patients in mixed states and another described more frequent suicidal behavior in patients with pure depression. There were no significant statistical differences between groups in the remaining three of these five studies. CONCLUSION: During acute BD episodes, suicidal behavior is more strongly associated with mixed states than with pure mania or hypomania. However, it was not possible to demonstrate that the association between suicidal behavior and mixed states is stronger than the association between suicidal behavior and depressive phases. The results hereby presented are worth considering in clinical practice to better evaluate suicide risk and to prevent suicide.

Mixed states and suicidal behavior: a systematic review / Estados mistos e comportamento suicida: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to identify whether mixed states in bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with more frequent suicidal behavior when compared to manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes. Method We performed a systematic search of the scientific literature on the subject using the PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, PsycINFO and SciELO databases. The terms chosen for the search were (bipolar) AND (suicid*) AND (mixed). We selected original studies comparing suicidal behavior of patients in mixed states and suicidal behavior of patients in other BD phases. Results Sixteen papers fit the selection criteria. Twelve of the original 16 studies compared suicidal behavior in mixed states and pure mania, and the majority of these studies (n = 11) revealed that suicidal behavior was more frequent among individuals in mixed states. Five of the papers compared suicidal behavior between depressive and mixed phases of BD. One of these five papers reported more severe suicidal behavior in patients in mixed states and another described more frequent suicidal behavior in patients with pure depression. There were no significant statistical differences between groups in the remaining three of these five studies. Conclusion During acute BD episodes, suicidal behavior is more strongly associated with mixed states than with pure mania or hypomania. However, it was not possible to demonstrate that the association between suicidal behavior and mixed states is stronger than the association between suicidal behavior and depressive phases. The results hereby presented are worth considering in clinical practice to better evaluate suicide risk and to prevent suicide.

Resumo Introdução Identificar se, no transtorno bipolar (TB), os estados mistos estão associados a um maior comportamento suicida, quando comparados a episódios maníacos/hipomaníacos e depressivos. Método Realizamos uma busca sistemática da literatura científica utilizando as bases de dados Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO e SciELO com os termos (bipolar) AND (suicid*) AND (mixed). Foram selecionados estudos originais que compararam o comportamento suicida entre pacientes em estado misto e pacientes em outras fases do TB. Resultados 16 artigos se adequaram aos critérios de seleção. Doze desses 16 estudos compararam estado misto com mania pura, e a maioria desses 12 estudos (n = 11) mostrou que o comportamento suicida era mais frequente entre os indivíduos em estado misto. Somente cinco dos artigos incluídos compararam o comportamento suicida entre as fases depressiva e mista do TB. Dentre esses cinco artigos, um mostrou maior comportamento suicida nos pacientes em estado misto, e um mostrou maior comportamento suicida nos pacientes com depressão pura. Em três desses cinco estudos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão Durante um episódio agudo do TB, os estados mistos estão mais relacionados ao comportamento suicida do que os episódios de mania ou hipomania puros. Todavia, não foi possível demonstrar que os estados mistos cursem com um maior risco de comportamento suicida do que os episódios depressivos puros. Os resultados aqui apresentados merecem ser considerados na prática clínica, a fim de avaliar melhor o risco de suicídio, bem como prevenir o suicídio.

Frequência de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados em pacientes internados com delirium / Frequency of potentially inappropriate drugs in hospitalized patients with delirium

OBJETIVO: Delirium é uma condição frequente em idosos com doenças agudas, associado à alta morbimortalidade e ao prolongamento do período de internação. Diversos fármacos estão relacionados ao risco de desencadeá-lo ou agravá-lo. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar medicamentos potencialmente causadores de delirium em pacientes idosos portadores desta síndrome e seu risco para mortalidade durante a hospitalização. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal, com 51 idosos internados que preenchiam critérios de diagnóstico para delirium pelo Confusion Assesment Method. Os fármacos potencialmente inapropriados foram os relacionados segundos os critérios de Beers. As variáveis avaliadas foram: idade, gênero, causas do delirium, fármacos em uso regular, período de internação e óbitos. RESULTADOS: 30 pacientes (58,82%) faziam uso de fármacos de risco para delirium, sendo que 39,2% utilizavam medicamentos considerados de alto risco e 13,7% usavam concomitantemente três fármacos. Dentre as medicações de alto risco, os benzodiazepínicos foram empregados em 23,5% dos pacientes. O tempo médio de internação foi de 24±18 (1-86) dias e 25 (49%) pacientes evoluíram para o óbito. CONCLUSÃO:Observou-se longa permanência hospitalar e frequente uso de medicamentos com potencial de agravar ou desencadear o estado de delirium, sendo os benzodiazepínicos, os mais frequentemente utilizados. Apesar da alta mortalidade, não foi possível associar este fato ao uso dos fármacos. Tais resultados ratificam que o delirium é uma síndrome pouco reconhecida pelos clínicos em um hospital geral.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify the medications potentially causing or exacerbating delirium in elderly patients, and review the risk of mortality associated with the use of these medications during hospitalization. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 51 elderly inpatients who met diagnostic criteria for delirium. The pharmaceuticals considered inappropriate were related according to the Beers criteria. The variables were: age, gender, cause for delirium, pharmaceuticals in regular use, hospitalization time and deaths. RESULTS: 30 patients (58,82%) were using pharmaceuticals that presented a risk of delirium. 39.2% of these used medications of high risk, 23.5% being benzodiazepines. 25 (49%) patients died during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: It was noted frequent use of potentially inappropriate drugs, benzodiazepines being the most frequently used. However, this fact was not linked to the high mortality. These results confirm that delirium is a syndrome that is poorly recognized by clinicians in a general hospital.

Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos na doença de Alzheimer: frequência, correlação e ansiedade do cuidador / Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: frequency, correlation and anxiety among caregivers

INTRODUÇÃO: Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos ocorrem em 80-90% dos pacientes com demência, interferem significativamente na autonomia do paciente e ocasionam alta carga física, financeira e emocional ao núcleo familiar, resultando em institucionalização precoce. OBJETIVOS: Identificar sintomas neuropsiquiátricos mais frequentes e de maior gravidade nos pacientes portadores da doença de Alzheimer; especificar quais distúrbios são descritos como mais desgastantes pelo cuidador; e correlacionar os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório, durante um ano, com idosos com provável doença de Alzheimer, atendidos no ambulatório de geriatria de uma instituição filantrópica de Vitória, que estavam acompanhados do principal cuidador. As duas subescalas brasileiras do Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico foram aplicadas ao acompanhante, e os sintomas foram correlacionados utilizando a correlação de Pearson e Spearman. RESULTADOS: Nos 50 pacientes analisados, o comportamento motor aberrante foi a manifestação mais frequente, enquanto a agitação apresentou maior gravidade entre os pacientes e foi relatada como o sintoma mais desgastante pelos cuidadores, que eram, predominantemente, filhas. Múltiplas correlações entre sintomas foram encontradas, sendo muito fortes: delírio e alucinação; delírio e ansiedade; delírio e disforia; agitação e irritabilidade. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estudos voltados para a abordagem das manifestações neuropsiquiátricas, dada sua alta prevalência e à presença de sintomas concomitantes que geram alto grau de desgaste no cuidador. .

INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur in 80-90% of patients with dementia, interfere significantly in the patient's autonomy and cause high physical, financial and emotional tribulation to the family nucleus, leading to early institutionalization. OBJECTIVES: Identifying neuropsychiatric symptoms more frequent and more severe in patients who are Alzheimer's disease carriers; specifying which disturbs cause more anxiety on caregivers, and correlating neuropsychiatric symptoms. METHODS: Sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was conducted during one year, with elders who might have Alzheimer's disease and were attended as outpatients of a philanthropic institution in Vitoria city and were accompanied by the main caregiver. Two Brazilian subscales of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory were applied to the companions, and the symptoms were correlated using Pearson and Spearman's correlations. RESULTS: In the 50 patients analyzed, aberrant motor behavior was the most common manifestation, while agitation was more severe among patients and was reported as the worst symptom by caregivers, who were predominantly daughters. Multiple correlations were found between symptoms, being very strong: delirium and hallucination, delirium and anxiety, delirium and dysphoria, agitation and irritability. CONCLUSION: Results reinforce the need for studies aimed at approaching neuropsychiatric manifestations, due their high prevalence and the presence of concomitant symptoms that generate high degree of anxiety among caregivers. .

Efeitos agudos do alongamento: uma comparação entre as técnicas de facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva e energia muscular / Immediate effects of the stretching: a comparison between proprioceptive neuromuscular facility and muscular energy thecniques

As técnicas de alongamento são descritas pela literatura como uma das modalidades terapêuticas mais utilizadas devido a sua capacidade de aumentar a flexibilidade dos tecidos moles, favorecendo um bom desempenho osteomuscular. O alongamento associado à técnica Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) tem sido exaustivamente pesquisado, sendo apontado como o que apresenta os melhores resultados. Contudo, poucos estudos têm dado ênfase sobre a Técnica de Energia Muscular (TEM). O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos imediatos de duas técnicas de alongamento baseadas na inibição ativa, a FNP e a TEM. Participaram da pesquisa 98 voluntários (65 homens e 33 mulheres), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: FNP, TEM e controle. As medidas antes e depois foram comparadas pela ANOVA univariada. As análises estatísticas mostraram que ambas as técnicas foram significativamente mais efetivas do que o grupo controle (p<0,05), porém, a técnica FNP apresentou maiores ganhos na ADM de quadril (8,8º±5,0) comparado à TEM (7,0º±6,8). Nossos resultados indicaram que as duas técnicas induziram respostas semelhantes na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais, sugerindo que ambas podem ser efetivas num programa de alongamento. Mais estudos são necessários para confirmar a eficiência da TEM, sobretudo os efeitos adaptativos em longo prazo.

The stretching techniques are described by the literature as one of the therapeutic modalities more used due to your capacity to increase the flexibility of the soft tissues favoring a high osteomuscular performance. The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facility (PNF) stretching has been exhaustly researched, being pointed as that presents the best results. However, few studies have been giving emphasis on the Muscle Energy Technique (MET). The objective of the present study was to compare the immediate effects of two techniques of stretching based on the inhibition active, PNF and MET. 98 volunteers participated of the research (65 men and 33 women), randomized allocating in 3 groups: PNF, MET and control. The measures pre and pos-treatment were compared by the ANOVA oneway. The statistical analysis showed that both techniques were significantly more effective than the control group (p < 0.05), however, the participants receiving PNF technique showed a greater improvement in hip ROM (8.8º±5.02) compared with those receiving MET (7.0º±6.8). Our results showed that the two techniques induced similar improvements in the flexibility of the hamstrings, suggesting that both can be effective in a program of stretching. More studies are necessary to confirm the efficiency of the MET, especially the adaptative effects in long term.