A Case of Thoracic Aortic Mural Thrombus and Multiple Hypercoagulable Etiologies.

Thoracic aortic mural thrombi (TAMT) are rare yet a significant cause of emboli and mortality. Hypercoagulability is thought to play a role in pathogenesis. A common association is prothrombin G20210A mutation. We present a case of an 87-year-old man with an incidentally found TAMT in the setting of prothrombin mutation, metastatic prostate cancer, and a myeloproliferative disorder. The patient had several causes activating Virchow's hypercoagulability principle, contributing to a centrally located clot. Because of its paucity in the literature, we advocate for further research concerning treatment modalities of TAMTs as well as an additional and timely workup for hypercoagulable states to prevent further calamity.

Profound Rhabdomyolysis and Viral Myositis Due to SARS-CoV-2: A Case Report.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 introduced several new inflammatory conditions including SARS-CoV-2-associated rhabdomyolysis and viral myositis. We present a 22-year-old man who noted a week of cough followed by myalgias, dark-colored urine, and decreased oral intake. He was found to have acute nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis after an acutely positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Initial creatine kinase (CK) level was above the reference range as were liver enzymes reflective of muscle breakdown. Treatment involved fluid resuscitation and pain control, with close monitoring of kidney, liver, and skeletal markers over five days of hospitalization till there was clinical and symptomatic improvement.

A Case Report of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Masquerading as Sepsis.

Profound inflammation due to cytokine storm is often the underlying cause of death in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Sepsis, while a precipitant, is also the great masquerader that may hide early signs of HLH. Prompt recognition is important to prevent rapid clinical decline and death. A patient presented with two weeks of unremitting fever of 103°F, dysuria, bilateral flank pain, and confusion. Obstructive uropathy and pyelonephritis were treated with a Foley catheter and antibiotics. There were abnormal developments during his hospitalization including a deep vein thrombus despite prophylactic anticoagulation. Antibiotics and Foley management did not improve fevers or renal injury so he eventually required continuous renal replacement therapy and blood product transfusions. In rapid progression, the patient developed pancytopenia, neutropenia, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypofibrinogenemia suspicious for HLH. A bone marrow biopsy was consistent with progressive T-cell lymphoma, the likely cause of secondary HLH. Antineoplastics, corticosteroids, and opportunistic prophylaxis were pursued. Unfortunately, the cytopenias worsened, and the patient developed shock with hypoxemia and hypotension, followed by cardiac arrest and demise.

Counting the Cost of Pins and Needles: A Case Study of Paresthesias and the Cost of Healthcare in the United States.

Healthcare costs in the United States (US) exceed those of comparable nations without yielding better outcomes. Factors contributing to this include lack of cost transparency, limited outpatient resources due to primary care provider shortages, and high patient volumes, where patients are not educated on differentials and the stepwise process of workup. Addressing these issues could curb unnecessary hospitalizations and expenses. A 31-year-old woman with hypertension, alcohol use, anemia, and obesity experienced paresthesias in September 2022. At her first visit, the exam was consistent with decreased bilateral plantar sensation; however, there was no weakness or gait abnormality. This was not consistent with a focal neurologic distribution. Despite multiple ER visits, her condition persisted. Initial evaluations included potassium replacement ($80 for labs, $13 for tablet), nonacute head CT ($1500), and benign CT L-spine ($2500). Subsequent hospitalization led to brain MRI/MRA head/neck ($6700) and serum workup ($240), revealing deficiencies in vitamin D, folate, and B12. Treatment involved prednisone taper ($30) and supplemental vitamins ($35), with lifestyle recommendations ($0). After evaluating CompuNet lab costs and equivalent market imaging prices, potential savings exceeding $15,000 were identified through more focused and cost-conscious initial testing including vitamin studies and outpatient management, reducing hospitalizations and imaging expenses. Rising healthcare costs in the US are driven by various factors, yet fail to correlate with improved outcomes. Our case argues that enhancing access to primary care, promoting cost transparency, and educating patients on healthcare decisions are crucial for mitigating excessive spending.

Chronic Use of Abemaciclib Leading to Breathlessness and Demise: A Case Report.

Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is a potentially fatal disease that can occur at any duration of treatment. Patients may present with vague respiratory symptoms such as progressive cough, dyspnea, and decreased activity tolerance. Among checkpoint inhibitors, CIP is higher in programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors. An 82-year-old Latina woman with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-negative lobular carcinoma of the right breast had been treated by partial mastectomy followed by adjuvant hormonal treatment and radiation in 2014. Then CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil) was followed by letrozole and abemaciclib, PD-1, therapy in 2022. In 2023, the patient presented with a dry cough and worsening dyspnea with a new oxygen requirement. She was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of multifocal pneumonia and sepsis. She unfortunately developed rapidly higher oxygen requirements and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and was ultimately presumed to have CIP. She was intubated on hospital day 6 and extubated on day 12 with no plans for reintubation and do-not-resuscitate status. She subsequently had demise after a period of respiratory arrest. CIP is rare but associated with fatal outcomes, especially with the development of ARDS. It is important, along the course of cancer treatment and goals of care discussion, to educate patients and their families on possible side effects of chemotherapy and involve specialists early with the goal of lowering mortality rates. Most patients do not survive this unfortunate progression of disease.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in a Critically Ill African American Woman: A Case Report Written With ChatGPT Assistance.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening spectrum diseases in which a medication triggers a mucocutaneous reaction associated with severe necrosis and loss of epidermal integrity. The disease has a high mortality rate that can be assessed by dermatology scoring scales based on an affected total body surface area (TBSA). Sloughing of <10% TBSA is considered SJS, with a mortality of 10%. Sloughing of >30% TBSA is termed TEN, with an increased mortality rate of 25% to 35%. We present a case and management of TEN that involved >30% TBSA in a critically ill African American woman. Identification of the offending agent was difficult due to complicated medication exposure throughout her multi-facility care management. This case conveys the importance of close monitoring of a critically ill patient during a clinical course involving SJS-/TEN-inducing drugs. We also discuss the potential increased risks for SJS/TEN in the African American population due to genetic or epigenetic predispositions to skin conditions. This case report also contributes to increasing skin of color representation in the current literature. Additionally, we discuss the use of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT, OpenAI LP, OpenAI Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) and list its benefits and errors.

Updates on Diversity Among Cardiology-Related Fellowships.

Within the United States (US) medical system, diversity in healthcare is a growing concern although studies have shown improved patient outcomes when healthcare teams are diverse. We were interested in cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgical specialties to understand how females, osteopaths (DOs), and non-US graduates were represented compared to males, allopathic medical doctors (MD), and US-graduated peers. We obtained data about accredited cardiology fellowship programs from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FRIEDA™) for 2022-2023 and determined statistical significance for male/female, DO/MD, and US/non-US graduate status by reviewing program sites. Statistical analysis utilized SAS Studio 3.8, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and Wilson score for confidence intervals. Cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgery backgrounds showed generalized marked disparities (p<0.001) with only a couple of exceptions. For Interventional Cardiology, non-US graduates were well represented (p=0.3775), and for Heart Failure & Transplant Cardiology, females were represented equally (p=0.0863). For all other specialties and values, females, DOs, and non-US graduates were underrepresented. Despite conversations about diversity, underrepresentation persists. We encourage further steps to address barriers preventing underrepresented groups from advancing to their full potential in leadership and careers. Increasing diversity promotes competence, empathy, communication, and inclusive patient care.

Know the Risk: Stroke With Patent Foramen Ovale.

The presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is noted to be higher in patients with a history of cryptogenic stroke, especially in younger patients <55 years old. PFO has shown to be a relatively common occurrence in the population, in 25-30% of individuals. Our case is one of right middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct due to thromboembolism from a PFO. A 44-year-old white right-handed woman with a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, tobacco abuse, and obesity presented with complaints of new onset headache, dizziness, and left arm and leg heaviness, suspicious for right MCA lesion. She was admitted with stroke-like symptoms, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 8 for left-sided weakness, sensory loss, and ataxia. Computed tomography (CT) head was negative for hemorrhage, and there was no large vessel occlusion on computed tomography angiogram (CTA). She was aspirin-loaded and started on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Ultimately, brain MRI showed right MCA ischemic stroke, and full stroke assessment showed small PFO on the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). She was continued on aspirin and clopidogrel DAPT for 21 days, followed by aspirin monotherapy. Unfortunately, her left-sided deficits did not completely resolve, and she was discharged to rehab. She has had recurrent stroke and is currently considered for PFO repair. A patient's past medical history, last known well time, and exacting symptoms with the NIHSS at onset should be thoroughly obtained at the first medical contact. CT imaging should rule out hemorrhage prior to prompt antiplatelet or thrombolytic administration. In addition, when there are absence of risk factors and the cause remains unknown, it is especially important to obtain TTE with Doppler to assess for right-to-left atrial shunt indicating PFO and potentially contributing thromboembolic etiology. Stroke precautions involving swallow evaluation, aspiration and fall precautions, serial NIH for changes, sequence of imaging, and physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) should entail. A stroke neurologist should also be involved at presentation, with the stroke alert protocol shown to improve patient outcomes. Additional risk factors, such as PFO, should also be addressed, often with a multimodal team of providers and careful weight given to the risks and benefits of invasive procedure.

Scedosporium Sinusitis: A Rare Opportunistic Infection.

Scedosporium sinusitis is an opportunistic fungal infection that is difficult to treat due to its inherent resistance to many antifungal agents. Infections may cause both localized or disseminated disease usually in skin and soft tissues. Immunocompetent persons are typically unaffected and disseminated disease occurs in immunocompromised hosts. Scedosporiumis a common hyaline mold causing sinopulmonary disease in those with hematologic malignancies and neutropenia. A 38-year-old Caucasian male with a medical history significant for HIV with intermittent treatment compliance, high-grade diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) on chemotherapy, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) presented with right-sided facial pain and fever. Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) showed thickening and opacification of the sphenoid and maxillary sinuses concerning for fungal sinusitis. Endoscopic transsphenoidal debridement showed fungal growth of Scedosporium and the patient's blood cultures were ultimately negative. The patient underwent debridement of fungal sinusitis as well as right medial maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy. A three-month course of voriconazole was started and completed with weekly liver enzyme tests to monitor medication side effects. He has since been observed well as an outpatient with his oncologist after three months loss to follow-up and his infection has resolved.

Management of Adrenal Deficiency and Shock in a Patient With Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome Type II.

Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PAS) is a rare disorder characterized by the autoimmune destruction of multiple endocrine glands. Type II PAS is the most common of the PAS subtypes and is characterized by Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and type I diabetes mellitus. Disease manifestations are predominantly seen in young adulthood with an emerging endocrine disorder; however, a host of other autoimmune conditions can also be present before endocrine organ dysfunction. Due to the complex nature of presentation and management, an important consideration in patient care involves a multidisciplinary team with the addition of an endocrinologist. A 21-year-old African American woman with a medical history of PAS-II presented during three hospitalizations with adrenal crisis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and myxedema. The common theme across admissions entails a spectrum of adrenal dysfunction, including shock, as well as glucose and thyroid abnormalities. During her first hospitalization, the patient presented with hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hypothyroidism. She received aggressive IV fluid resuscitation, an insulin drip, electrolyte repletion, an up-titration of levothyroxine, and stress-dose corticosteroids. In the second hospitalization, she also had hypotension and electrolyte derangements, along with hypoglycemia and myxedema. She received glucose management, thyroid hormone replacement, and stress steroids again. The third hospitalization involved flu-like symptoms and a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. She was managed similarly for hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperglycemia. In this case, she presented with non-gap metabolic acidosis and required a bicarbonate drip for a short period. She did not receive antibiotics across these three admissions. We present three hospitalizations where adrenal, pancreatic, and thyroid derangements were seen and managed. It is known that most general providers other than endocrinologists are not comfortable with the management of disease manifestations of PAS-II; therefore, we provide a case review to address the standard of care management and guidelines with further discussion. This patient's maintenance care was complicated by a lack of adherence to outpatient medications, leading to recurrent hospitalizations. We also endorse the importance of doctors pursuing endocrinology fellowships, especially due to the observed waning number of graduates. An endocrinologist's availability and involvement in the care of patients with complex endocrine issues lead to improved outcomes.

From Eardrum to Cranium: Pneumocephalus Secondary to Acute Otitis Media.

Pneumocephalus, or air entrapment within the cranium, is a rare but dangerous condition with a variety of causes, including trauma, surgery, or predisposing infection. Trauma is the most common etiology, as fractures provide easy access for air to become entrapped in the cranium. However, access such as via the central nervous system with leak exists. Though not as common as traumatic pneumocephalus, pneumocephalus secondary to infection is a dangerous condition. The literature is sparse on this example of ear-nose-throat infection, making it difficult to form and ascertain guidelines for the management of infectious pneumocephalus and its complications. A 58-year-old man with a history of hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea who presented with a complicated case of acute otitis media associated with subdural empyema, pneumocephalus, and group A Streptococcus is presented in this case report. We describe the course of his hospital stay, management, and current infectious disease guidelines. Given the paucity of cases of infectious pneumocephalus secondary to otitis media, we aim to provide further representation for this important illness as well as encourage the use of a multimodal team of providers. In our case, it was necessary to involve the ear-nose-throat specialist as well as infectious disease and neurocritical care services.

A Complex Surgical Case of a Morel-Lavallee Lesion.

A Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is a rare internal denudement injury of skin and hypodermis from deep fascia, usually occurring hours to days after an inciting trauma. A common location is the pelvis or thigh where there is prominent vascularization and may mimic diagnoses such as deep vein thrombosis or contusion. Fluid collections that persist despite conservative management require surgical intervention and frequent and prolonged hospitalizations as in this case of a patient with a persistent MLL. We emphasize early imaging for diagnosis and surgical service involvement, as delay may lead to persistent symptoms and worse health outcomes.

Fungal Keratitis in a Critically Ill Post-trauma Patient.

Keratitis is the leading cause of corneal blindness in the world. Nearly half the cases are due to a fungal infection known as fungal keratitis (FK). There is much variability in the clinical presentation of FK, so diagnosis can be difficult. With the risks of blindness in disease progression being so high, it is vital to diagnose and treat FK quickly. We present a case of FK due to Candida albicans and Staphylococcus lugdunensis-oxa ss after a motor vehicle accident, its treatment, and the general outcome. A 71-year-old man with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arthritis, and previous tobacco use presented after a helmeted motorcycle accident with back pain and bilateral lower extremity sensory and motor function loss. He suffered many fractures and was in neurogenic shock. He had nearly daily reduction and fixation of multiple axial spinal fractures while in the surgical intensive care unit and was ultimately unable to be successfully extubated. Between two intubations, he complained to his family of blurry vision, and there was notable purulence and corneal haziness in bilateral eyes. The healthcare team initially suspected the eye infection was due to a bacterial etiology, and he was subsequently diagnosed with Pseudomonas pneumonia on respiratory cultures. However, several days of antibiotics did not improve the ocular exam. A corneal culture was positive for C. albicans and S. lugdunensis-oxa ss, and anti-fungal treatment was initiated with ocular improvement. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed to his injuries and further sepsis at another site. With a progressively poor prognosis and machine dependence, he was made do-not-resuscitate per family wishes and died within two hours after cessation of hemodialysis. One of the greatest barriers to diagnosing FK in the United States is the absence of information regarding the disease. Though novel diagnoses and treatment strategies are in development, the fungal etiology of keratitis should be included in the curricula for not just medical students but also for providers and specialists, as the incidence of FK continues to grow with globalization. We also aim to emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary team in these cases, as ophthalmology and infectious disease specialists should be involved immediately in order to improve patient outcomes.

Diversity Differences Among Cardiovascular Fellowships Across Five Geographic Regions in the United States.

Introduction Diversity and inclusion in cardiovascular fellowships are necessary for addressing the healthcare needs of diverse patient populations. However, regional disparities in the diversity of these programs persist, diminishing efforts to create a representative workforce. We observe the regional differences in the diversity of cardiovascular fellowship programs, focusing on gender, doctorate designation, and graduation within the United States (US) or other. We hypothesized that males, medical doctors (MD), and US graduates would be in majority across all regions. Methods Data for cardiovascular fellowships from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Database Access (FREIDA) system for the matriculation year 2022-2023 was obtained to assess the representation of male vs female gender, MD vs osteopathic doctor (DO) designation, and US vs non-US graduate. We then compared these backgrounds to five defined regions (Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and West) in the United States to define representation for backgrounds across geographic areas. Statistical significance was determined by p<0.05 with the use of SAS Studio 3.8, version 9.4 (Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.), and Wilson score for confidence intervals. Results We found significant disparities across all background factors for all regions. This includes that females, DOs, and non-US graduates were underrepresented among Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and West regions, and the p-value was <0.001 for all variations. Specifically for Midwest, the female frequency was 155 (23.81%; CI: 21, 27; p<0.001), DO frequency was 101 (15.51%; CI: 13, 19; p<0.001), and non-US graduate frequency was 206 (31.84%; CI: 28, 36; p<0.001). For Northeast, the female frequency was 231 (29.62; CI: 27, 33; p<0.001), DO frequency was 72 (9.22; CI: 7, 11; p<0.001), and non-US graduate frequency was 239 (30.68; CI 28, 34; p<0.001). For Southeast, the female frequency was 178 (25.99; CI: 23, 29; p<0.001), DO frequency was 67 (9.78; CI: 8, 12; p<0.001), and non-US graduate frequency 279 (41.46; CI: 38, 45; p<0.001). For Southwest, the female frequency was 74 (26.71; CI: 22, 32; p<0.001), DO frequency was 21 (7.58; CI 5, 11; p<0.001), and non-US graduate frequency was 110 (39.71; CI: 34,46; p<0.001). For West, the female frequency was 107 (31.75; CI 27, 37; p<0.001), DO frequency was 15 (4.45; CI: 3, 7; p<0.001), and non-US graduate frequency was 54 (16.07; CI: 13, 20; p<0.001). Conclusion We emphasize the regional disparities for females, DOs, and non-US graduates within cardiovascular fellowships in the past matriculation year. Understanding that we have not reached diversity goals allows for further reflection and implementation of targeted interventions and initiatives aimed at promoting equal opportunities for applicants. This is true for all regions of the United States. By addressing these disparities, fellowship programs can more effectively mirror the diverse patient populations they serve and foster a healthcare environment that is inclusive and accommodating. This, in turn, contributes to the overall enhancement of healthcare outcomes.

Characteristics and Long-term Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (STE-MINOCA): A High Risk Cohort.

Background: The prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronaries (STE-MINOCA) is largely unknown. Methods: The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and 5-year mortality of patients with STE-MINOCA compared to STEMI with coronary artery obstruction (STEMI-Obstruction) using a multicenter cohort of consecutive STEMI patients at 3 regional Midwest STEMI programs from 2003 to 2020. STE-MINOCA was defined based on (1) coronary stenosis < 60% by visual estimation, (2) ischemia with elevated troponin, and (3) no alternative diagnosis. STE-MINOCA was further classified based on American Heart Association (AHA) definition as AHA STE-MINOCA and AHA STE-MINOCA Mimicker. Results: 8,566 STEMI patients, including 420 (4.9%) STE-MINOCA (26.9% AHA STE-MINOCA and 73.1% AHA STE-MINOCA Mimicker) were followed for a median of 7.1 years. Compared to STEMI-Obstruction, STE-MINOCA were younger, more often female, had fewer cardiovascular risk factors, and were less likely to be discharged on cardiac medications. At five years, mortality was higher in STE-MINOCA compared with STEMI-Obstruction (18% vs. 15%, p=0.033). In propensity score-matched analysis, STE-MINOCA had a 1.4-fold (95% CI: 1.04-1.89, p=0.028) higher risk of 5-year all-cause mortality compared with STEMI-Obstruction. Furthermore, 5-year mortality risk was significantly higher in AHA STE-MINOCA Mimicker (19% vs. 15%, p=0.043) but similar in AHA STE-MINOCA (17% vs. 15%, p=0.42) compared with STEMI-Obstruction. Conclusions: In this large multicenter STEMI cohort, nearly 5% of patients presented with STE-MINOCA. At five years, mortality approached 20% among patients with STE-MINOCA. Despite the lower risk profile, STE-MINOCA patients were at 40% higher risk of 5-year all-cause mortality compared with STEMI-Obstruction. Additionally, 5-year all-cause mortality risk was higher in AHA STE-MINOCA Mimicker but similar in AHA STE-MINOCA compared to STEMI-Obstruction.

Mortality in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries and Mimickers.

Importance: The clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with nonobstructive coronaries (MINOCA) are largely unknown. Objective: To assess differences in 5-year mortality in patients presenting with STEMI due to MINOCA and MINOCA mimickers as compared with obstructive disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective analysis of a prospective registry-based cohort study of consecutive STEMI activations at 3 regional Midwest STEMI programs. STEMI without a culprit artery and elevated troponin levels were categorized as MINOCA (absence of coronary artery stenosis >50% and confirmed or suspected coronary artery plaque disruption, epicardial coronary spasm, or coronary embolism/thrombosis) or MINOCA mimickers (takotsubo cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, or nonischemic cardiomyopathy). Data were analyzed from March 2003 to December 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Adjusted Cox regression analysis was used to assess 5-year mortality risk in STEMI presenting with MINOCA and MINOCA mimickers in comparison with obstructive disease. Results: Among 8560 consecutive patients with STEMI, mean (SD) age was 62 (14) years, 30% were female (2609 participants), and 94% were non-Hispanic White (4358 participants). The cohort included 8151 patients with STEMI due to obstructive disease (95.2%), 120 patients with MINOCA (1.4%), and 289 patients with MINOCA mimickers (3.8%). Patients were followed up for a median (IQR) of 7.1 (3.6-10.7) years. Patients with MINOCA and MINOCA mimickers were less likely to be discharged with cardiac medications compared with obstructive disease. At 5-year follow-up, mortality in STEMI presenting with obstructive disease (1228 participants [16%]) was similar to MINOCA (20 participants [18%]; χ21 = 1.1; log-rank P = .29) and MINOCA mimickers (52 participants [18%]; χ21 = 2.3; log-rank P = .13). In adjusted Cox regression analysis compared with obstructive disease, the 5-year mortality hazard risk was 1.93 times higher in MINOCA (95% CI, 1.06-3.53) and similar in MINOCA mimickers (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.79-1.49). Conclusions and Relevance: In this large multicenter cohort study of consecutive clinical patients with STEMI, presenting with MINOCA was associated with a higher risk of mortality than obstructive disease; the risk of mortality was similar in patients with MINOCA mimickers and obstructive disease. Further investigation is necessary to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in this high-risk STEMI population.

Contemporary Management of Refractory Angina.

Refractory angina (RA) is defined as chest pain caused by coronary ischemia in patients on maximal medical therapy and is not amenable to revascularization despite advanced coronary artery disease (CAD). The long-term prognosis has improved with optimal medical therapy including risk factor modification. Still, patients are left with major impairment in quality of life and have high resource utilization with limited treatment options. We review the novel invasive and noninvasive therapies under investigation for RA.

Self- vs provider-referral differences for coronary artery calcium testing.

Study objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify independent predictors for moderate/accentuated coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and compare patients who self-referred for CAC Computed Tomography (CT) testing to those who were provider-referred. Design: Patients underwent CAC between January to July 2019. The analysis was divided into self-referred patients influenced by a CAC community campaign who identified themselves as having cardiovascular risk factors compared to provider-referred intermediate-risk patients who were asymptomatic. SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used for all analyses. Setting: Seven southwest Ohio hospitals from a single network. Participants: 2124 adult patients who received CAC CT (163 self and 1961 provider-referred). Interventions: CAC CT. Main outcome measures: Demographics, risk factors, lab values, prescriptions, and referral status were used to compare CAC score differences between self- and provider-referred patients. Results: For 2124 patients, three predictors for moderate/accentuated CAC score remained significant after multiple logistic regression: CKD (OR 0.24, CI 0.008-0.68, p < 0.05), COPD (OR 0.39, CI 0.19-0.80, p < 0.05), and CAD (OR 0.46, CI 0.22-0.98, p < 0.05). There were four differences between referred groups: history of PVD (OR 0.21, CI 0.05-0.86, p < 0.05), higher triglyceride (OR 1.004, CI 1.00-1.01, p < 0.05), higher LDL levels (OR 0.991, CI 0.98-1.00, p < 0.05), and beta blocker prescription (OR 4.38, CI 1.49-12.85, p < 0.05) in self-referred patients. Conclusions: CAC CT testing is associated with independent risk predictors and can be used to clarify cardiovascular risk in self- and provider-referred patients with statistical similarity. Patients reliably self-refer for CAC CT when risk is present during a community initiative. Such initiatives may have a preventive benefit and lead to earlier pursuit and optimization of anti-lipid therapies.