The impact of daily mean air temperature on the proportion of time in hypoglycemia in 2,582 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes - Is this association clinically relevant?

OBJECTIVES: To study the potential association between increases in daily mean air temperature and time below range (TBR <54 mg/dl) and time above range (TAR >250 mg/dl) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Individuals with type 1 diabetes <21 years with information on daily glucose profiles from the diabetes prospective follow-up study (DPV) were included (n = 2582). Further inclusion criteria were age at least 6 months at diabetes onset, diabetes duration for at least one year and treatment years 2020-2021. Mean daily air temperature and other meteorological parameters from 78 measurement stations in Germany were linked to the individual glucose sensor profile via the five-digit postcode areas of residency. We used multivariable repeated measures fractional logistic regression models with a compound symmetry covariance structure to study the association between a 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature and time in specific glucose ranges. RESULTS: A 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature was associated with an acute (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.009 (95%-CI 1.007, 1.011)) and up to 7 days delayed (OR 1.003 (1.001, 1.005)) increase in TBR <54 mg/dl. Moreover, an acute decrease in TAR >250 mg/dl (OR 0.997 (0.996, 0.997)) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the DPV registry showed small, but statistically significant changes in TBR and TAR in association with a short-term temperature increase. Higher blood flow and faster insulin absorption might be one possible mechanism. In times of increasing temperature fluctuations meteorological impacts on time in range could become even more relevant.

Metabolic control of type 1 diabetes in youth with autism spectrum disorder: A multicenter Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation analysis based on 61 749 patients up to 20 years of age.

BACKGROUND: A paucity of reports in the literature exists concerning the co-existence between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics, diabetes management and metabolic control in youth with T1D and ASD (T1D-ASD) with youth without ASD (T1D-non ASD). METHODS: Using the German/Austrian diabetes patient follow-up registry, this study analyzed aggregated data from the last available year of observation for each patient with T1D, ages 1-20 with consistent data on insulin regimen and glycated hemoglobin (A1C), between January, 2005 and March, 2017. RESULTS: From 61 749 patients, 150 (0.24%) were identified as T1D-ASD. Non-adjusted comparisons showed similar results for mean age at onset and duration of diabetes, but not for gender (male: T1D-ASD: 85.3%; T1D-non ASD: 52.8%; P < .001). Unadjusted comparisons showed no difference for severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin doses, insulin pump therapy, and body mass index. A statistical difference was observed for A1C (P-value .01) and in the number of blood glucose (SMBG) tests/day (median [interquartile range]: T1D-ASD 6.0 [4.4-7.0]; T1D-non ASD 5.0 [4.4-7.0]; P-value < .001). After adjusting for age, gender, duration of diabetes, and year of observation, only SMBG remained significant (P-value .003). T1D-ASD used psycho-stimulants (15.3% vs 2.2%; P-value < .001), antipsychotics (10.7% vs 0.6%; P-value < .001), and antidepressive medications (3.6% vs 0.7%; P-value < .001) more frequently. CONCLUSION: Metabolic control was similar in the T1D-ASD group compared to T1D-non ASD despite their comorbidity. Awareness of ASD remains important in T1D treatment, as both conditions require long-term multi-disciplinary medical follow-up for optimal outcomes.

Clinical inertia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with DPP-4i and/or SGLT-2i.

OBJECTIVES: Failure to intensify treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a timely manner is a common challenge. If newer oral anti-diabetic drugs (NOADs) such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) do not achieve metabolic control, injectable therapy like insulin or glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are required. We investigated the time in poor glycaemic control (PC, HbA1c > 7%, >7.5%, >8%) in adults with T2D treated with DPP-4i/SGLT-2i until treatment intensification with insulin/GLP-1 or until the most recent documented visit. METHODS: T2D ≥ 18 years were identified from the diabetes patient follow-up registry (DPV), which captures data from diabetes specialist care. Patients with ≥2 documented visits with DPP-4i/SGLT-2i treatment and with the most recent treatment year ≥2015 were included. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 4576 patients treated with DPP-4i/SGLT-2i. A subgroup of 1416 patients were intensified with an injectable therapy. Mean time in PC until intensification with insulin/GLP-1 was 16.7 months (HbA1c > 7%), 15.7 and 15.1 months (HbA1c > 7.5%, HbA1c > 8%) in this subgroup, respectively. Mean time in PC until most recent visit was 12.6, 9.9 and 8.4 months in the subgroup of patients without treatment intensification. CONCLUSIONS: Even with NOADs, a substantial proportion of T2D do not achieve good metabolic control. These findings may be due to individualized target setting for HbA1c, or reluctance of patients and physicians towards injectable therapy. Effective diabetes management strategies are necessary to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes and to increase quality of life in T2D.

Neuroimaging findings in a patient recovering from global alexia to spelling dyslexia.

The authors report findings in a 67-year-old right-handed man who had an ischemic infarct in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery. The clinical manifestation consisted mainly of total alexia without agraphia. The patient gradually recovered, subsequently showing the syndrome of spelling dyslexia. Cerebral MR-images revealed a circumscript infarction of medial and basal parts of left temporal lobe. In the acute stage [99mTc]HM-PAO SPECT was characterized by a diminished uptake in the definitely infarcted area and hyperfixation in the region of the left forceps major. Because high retention of HM-PAO indicates potentially salvageable tissue after an ischemic event, the depicted area might be correlated with the recovery of function. Thus, the authors' neuroimaging data give further support to the assumption that the left forceps major is a critical area for global alexia, whereas spelling dyslexia is due to involvement of the left medio-basal temporal lobe.