Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis through two surveillance systems: the national Sentinelles GP network and the national hospital discharge database, France, 2005 to 2016.

BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most frequent vector-borne disease in France. Since 2009, surveillance of LB is conducted by a sentinel network of general practitioners (GPs). This system, in conjunction with the national hospitalisation database was used to estimate the incidence and describe the characteristics of LB in France. AIM: To describe the estimated incidence and trends in GP consultations and hospital admissions for LB in France and identify risk groups and high-incidence regions. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2016, the mean yearly incidence rate of LB cases was 53 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI: 41-65) ranging from 41 in 2011 to 84 per 100 000 in 2016. A mean of 799 cases per year were hospitalised with LB associated diagnoses 2005-16. The hospitalisation incidence rate (HIR) ranged from 1.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2005 to 1.5 in 2011 with no statistically significant trend. We observed seasonality with a peak during the summer, important inter-regional variations and a bimodal age distribution in LB incidence and HIR with higher incidence between 5 and 9 year olds and those aged 60 years. Erythema migrans affected 633/667 (95%) of the patients at primary care level. Among hospitalised cases, the most common manifestation was neuroborreliosis 4,906/9,594 (51%). CONCLUSION: Public health strategies should focus on high-incidence age groups and regions during the months with the highest incidences and should emphasise prevention measures such as regular tick checks after exposure and prompt removal to avoid infection.

A new model of short acceleration-based training improves exercise performance in old mice.

In order to identify a more appealing exercise strategy for the elderly, we studied a mouse model to determine whether a less time-consuming training program would improve exercise performance, enzyme activities, mitochondrial respiration, and metabolomic parameters. We compared the effects of short-session (acceleration-based) training with those of long-session endurance training in 23-month-old mice. The short-session training consisted of five acceleration-based treadmill running sessions over 2 weeks (the acceleration group), whereas the endurance training consisted of five-one-hour treadmill sessions per week for 4 weeks (the endurance group). A control group of mice was also studied. In the acceleration group, the post-training maximum running speed and time to exhaustion were significantly improved, relative to pretraining values (+8% for speed, P<.05; +10% for time to exhaustion, P<.01). The post-training maximum running speed was higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group (by 23%; P<.001) and in the control group (by 15%; P<.05). In skeletal muscle samples, the enzymatic activities of citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase were significantly higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiratory activity in the gastrocnemius was higher in the acceleration group than in the control group. A metabolomic urine analysis revealed a higher mean taurine concentration and a lower mean branched amino acid concentration in the acceleration group. In old mice, acceleration-based training appears to be an efficient way of increasing performance by improving both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and possibly by enhancing antioxidant defenses and maintaining muscle protein balance.

Physical performance level in sarcomeric mitochondria creatine kinase knockout mouse model throughout ageing.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to establish the role of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mt-CK) in muscle energy output during exercise in a murine model of ageing (the Mt-CK knock-out mouse, Mt-CK-/-). METHODS: Three age groups of Mt-CK-/- mice and control male mice (6, 9, and 18 months of age) underwent incremental treadmill running tests. The maximum speed (Vpeak) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values were recorded. Urine samples were analyzed using metabolomic techniques. The skeletal muscle (quadriceps) expression of proteins involved in mitochondria biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and dynamin-related GTPase mitofusin 2 (Mnf2) were quantified. RESULTS: The VO2 peak (normalized to heart weight: HW) of 18-month-old (mo) Mt-CK-/- mice was 27% (p < 0.001) lower than in 18-mo control mice. The VO2peak/HW ratio was 29% (p < 0.001) lower in 18-mo Mt-CK-/- mice than in 6-mo (p < 0.001) and 32% (p < 0.001) than 9-mo Mt-CK-/- mice. With a 0° slope, Vpeak was 10% (p < 0.05) lower in 18-mo Mt-CK-/- mice than in 6-mo Mt-CK-/- mice but did not differ when comparing the 18-mo and 6-mo control groups. The skeletal muscles weight normalized on body weight in 6-mo Mt-CK-/- were 13 to 14% (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) lower versus the 6-mo control, in addition, the presence of branched-chain amino acids in the urine of 6-mo Mt-CK-/- mice suggests an imbalance in protein turnover (catabolism rather than anabolism) but we did not observe any age-related differences. The expression of PGC-1α and Mnf2 proteins in the quadriceps showed that age-related effects were more prominent than genotype effects. CONCLUSION: The present study showed ageing is potentialized by Mt-CK deficiency with regard to VO2peak, Vpeak and mitochondrial protein expression. Our results support that Mt-CK-/- mice undergo physiological adaptations, enabling them to survive and to perform as well as wild-type mice. Furthermore, it is possible that these adaptations in Mt-CK-/- mice have a high energy cost and might trigger premature ageing.

Brain stem NO modulates ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in mice.

The objective of our study was to assess the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. We measured the ventilation in acclimatized Bl6/CBA mice breathing 21% and 8% oxygen, used a nNOS inhibitor, and assessed the expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor and nNOS (mRNA and protein). Two groups of Bl6/CBA mice (n = 60) were exposed during 2 wk either to hypoxia [barometric pressure (PB) = 420 mmHg] or normoxia (PB = 760 mmHg). At the end of exposure the medulla was removed to measure the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, the expression of NMDA-NR1 receptor, and nNOS by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. We also measured the ventilatory response [fraction of inspired O(2) (Fi(O(2))) = 0.21 and 0.08] before and after S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline treatment (SMTC, nNOS inhibitor, 10 mg/kg ip). Chronic hypoxia caused an increase in ventilation that was reduced after SMTC treatment mainly through a decrease in tidal volume (Vt) in normoxia and in acute hypoxia. However, the difference observed in the magnitude of acute hypoxic ventilatory response [minute ventilation (Ve) 8% - Ve 21%] in acclimatized mice was not different. Acclimatization to hypoxia induced a rise in NMDA receptor as well as in nNOS and NO production. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that activation of nNOS is involved in the ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in mice but not in the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) while the increased expression of NMDA receptor expression in the medulla of chronically hypoxic mice plays a role in acute HVR. These results are therefore consistent with central nervous system plasticity, partially involved in ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia through nNOS.

Expression and neural control of myogenic regulatory factor genes during regeneration of mouse soleus.

Given the importance of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) for myoblast differentiation during development, the aims of this work were to clarify the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the four MRF mRNAs during soleus regeneration in mouse after cardiotoxin injury, using in situ hybridization, and to investigate the influence of innervation on the expression of each MRF during a complete degeneration/regeneration process. For this, we performed cardiotoxin injury-induced regeneration experiments on denervated soleus muscle. Myf-5, MyoD, and MRF4 mRNAs were detected in satellite cell-derived myoblasts in the first stages of muscle regeneration analyzed (2--3 days P-I). The Myf-5 transcript level dramatically decreased in young multinucleated myotubes, whereas MyoD and MRF4 transcripts were expressed persistently throughout the regeneration process. Myogenin mRNA was transiently expressed in forming myotubes. These results are discussed with regard to the potential relationships between MyoD and MRF4 in the satellite cell differentiation pathway. Muscle denervation precociously (at 8 days P-I) upregulated both the Myf-5 and the MRF4 mRNA levels, whereas the increase of both MyoD and myogenin mRNA levels was observed later, in the late stages of regeneration (30 days P-I). This significant accumulation of each differentially upregulated MRF during soleus regeneration after denervation suggests that each myogenic factor might have a distinct role in the regulatory control of muscle gene expression. This role is discussed in relation to the expression of the nerve-regulated genes, such as the nAChR subunit gene family. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:887-899, 2001)

Myosin isoforms and their light chains from the ventricular muscle of the urodelan amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii: comparison with myosin from skeletal muscles.

Myosin extracted from ventricular muscle of the urodelan amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii was analyzed in comparison with myosin extracted from skeletal muscles by native, one-dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two myosin isoforms were detected in ventricular muscle using pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis. These isomyosins contained two types of light chain subunits, LC1v and LC2v. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that LC1v comigrated with the slow light chain LC1s, whereas LC2v was characterized by a specific mobility, distinct from LC2s and LC2f. Diaphragm muscle was characterized by the coexistence of larval and adult myosin isoforms.

Blunting effect of hypoxia on the proliferation and differentiation of human primary and rat L6 myoblasts is not counteracted by Epo.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hypoxia and/or erythropoietin would be able to modulate proliferation/differentiation processes of rat and human myoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat L6 and primary human myoblasts were grown in 21% or 1% O(2) in the presence or absence of recombinant human erythropoietin (RhEpo). Presence of erythropoietin receptors (EpoR) was assayed using RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques. Cell proliferation was evaluated by determining the doubling time and kinetics of cultures by counting cells. Cell differentiation was analysed by determining myogenic fusion index using antibodies against the myosin heavy chain. Expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) proteins were evaluated using the Western blotting technique. RESULTS: After 96 h culture in growth medium for 2.5 and 9 h, doubling time of L6 and human primary myoblasts respectively, had increased in 1% O(2) conditions (P < 0.01). Kinetics of culture showed alteration in proliferation at 72 h in L6 myoblast cultures and at 4 days in human primary myoblasts. The myogenic fusion index had reduced by 30% in L6 myoblasts and by 20% in human myoblasts (P < 0.01). Expression of myogenin and MHC had reduced by around 50%. Despite presence of EpoR mRNA and protein, RhEpo did not counteract the effects of hypoxia either in L6 cells or in human myoblasts. CONCLUSIONS: The data show that exposure to hypoxic conditions (1% O(2)) of rat and human myoblasts altered their proliferation and differentiation processes. They also show that Epo is not an efficient growth factor to counteract this deleterious effect.

Analysis of muscle adaptations to terrestrial stepping in the Urodelan amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii.

The changes of myosin isoform pattern and of its associated light chains in relation to the myosin ATPase profile were analysed in different muscles of the hypothyroidian amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii submitted to terrestrial stepping, using electrophoretic and histochemical techniques. These changes were specific to the muscle type but appeared globally characterized by a type-IIB to type-IIA/I fibre transition associated with a transition from fast to intermediate and/or slow myosin isoforms. These results are similar to the effects of endurance training on locomotor muscles of mammals. The diaphragm of experimental animals was also characterized by a complete disappearance of the larval myosin isoforms which were detected in the diaphragm of control animals. The myosin pattern of ventricular muscle did not change following terrestrial stepping. This work indicates that thyroid hormone does not regulate the muscle adaptations that occur following terrestrial stepping and suggests a more complex mechanism of regulation in which innervation could be implicated.

Effects of locomotor training on hindlimb regeneration in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii.

1. The effects of locomotor training on hindlimb regeneration were studied in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii. 2. After amputation of one hindlimb at mid-femur, adult animals were subjected to regular training sessions (1 h daily, 5 days a week, over 8 months) of terrestrial stepping. 3. Eight months post-amputation, trained animals exhibited regenerated limbs of reduced size as compared to animals kept in their aquaria. Histological data showed an abnormal regeneration of both the femur and distal structures (e.g. digit muscles, metatarsi and phalanges) while medial structures (e.g. tibia and fibula) were totally re-formed. The study of the electromyographical activity in regenerated limbs during stepping and that of their reflex responsiveness to electrical stimulation showed that both motor and sensory innervations were functional in the limb stump of trained animals. 4. The regenerative capacity of the abnormal stumps was preserved since following a second amputation a quite normal hindlimb was regenerated in 3 months, provided the re-amputated animals were not trained to terrestrial stepping. 5. The stress due to handling, change in locomotor medium (aquatic vs. terrestrial) and the friction of the wound epidermis with the ground were not involved in the disruption of limb regeneration. 6. The locomotor pattern, the reflex responsiveness and the muscle fibre composition were similar in supernumerary forelimbs grafted on the back and in normal forelimbs. However, the supernumerary forelimbs regenerated normally even in animals subjected to locomotor training while the hindlimb did not. It is concluded that the disrupting effects of locomotor training on limb regeneration were localized to the the limb directly involved in locomotion. 7. The mechanisms underlying abnormal limb regeneration in animals subjected to locomotor training are discussed.

Effects of eccentric treadmill running on mouse soleus: degeneration/regeneration studied with Myf-5 and MyoD probes.

AIM: The aim of this report is to show that eccentric exercise under well-controlled conditions is an alternative model, to chemical and mechanical analyses, and analyse the process of degeneration/regeneration in mouse soleus. METHODS: For this, mice were submitted to a single bout of eccentric exercise on a treadmill down a 14 degrees decline for 150 min and the soleus muscle was analysed at different times following exercise by histology and in situ hybridization in comparison with cardiotoxin-injured muscles. RESULTS: We analyse the regenerative process by detection of the accumulation of transcripts coding for the two myogenic regulatory factors, Myf-5 and MyoD, which are good markers of the activated satellite cells. From 24 h post-exercise (P-E), clusters of mononucleated Myf-5/MyoD-positive cells were detected. Their number increased up to 96 h P-E when young MyoD-positive myotubes with central nuclei began to appear. From 96 to 168 h P-E the number of myotubes increased, about 10-fold, the new myotubes representing 58% of the muscle cells (168 h P-E). CONCLUSION: These results show that this protocol of eccentric exercise is able to induce a drastic degeneration/regeneration process in the soleus muscle. This offers the opportunity to perform biochemical and molecular analyses of a process of regeneration without muscle environment defects. The advantages of this model are discussed in the context of fundamental and therapeutical perspectives.