Krill Oil's Protective Benefits against Ultraviolet B-Induced Skin Photoaging in Hairless Mice and In Vitro Experiments.

Krill oil (KO) shows promise as a natural marine-derived ingredient for improving skin health. This study investigated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkle, and moisturizing effects on skin cells and UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. In vitro assays on HDF, HaCaT, and B16/F10 cells, as well as in vivo experiments on 60 hairless mice were conducted. A cell viability assay, diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test, elastase inhibition assay, procollagen content test, MMP-1 inhibition test, and hyaluronan production assay were used to experiment on in vitro cell models. Mice received oral KO administration (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) once a day for 15 weeks and UVB radiation three times a week. L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA) was orally administered at 100 mg/kg once daily for 15 weeks, starting from the initial ultraviolet B (UVB) exposures. L-AA administration followed each UVB session (0.18 J/cm2) after one hour. In vitro, KO significantly countered UVB-induced oxidative stress, reduced wrinkles, and prevented skin water loss by enhancing collagen and hyaluronic synthesis. In vivo, all KO dosages showed dose-dependent inhibition of oxidative stress-induced inflammatory photoaging-related skin changes. Skin mRNA expressions for hyaluronan synthesis and collagen synthesis genes also increased dose-dependently after KO treatment. Histopathological analysis confirmed that krill oil (KO) ameliorated the damage caused by UVB-irradiated skin tissues. The results imply that KO could potentially act as a positive measure in diminishing UVB-triggered skin photoaging and address various skin issues like wrinkles and moisturization when taken as a dietary supplement.

The effects of a mobile application for patient participation to improve patient safety.

BACKGROUND: Patient participation in patient safety activities in care processes is a fundamental element of safer care. Patients play an important role in preventing patient safety incidents and improving health outcomes. Therefore, healthcare providers need to develop and provide educational materials and actionable tools for patient participation. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop a mobile application for health consumers' participation and evaluate the effect of the mobile application on improving health consumers' participation in patient safety. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was adopted. We developed a mobile application on the basis of a needs assessment, literature review, compilation of patient safety topics, and validity testing of the application. The target population included Korean adults aged between 30 and 65 years who had visited a medical institution more than once within the most recent 6 months. The intervention group received patient participation training by using the mobile application, Application for Patient Participation in Safety Enhancement, for 2 months. The primary outcome variables were patient safety knowledge, self-efficacy of participation, willingness to participate and experience of patient participation in patient safety activities. End-user satisfaction was assessed using a questionnaire. To assess participants' experiences with the intervention, qualitative data were collected through a focus group interview and open-ended responses to an end-user satisfaction survey. RESULTS: The intervention group (n = 60) had significantly higher overall average scores than the control group (n = 37) with regard to patient safety knowledge (p < .001), self-efficacy of participation (p = .001), willingness to participate (p = .010) and experience of participation (p = .038) in the post-survey. The total mean end-user satisfaction score was 3.56 ± 0.60. The participants expressed the realization that patients could play an important role in improving patient safety. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that educating health consumers through a mobile application with useful information improves patient participation in patient safety activities. Educational materials and patient participation tools could motivate health consumers' health-related behaviours. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients were involved during the programme development and evaluation.

Distinct molecular evolution of influenza H3N2 strains in the 2016/17 season and its implications for vaccine effectiveness.

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics by resulting in a considerable number of influenza-like illness (ILI) patients. During the 2016/17 season, ILI rates increased unusually earlier and higher than previous seasons in Korea, and most viral isolates were subtyped as H3N2 strains. Notably, the hemagglutinin (HA) of most Korean H3N2 strains retained newly introduced lysine signatures in HA antigenic sites A and D, compared with that of clade 3C.2a vaccine virus, which affected antigenic distances to the standard vaccine antisera in a hemagglutination inhibition assay. The neuraminidase (NA) of Korean H3N2 strains also harbored amino acid mutations. However, neither consistent amino acid mutations nor common phylogenetic clustering patterns were observed. These suggest that Korean H3N2 strains of the 2016/17 season might be distantly related with the vaccine virus both in genotypic and phenotypic classifications, which would adversely affect vaccine effectiveness.

Mobile-Based Video Learning Outcomes in Clinical Nursing Skill Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Mobile devices are a regular part of daily life among the younger generations. Thus, now is the time to apply mobile device use to nursing education. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a mobile-based video clip on learning motivation, competence, and class satisfaction in nursing students using a randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest design. A total of 71 nursing students participated in this study: 36 in the intervention group and 35 in the control group. A video clip of how to perform a urinary catheterization was developed, and the intervention group was able to download it to their own mobile devices for unlimited viewing throughout 1 week. All of the students participated in a practice laboratory to learn urinary catheterization and were blindly tested for their performance skills after participation in the laboratory. The intervention group showed significantly higher levels of learning motivation and class satisfaction than did the control. Of the fundamental nursing competencies, the intervention group was more confident in practicing catheterization than their counterparts. Our findings suggest that video clips using mobile devices are useful tools that educate student nurses on relevant clinical skills and improve learning outcomes.

Patient safety education and baccalaureate nursing students' patient safety competency: A cross-sectional study.

This cross-sectional study examines baccalaureate nursing programs in South Korea to determine how and to what extent patient safety education was delivered, and to assess nursing students' patient safety competency. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) student evaluation survey and a Patient Safety Competency Self-Evaluation tool were used. We distributed 234 surveys to senior students in four nursing schools; 206 (88%) students responded to the survey. The majority of students (81.6%) reported that they had received patient safety education during coursework. Patient safety education was delivered primarily by lecture rather than during laboratory or simulation sessions. The degree of coverage of QSEN competency and the students' self-reported competency in total and attitude scores showed statistical differences among nursing schools. Students' attitude score was significantly higher than skill and knowledge. Our results confirm the need to revise the nursing curriculum and to use various teaching methods to deliver patient safety education more comprehensively and effectively. Furthermore, there is a need to develop an integrated approach to ensuring students' balanced competency.

[Structural Topic Modeling Analysis of Patient Safety Interest among Health Consumers in Social Media].

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate healthcare consumers' interest in patient safety on social media using structural topic modeling (STM) and to identify changes in interest over time. METHODS: Analyzing 105,727 posts from Naver news comments, blogs, internet cafés, and Twitter between 2010 and 2022, this study deployed a Python script for data collection and preprocessing. STM analysis was conducted using R, with the documents' publication years serving as metadata to trace the evolution of discussions on patient safety. RESULTS: The analysis identified a total of 13 distinct topics, organized into three primary communities: (1) "Demand for systemic improvement of medical accidents," underscoring the need for legal and regulatory reform to enhance accountability; (2) "Efforts of the government and organizations for safety management," highlighting proactive risk mitigation strategies; and (3) "Medical accidents exposed in the media," reflecting widespread concerns over medical negligence and its repercussions. These findings indicate pervasive concerns regarding medical accountability and transparency among healthcare consumers. CONCLUSION: The findings emphasize the importance of transparent healthcare policies and practices that openly address patient safety incidents. There is clear advocacy for policy reforms aimed at increasing the accountability and transparency of healthcare providers. Moreover, this study highlights the significance of educational and engagement initiatives involving healthcare consumers in fostering a culture of patient safety. Integrating consumer perspectives into patient safety strategies is crucial for developing a robust safety culture in healthcare.

Dietary supplementation of high-performance Korean and Japanese judoists.

This research investigated patterns of the use of dietary supplement and doping awareness among high-ranked judoists from 2 countries. Korean (70 men and 31 women) and Japanese (37 men and 34 women) national judo team members were divided into 2 groups (high and low competitive performance levels) according to their international and national rankings. Fifty-nine percent of Korean and 61% of Japanese judoists consumed dietary supplements. Eighty-eight percent of high- and 51% of low-competitive-performance-level Korean judoists consumed dietary supplements. Sixty-eight percent of high- and 57% of low-competitive-performance-level Japanese judoists consumed dietary supplements. Oriental supplements (34%), vitamins (23%), and protein powder (12%) were the most commonly consumed dietary supplements in Korean judoists. Vitamins (45%), protein powder (33%), and minerals (15%) were the most commonly consumed dietary supplements in Japanese judoists. Thirty-eight percent of judoists from both countries had not received any proper education about antidoping, and 44% of judoists from both countries had not received knowledge of antidoping legislation. There was a significant difference in education about antidoping between high and low competitive-performance levels of Korean judoists (p < .001). Korean judoists received significantly less antidoping education than Japanese judoists (p < .001). The associations for antidoping education and knowledge of antidoping legislation with the use of dietary supplements were 3.46 (95% CI = 1.31-9.12) and 1.63 (95% CI = 0.71-3.76), respectively. Our findings showed that use of dietary supplements in judoists from both countries was increased after experiencing antidoping education.

Development and evaluation of a forensic nursing competency-based hybrid simulation education program: A quasi-experimental design.

AIM: This study aimed to develop and validate the effectiveness of a hybrid simulation education program designed to enhance the forensic nursing competency of emergency department nurses. BACKGROUND: Emergency nurses often bear the responsibility of conducting forensic nursing assessments and interventions, such as patient recognition and evidence collection, to safeguard patients' legal rights, given their frequent encounters with emergency department patients. Simulation methods have proven effective in training for forensic nursing care. However, there is still a need for the development of forensic nursing education using simulation methods. DESIGN: This study employed a one-group pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design. A four-hour simulation education program was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model, with a focus on enhancing forensic nursing competency. METHODS: Nurses with more than six months of clinical experience in the emergency department in South Korea were divided into an experimental group (n=23) and a baseline comparison group (n=24). Both groups completed self-evaluations of their forensic nursing competency through a survey. The experimental group underwent the simulation education program, and their forensic nursing performance was evaluated before and after the program. Following the training, participants completed a questionnaire to assess their forensic nursing competency and satisfaction with the program. RESULTS: The initial forensic nursing competency of the experimental and baseline comparison groups was found to be similar. However, the forensic nursing competency and performance of the experimental group exhibited significant improvement after the training. Regarding program evaluation, the average scores on a 5-point scale were as follows: theoretical lecture (4.79 SD 0.27), simulation education (4.78 SD 0.29), simulation design (4.42 SD 0.45), and satisfaction with the educational program (4.82 SD 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The forensic nursing competency-based simulation education program herein improved the relevant competency and performance of emergency nurses.

Communication education regarding patient safety for registered nurses in acute hospital settings: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The importance of correct and timely communication continues to be emphasised in the area of patient safety. Nurses play a key role in communicating with a variety of healthcare personnel to deliver safe care for patients. Many attempts have been made to improve nursing professionals' communication competencies regarding patient safety. However, the scope, method and effectiveness of communication education regarding patient safety for registered nurses have not been sufficiently reviewed. In order to understand the overall status of this field, a scoping review with a systematic framework is necessary. The objective of this study is to map the extent, range and nature of literature on communication education regarding patient safety for registered nurses in acute hospital settings and identify gaps to guide future research, policy and practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will be conducted in accordance with the methodology for scoping reviews developed by Arksey and O'Malley. To strengthen its rigour, the scoping review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The overall review process will involve an independent review by two reviewers to select and analyse literature. The databases to be explored are MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Korean Medical Database (KMBASE). In addition, we will endeavour to include the grey literature through manual searches on patient safety-related websites. This review will target literature on communication programmes for patient safety provided to registered nurses in acute hospital settings and will include peer-reviewed literature in English and Korean since 2000, when research in the field of patient safety started to increase rapidly. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Since this study is a review of previous studies, no ethics approval is required. The findings of the study will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

The impact of informal caregivers on depressive symptoms among older adults receiving formal home health care.

This study evaluated the association between presence and types of informal caregivers and the presence of depressive symptoms among older adults receiving formal home health care (HHC). A secondary analysis of data was conducted using a computerized patient care database, the Outcome and Assessment Information Set. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the data of 8448 patients aged 65 years or older who had been admitted to an HHC agency from acute care hospitals between January 1, 2002 and June 30, 2002. The outcome variable was the presence of depressive symptoms. The primary predictor variable was the presence and types of informal caregivers. Covariates included demographic variables, health status, length of time enrolled in formal HHC, patient living arrangements, and the frequency and types of care received from informal caregivers. A lower percentage of older adults receiving care from both informal caregivers and a formal HHC agency (13.3%) had depressive symptoms than older adults receiving only formal HHC (14.9%) at the end of a 60-day episode in formal HHC. Older adults without an informal caregiver were more likely to experience depressive symptoms than those with an informal caregiver after a 60-day episode in HHC (odds ratio = 1.229, 95% confidence interval = 1.027-1.471). There was no significant association between the types of informal caregivers and the presence of depressive symptoms.

Development and Evaluation of a Teamwork Improvement Program for Perioperative Patient Safety.

BACKGROUND: Effective teamwork in healthcare teams improves quality of care, which positively impacts on patient safety. Teamwork is especially crucial for perioperative nurses because they provide care as a team in the operating room. Previous research on teamwork training has principally addressed the general aspects of healthcare settings and focused on interdisciplinary teamwork and has rarely considered operative settings and nursing teamwork. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a teamwork improvement program for perioperative patient safety and to evaluate the effectiveness of this program. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was applied. We developed a teamwork improvement program based on teamwork competencies that focused on the perioperative nursing practice. This research was conducted at two operating centers in a tertiary hospital in South Korea, and a total of 60 perioperative nurses participated, including 28 nurses from the cancer operating center (experimental group) and 32 nurses from the main operating center (control group). The program consisted of four sessions and was delivered to the experimental group for a period of 2 weeks. Following the intervention, the effectiveness of the intervention was measured using a self-report questionnaire, focus group interviews, and program evaluation survey. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, t test, Fisher's exact test, and content analysis. RESULTS: Nearly all (96.4%) of the participants were satisfied with the overall content of the teamwork improvement program. Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups with regard to teamwork knowledge, teamwork attitudes, communication self-efficacy, and teamwork skills and behaviors. Three themes were elicited from the qualitative analysis, including "recognizing the importance and content of teamwork," "improving teamwork competencies," and "contributing to safe surgery." No significant difference in the incidence of surgical nursing errors was identified between the experimental and control groups within a 4-week period. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The teamwork improvement program developed in this study was demonstrated as effective in improving perioperative nurses' utilization of teamwork competencies in nursing practice and positively changing teamwork. The findings of this study provide evidence that teamwork training increases nurses' teamwork competencies. The clinical application of teamwork tools using competency-based teamwork training may contribute to patient safety and safe nursing practice.

Comparative analysis of core muscle activation according to the use of props and the different knee angle during the modified Pilates Hundred.

BACKGROUND: There are not so many Pilates studies related to muscle activation. Since the effectiveness and efficiency of the Pilates Hundred to muscle activation has recently emerged, it is necessary to investigate the effects of the Pilates Hundred on core muscles. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine what difference occurs in the muscle activity, during the Pilates Hundred, to suggest the optimal props for muscle function improvement and then to provide data for the efficient exercise program. METHODS: Twenty-eight men in their twenties who were able to fully conduct Pilates Hundred. According to the difference between the small tool application (no prop: NP, soft ball mini: SB, Pilates ring: PR) and the knee joint angle (90° and 180°), muscle activations of rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), rectus femoris (RF), lateral muscle (vastus lateralis: VL), medial muscle (vastus medialis: VM), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) were measured by the using surface electromyography (EMG) while different exercise conditions. RESULTS: During Pilates Hundred, the use of tools was found to be more effective in activating the core muscle (NP < SB < PR). During Pilates Hundred, 180° of knee angle had more influence on core muscle activation than 90°, and knee angle and props use showed an interaction for activating core muscles. CONCLUSION: The Pilates Hundred with PR and 180° knee angle intervention can increase core muscle activation, and this leads to effective Pilates exercise program for those who need to enhance core muscle volume and function and to rehabilitate core muscles.

Effects of applied swan pilates motions on upper body muscle activities.

BACKGROUND: There have been very few studies involving swan motion during pilates exercises, and there is also insufficient scientific evidence to support the fact that Pilates swan motion strengthens specific muscles. OBJECTIVES: Firstly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 types Pilates swan motion (swan basic (SB), swan push-up (SP), swan holding posture (SH), form roller-based swan (SF), and circle-based swan (SC)) on muscle activity of deltoideus p. acromialis (DA), infraspinatus (IP), trapezius (TP), latissimus dorsi (LD), and erector spinae (ES). Secondly, the purpose of this study was to suggest an effective Pilates swan motion for strengthening muscle strength of each targeted muscle. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy men in their 20s participated and all participants were measured muscle activity in DA, IP, TP, LD, and ES muscles by electromyography (EMG) during 5 Pilates swan motions (SB, SP, SH, SF, & SC). The measured values were expressed as relative voluntary contraction (%RVC) values based on the SB. RESULTS: The %RVC values representing the muscle activity of DA and TP were significantly higher in SH and SP than in SC, SF, and SB (p < .001). The %RVC values of IP and LD were significantly higher in SH and SC than in SF, SP, and SB (p < .001). The %RVC value of ES was were significantly higher in SH than in SP, SC, SF, and SB (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The application of SP, SC, and SH Pilates swan motion is an effective method to activate the back muscles of the trunk.

Interventions to Engage Patients and Families in Patient Safety: A Systematic Review.

The involvement of patients and families is essential for improving patient safety. However, the role of patients and caregivers in patient safety has recently been receiving attention, and programs and interventions have been implemented for patients and caregivers. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the types of interventions to improve patient safety that focused on engaging patients and their families, and the effectiveness of these interventions. Searching four electronic databases, 2019 articles were obtained; of these, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. The studies used intervention strategies at the "information" and "involvement" engagement levels. Interventions with strategies only at the information level mostly measured safety perception and were mostly found to be effective. Interventions with both information and involvement strategies measured more diverse outcomes, but their effectiveness was inconsistent. Further studies using a range of intervention strategies and outcomes with more rigorous methodologies are needed.PROSPERO registration number CRD42018096162.

Predictors of depression screening rates of nurses receiving a personal digital assistant-based reminder to screen.

The purpose of this study was to determine if race/ethnicity, payer type, or nursing specialty affected depression screening rates in primary care settings in which nurses received a reminder to screen. The sample comprised 4,160 encounters in which nurses enrolled in advanced practice training were prompted to screen for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2/PHQ-9 integrated into a personal digital assistant-based clinical decision support system for depression screening and management. Nurses chose to screen in response to 52.5% of reminders. Adjusted odds ratios showed that payer type and nurse specialty, but not race/ethnicity, significantly predicted proportion of patients screened.

Mixed-method investigation of health consumers' perception and experience of participation in patient safety activities.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the factors influencing patient safety behaviours and to explore health customers' experiences of patient participation in the healthcare system. DESIGN: A mixed-method sequential explanatory design was employed using a survey and focus group interviews with health consumers. SETTING: The study was conducted in South Korea using an online survey tool. PARTICIPANTS: Survey data were collected from 493 Korean adults, aged 19 years or older, who had visited hospitals within the most recent 1 year. Focus group interviews were conducted in two groups of six participants each among those of the survey participants who agreed to participate in focus groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survey measured the recognition of the importance of participation, extent of willingness to participate and experience of engaging in patient safety activities using a 4-point Likert scale. Qualitative data were collected through focus group interviews to explore health consumers' experience of patient participation in hospital care, and the data were analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: The average score for experience of participation in patient safety behaviours (2.13±0.63) was found to be lower than those of recognition of the importance of participation (3.27±0.51) and willingness to participate (2.62±0.52). By integrating the results of the quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the factors associated with the experience of engaging in healthcare behaviour included patient-related factors, illness-related factors, factors involving relationship between patients and healthcare providers, and healthcare environment factors. CONCLUSIONS: To improve patient participation, it is necessary to create a healthcare environment in which patients can speak comfortably and to provide an education programme reflecting the patients' needs. Also, healthcare providers must consider patients as partners for patient safety. Shared decision-making procedures and patient-centred care and patient safety policies should be established in hospitals.

Comparative Studies on Patient Safety Culture to Strengthen Health Systems Among Southeast Asian Countries.

Patient safety is an important issue in health systems worldwide. A systematic review of previous studies on patient safety culture in Southeast Asian countries is necessary for South Korea's partnership with these countries, especially given South Korea's assistance in strengthening the health systems of these developing countries. Studies on patient safety culture in Southeast Asian countries, published in English and Thai languages, were retrieved from computerized databases using keywords through a manual search. Data extraction, quality assessment, and analyses were performed using several tools. The review included 21 studies conducted in Indonesia (n = 8), Thailand (n = 5), Malaysia (n = 3), Vietnam (n = 2), Singapore (n = 1), and the Philippines (n = 1). They were analyzed and categorized into 12 dimensions of safety culture, and differences in response rate or scores were identified compared to the mean of the dimensions. The heterogeneous of safety culture's situation among Southeast Asian countries, both in practice and in research, can be explained since patient safety policy and its application are not prioritized as much as they are in developed countries in the priority compared to the developed countries. However, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos are the priority countries for South Korea's official healthcare development assistance in the Southeast Asia region. Vietnam, for instance, is an economically transitioning country; therefore, consolidated patient safety improvement by inducing patient safety culture in the provincial and central health system as well as strengthening project formulation to contribute to health policy formation are needed for sustainable development of the partner countries' health systems. It is recommended that more evidence-based proactive project planning and implementation be conducted to integrate patient safety culture into the health systems of developing countries, toward health policy on patient safety and quality service for the attainment of sustainable development goals in South Korea's development cooperation.

Requirement Analysis for Developing a Patient Participation Program in Patient Safety.

Patients' roles in preventing errors has been emphasized. Patients' and families' participation is one of the important strategies to improve patient safety. Therefore, it is necessary to educate patients and families who visit hospitals. Web-based educational programs can be useful tools to provide patient safety information easily and enhance patients' and families' knowledge. This study analyzed requirements for developing a web-based program for patient participation in patient safety.

Effects of resistance exercise on antioxidant enzyme activities and apoptosis-related protein expression of hippocampus in OLETF rats.

BACKGROUND: Studies on antioxidant enzyme activity and apoptosis related protein expression associated with diabetes are mainly limited to aerobic exercise. Since the effectiveness and efficiency of the resistance to diabetes has recently emerged, it is necessary to investigate the effects of regular resistance exercise on these factors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on antioxidant enzymes activities and apoptosis related protein expression in hippocampus of diabetic rats. METHODS: Twenty-one male rats were divided into 3 groups: LETO (control group), OLETF (diabetes group) and OLETF + EX (OLETF with resistance exercise group). Resistance exercise consisted of ladder climbing every 5 days for 30 minutes for 8 weeks. The exercise group was trained to climb a 180-cm vertical ladder with weights secured to their tails. Antioxidant enzyme activities, apoptosis related protein expression, and HOMA-IR level were measured. RESULTS: The lipid peroxide and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased in OLETF + EX compared to OLETF (p< 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly lower in OLETF + EX than OLETF (p< 0.001). Caspase-3 expression of hippocampus was significantly decreased in OLETF + EX compared to OLETF (p< 0.05). Bax protein expression was significantly lower in OLETF + EX than OLETF (p< 0.05) whereas Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher in OLETF + EX than OLETF (p< 0.05). HOMA-IR level was significantly decreased in OLETF + EX compared to OLETF (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regular resistance exercise intervention can decrease oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and this may lead to attenuate apoptosis related protein such as caspase-3, bax and bcl-2 expression in hippocampus of diabetic population.