One-Step Synthesis of Hollow Dimpled Polystyrene Microparticles by Dispersion Polymerization.

The design and preparation of hollow nonspherical microparticles are of great significance for their potential applications, but the development of a facile synthetic method using only one production step remains a great challenge. In the current work, a new template-free method based on dispersion polymerization was successfully developed to produce anisotropic hollow polystyrene (PS) microparticles in a single step. In the synthesis, ammonium persulfate (APS) played a critical role in the formation and growth of highly uniform and stable hollow PS microparticles. By varying the concentration of APS and that of the stabilizer used, polyvinylpyrrolidone, we were able to control the average size of the PS particles and their degree of concavity. Based on our results and observations, a plausible mechanism for formation of these unusually shaped PS microparticles was proposed.

Highly emissive 'frozen-in' conjugated polymer nanofibers.

Conjugated-polymer nanofibers with a thermodynamically stable, coarsened, disordered structure in an amorphous glassy state were fabricated via a freeze-drying method using a poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative. The nanofibers were extremely emissive, with a fluorescence (FL) quantum yield of approximately 0.34, which was much higher than that of both the cast film (0.02) and the solution (0.21). Similarly, the amplitude-weighted average FL lifetime of the nanofibers was 0.74 ns, which was much longer than that of the film (0.29 ns) and the solution (0.57 ns). This unusual and enhanced FL-emission behavior was attributed to the abruptly quenched chain structure that was created by the freeze-drying process. The polymer chains in the nanofibers remained frozen-in and the side phenyl rings were retained in a relaxed state. The metastable chains did not undergo vibrational relaxation and collisional quenching to generate the radiative emission decay effectively.

Reusable, Ultrasensitive, Patterned Conjugated Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complex Film with a Wide Detection Range for Copper Ion Detection.

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are emerging as promising materials in the sensor field because they enable high-sensitivity detection of various substances in aqueous media. However, most CPE-based sensors have serious problems in real-world application because the sensor system is operated only when the CPE is dissolved in aqueous media. Here, the fabrication and performance of a water-swellable (WS) CPE-based sensor driven in the solid state are demonstrated. The WS CPE films are prepared by immersing a water-soluble CPE film in cationic surfactants of different alkyl chain lengths in a chloroform solution. The prepared film exhibits rapid, limited water swellability despite the absence of chemical crosslinking. The water swellability of the film enables the highly sensitive and selective detection of Cu2+ in water. The fluorescence quenching constant and the detection limit of the film are 7.24 × 106 L mol-1 and 4.38 nM (0.278 ppb), respectively. Moreover, the film is reusable via a facile treatment. Furthermore, various fluorescent patterns introduced by different surfactants are successfully fabricated by a simple stamping method. By integrating the patterns, Cu2+ detection in a wide concentration range (nM-mM) can be achieved.

Simple and rapid electrochemical monitoring for depolymerization of polyamic acid.

Excellent thermal and mechanical properties of aromatic polyimides (PIs) make them attractive materials in various fields. PIs is performed using polyamic acid (PAA) precursors due to their limited solubility. However, PAAs can be easily depolymerized by moisture and heat, which can degrade the properties of PIs. Therefore, quality control of PAAs is an important task in researches and industrial applications. Here, we propose a simple, rapid, and novel method to observe the depolymerization of PAAs. The method is based on the principle that, as the molecular weight of the polymer decreases, the solution viscosity decreases, and the viscosity of the solution can be easily and rapidly measured using electrochemistry. We accelerated depolymerization by applying heat to a PAA solution and measured the change in viscosity of the solution through cyclic voltammetry. The proposed method, which also makes it possible to determine the dynamic viscosity of a polymer solution, is presented as a model system to observe state changes in various polymers.

Positive-/negative-, erasable-/immobilized-, mono-/multi-color fluorescence image patterning of molecular-scale porous polymer film via a microcontact printing method using various chemical inks.

Fluorescent image patterns of a substituted acetylene polymer film with a large FFV were successfully obtained by a µCP method using several kinds of chemical ink compounds. PO and SCA generated positive-type fluorescent image patterns. On the other hand, an ethanolic solution of DNT generated a negative-type fluorescent image pattern due to a significant quenching effect. An NMP solution of NR gave a two-color image pattern due to an intermolecular energy transfer from PTMSDPA to NR.

Remarkable change in fluorescence emission of poly(diphenylacetylene) film via in situ desilylation reaction: correlation with variations in microporous structure, chain conformation, and lamellar layer distance.

Fluorescence (FL) emission properties, microporous structures, energy-minimized chain conformations, and lamellar layer structures of the silicon-containing poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative of p-PTMSDPA before and after desilylation were investigated. The nitrogen-adsorption isotherms of p-PTMSDPA film before and after desilylation were typical of type I, indicating microporous structures. The BET surface area and pore volume of the p-PTMSDPA film were significantly reduced after the desilylation reaction, simultaneously, its FL emission intensity remarkably decreased. The theoretical calculation on both model compounds of p-PTMSDPA and its desilylated polymer, PDPA, showed a remarkable difference in chain conformation: The side phenyl rings of p-PTMSDPA are discontinuously arranged in a zig-zag pattern, while the PDPA is continuously coiled in a helical manner. The lamellar layer distance (LLD) in the p-PTMSDPA film significantly decreased after the desilylation reaction.

Unusual piezochromic fluorescence of a distyrylpyrazine derivative crystals: phase transition through [2 + 2] photocycloaddition under UV irradiation.

The piezochromic fluorescence (FL) of a distyrylpyrazine derivative, 2,3-diisocyano-5,6-distyrylpyrazine (DSP), was investigated in this study. Depending on the recrystallization method, DSP afforded two different crystals with green and orange FL emission. The orange color FL emission crystal (O-form) was easily converted to the green color FL emission one (G-form) by manual grinding. The G-form was also converted to a slightly different orange color FL emission crystal (RO-form) by a weak UV irradiation. When the RO-form was ground again, the G-form was regenerated. The FL colors changed between the G- and RO-forms over several ten times by repeated mechanical grinding and UV irradiation. The FL, UV-visible, 1H-NMR and XRD results showed that the O (or RO)-to-G transformation induced by mechanical stress results from the change of degree of molecular stacking from dense molecular stacking structure to relatively loose molecular stacking structure, whereas the G-to-RO reconversion by UV irradiation results from return to dense molecular stacking structure again due to lattice movement (lattice slipping) allowed by photocycloaddition in solid-state.

Fluorescence imaging of latent fingerprints on conjugated polymer films with large fractional free volume.

When a fluorescent conjugated polymer film of PTMSDPA with an extremely large fractional free volume was directly or indirectly contacted to latent fingerprints, high resolution fluorescence images were obtained.

Fluorescence Response of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte in an Immiscible Two-Phase System via Nonelectrostatic Interaction with Surfactants.

This paper reports a unique fluorescence (FL) response and diverse applications of conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) through nonelectrostatic interaction with appropriate (bio)surfactants in an immiscible two-phase system. A sulfonated microporous conjugated polymer (SMCP) with a conformation-variable intramolecular stacked structure was used as the CPE film. Despite the extremely high hydrophilicity, the SMCP film responded significantly to the hydrophobic circumstances, either physicochemically or electronically, in the presence of water-in-oil (w/o)-type nonionic surfactants with appropriate hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values. The polymer film became fully wet with hydrophobic solvents due to the addition of small amounts of (bio)surfactant to reveal remarkable FL emission enhancement and chromism. Microcontact and inkjet printing using the SMCP film (or SMCP-adsorbed paper) and the surfactant solution as substrate and ink, respectively, provided high-resolution FL images due to the distinctive surfactant-induced FL change (SIFC) characteristic. Moreover, the additional electrostatic interaction of SMCP film with oppositely charged surfactants further enhanced the FL emission. Our findings will help comprehensive understanding of the nonelectrostatic SIFC mechanism of CPEs and development of novel SIFC-active materials.

Fluorescence turn-on response of a conjugated polyelectrolyte with intramolecular stack structure to biomacromolecules.

An anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte based on polydiphenylacetylene showed a significant fluorescence turn-on response to positively-charged proteins through a conformational relaxation of its intramolecular stack structure.

Optically active, lyotropic liquid crystalline poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative: hierarchical chiral ordering from isotropic solution to anisotropic solid films.

The side chain chirality of a poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative was transferred and amplified spontaneously from solution to a bulk film due to lyotropic liquid crystallinity.

Solvent-assisted, accelerated photobleaching and fluorescence recovery of conjugated polymer film.

The fluorescence of conjugated polymer film was effectively quenched in polar protic solvent upon UV light irradiation and recovered by aging-in-air or reneutralization with amine.

Piezochromic fluorescence in liquid crystalline conjugated polymers.

Liquid crystalline diphenylacetylene polymer derivatives showed piezochromic fluorescence via order-to-disorder phase transition.

Substitution position effect on photoluminescence emission and chain conformation of poly(diphenylacetylene) derivatives.

The significant variation in photoluminescence emission of poly(diphenylacetylene) derivatives according to the substitution position is due to the differences in the intramolecular pi-stack structure and chain conformation.