Patient-Wise Methodology to Assess Glycemic Health Status: Applications to Quantify the Efficacy and Physiological Targets of Polyphenols on Glycemic Control.

A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary polyphenols could be used as an early intervention to treat glucose-insulin (G-I) dysregulation. However, studies report heterogeneous information, and the targets of the intervention remain largely elusive. In this work, we provide a general methodology to quantify the effects of any given polyphenol-rich food or formulae over glycemic regulation in a patient-wise manner using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). We use a mathematical model to represent individual OGTT curves as the coordinated action of subsystems, each one described by a parameter with physiological interpretation. Using the parameter values calculated for a cohort of 1198 individuals, we propose a statistical model to calculate the risk of dysglycemia and the coordination among subsystems for each subject, thus providing a continuous and individual health assessment. This method allows identifying individuals at high risk of dysglycemia-which would have been missed with traditional binary diagnostic methods-enabling early nutritional intervention with a polyphenol-supplemented diet where it is most effective and desirable. Besides, the proposed methodology assesses the effectiveness of interventions over time when applied to the OGTT curves of a treated individual. We illustrate the use of this method in a case study to assess the dose-dependent effects of Delphinol® on reducing dysglycemia risk and improving the coordination between subsystems. Finally, this strategy enables, on the one hand, the use of low-cost, non-invasive methods in population-scale nutritional studies. On the other hand, it will help practitioners assess the effectiveness of an intervention based on individual vulnerabilities and adapt the treatment to manage dysglycemia and avoid its progression into disease.

Delphinol® standardized maqui berry extract significantly lowers blood glucose and improves blood lipid profile in prediabetic individuals in three-month clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that supplementation with delphinidin-rich maqui berry extract Delphinol® significantly alters postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and acutely lowers both insulin and glucose at fasting conditions. Additionally, the maqui berry extract affects absorption of glucose, which was attributed by other groups to SGLT1-inhibition. METHODS: Because this activity profile suggests promising potential for improving glucose metabolism in prediabetes, we investigated in a three months trial the effects of Delphinol® in 31 subjects, presenting just diagnose, moderate glucose intolerance, measuring HbA1c, glucose tolerance and lipid profile in monthly intervals. RESULTS: Average levels of glycosylated hemoglobin decreased from initial 5.65±0.09% (SE) to 5.50±0.08% (SE) (P=0.084) after one month, 5.39±0.08% (SE) (P=0.010) after two months and 5.35±0.08% (SE) (P=0.003) after three months of daily supplementation with 180 mg Delphinol® in the morning. Fasting insulin and glucose were non-significantly lowered. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) performed in monthly intervals did not result in significant alterations compared to baseline characteristics. Blood lipid measurements showed significant reduction of LDL after three months (P=0.001), VLDL already decrease after one month (P=0.019). VLDL values subsequently raise again showing no statistical difference with the starting condition. HDL increased significantly over baseline during the entire treatment period. Total cholesterol and triglycerides did not present with significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings point to considerable health potentials benefits of Delphinol, particularly related to the improvement of glucose metabolism. Delphinol® was well tolerated and no adverse effects occurred.

Delphinidin-Rich Maqui Berry Extract (Delphinol®) Lowers Fasting and Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia in Prediabetic Individuals during Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests.

Delphinidin anthocyanins have previously been associated with the inhibition of glucose absorption. Blood glucose lowering effects have been ascribed to maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) extracts in humans after boiled rice consumption. In this study, we aimed to explore whether a standardized delphinidin-rich extract from maqui berry (Delphinol) affects glucose metabolism in prediabetic humans based on glycemia and insulinemia curves obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after a challenge with pure glucose. Volunteers underwent four consecutive OGTTs with at least one week washout period, in which different doses of Delphinol were administered one hour before glucose intake. Delphinol significantly and dose-dependently lowered basal glycemia and insulinemia. Lower doses delayed postprandial glycemic and insulinemic peaks, while higher doses reversed this tendency. Glycemia peaks were dose-dependently lowered, while insulinemia peaks were higher for the lowest dose and lower for other doses. The total glucose available in blood was unaffected by treatments, while the total insulin availability was increased by low doses and decreased by the highest dose. Taken together, these open exploratory results suggest that Delphinol could be acting through three possible mechanisms: by inhibition of intestinal glucose transporters, by an incretin-mediated effect, or by improving insulin sensitivity.