Effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging strategies of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China.

Provisioning can significantly affect the ranging patterns, foraging strategies, and time budget of wild primates. In this study, we document for the first time, the effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging effort in an Asian colobine. Over 3-years, we used an instantaneous scanning method at 10-min intervals to collect data on the activity budget of a semiprovisioned breeding band (SPB) of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) (42-70 individuals) at Xiangguqing (Tacheng), Yunnan, China. We then compared the effects of provisioning in our study band with published data on a sympatric wild nonprovisioned breeding band (NPB) of R. bieti (ca. 360 monkeys) at the same field site. The SPB spent 25.6% of their daytime feeding, 17.1% traveling, 46.9% resting, and 10.3% socializing. In comparison, the NPB devoted more time to feeding (34.9%) and socializing (14.1%), less time to resting (31.3%), and was characterized by a greater foraging effort (1.74 versus 0.96, foraging effort = (feeding + traveling)/resting; see Methods). There was no difference between bands in the proportion of their activity budget devoted to traveling (15.7% vs. 17.1%). In addition, the SPB exhibited a more consistent activity budget and foraging effort across all seasons of the year compared to the NPB. These findings suggest that the distribution, availability, and productivity of naturally occurring feeding sites is a major determinant of the behavioral strategies and activity budget of R. bieti. Finally, a comparison of our results with data on six nonprovisioned R. bieti bands indicates that caution must be raised in meta-analyses or intraspecific comparisons of primate behavioral ecology that contain data generated from both provisioned and nonprovisioned groups.

Comparison of mNGS and conventional culture in non-organ transplant critically ill patients supported by ECMO: a single-center study.

Objectives: Infection is one of the important causes of death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. At present, there are few articles focused on the detailed analysis of pathogenic microorganisms detected in different therapy periods of critically ill patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods: From October 2020 to October 2022, ECMO-assisted patients who underwent multiple times of both metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) test and conventional culture were enrolled continuously in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The baseline data, laboratory test results, and pathogenic microorganisms detected by mNGS and traditional culture in different time periods were recorded and analyzed. Results: In the present study, 62 patients were included finally. According to whether the patients survived at discharge, they were divided into the survivor group (n = 24) and the non-survivor group (n = 38). Then, according to the different types of ECMO support, they were divided into the veno-venous ECMO (VV ECMO) group (n = 43) and the veno-arterial ECMO (VA ECMO) group (n = 19). The summit period of specimens of traditional culture and mNGS detection of ECMO patients was 7 days after admission, and the largest number of specimens of surviving patients appeared after ECMO withdrawal. The total number of traditional culture specimens was 1,249, the positive rate was 30.4% (380/1,249), and the positive rate of mNGS was 79.6% (82/103). A total of 28 kinds of pathogenic microorganisms were cultured from conventional culture, and 58 kinds of pathogenic microorganisms were detected by mNGS, including Mycobacterium, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia psittaci. In conventional culture, the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium striatum, and Candida glabrata, and those with the highest frequency of occurrence in mNGS detection were Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, and Aspergillus flavus. Conclusions: Throughout the whole treatment process, different kinds of suspicious biological specimens of high-infection-risk ICU patients supported by ECMO should undergo both mNGS detection and traditional culture early and repeatedly.

Cholesterol paradox in the community-living old adults: is higher better?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations of lipid indicators and mortality in Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study. METHODS: A prospective cohort was conducted based on Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study with 4499 community older adults. After the baseline survey, the last follow-up was March 31, 2021 with an average 8.13 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death and all-cause death in associations with baseline lipid indicators. RESULTS: A total of 4499 participants were recruited, and the mean levels of uric acid, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed an upward trend with the increasing remnant cholesterol (RC) quarters (Ptrend < 0.05), while the downward trend was found in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). During the total 36,596 person-years follow-up, the CVD mortality and all-cause mortality during an average 8.13 years of follow-up was 3.87% (95% CI: 3.30%-4.43%) and 14.83% (95% CI: 13.79%-15.86%) with 174 CVD death participants and 667 all-cause death participants. After adjusting for confounders, the higher level of TC (HR = 0.854, 95% CI: 0.730-0.997), LDL-C (HR = 0.817, 95% CI: 0.680-0.982) and HDL-C (HR = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.271-0.724) were associated with lower risk of CVD death, and the higher level of HDL-C (HR = 0.637, 95% CI: 0.501-0.810) were associated with lower risk of all-cause death. The higher level of RC (HR = 1.276, 95% CI: 1.010-1.613) increase the risk of CVD death. Compared with the normal lipid group, TC ≥ 6.20 mmol/L group and LDL-C ≥ 4.10 mmol/L group were no longer associated with lower risk of CVD death, while RC ≥ 0.80 mmol/L group was still associated with higher risk of CVD death. In normal lipid group, the higher levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were related with lower CVD death. CONCLUSIONS: In community older adults, higher levels of TC and HDL-C were associated with lower CVD mortality in normal lipid reference range. Higher RC was associated with higher CVD mortality, which may be a better lipid indicator for estimating the CVD death risk in older adults.

Analysis of influencing factors for prognosis of patients with ventricular septal perforation: A single-center retrospective study.

Background: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a type of cardiac rupture, usually complicated by acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with a high mortality rate and often poor prognosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the factors influencing the long-term prognosis of patients with VSR from different aspects, comparing the evaluation performance of the Gensini score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and European Heart Surgery Risk Assessment System II (EuroSCORE II) score systems. Methods: This study retrospectively enrolled 188 patients with VSR between Dec 9, 2011 and Nov 21, 2021at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. All patients were followed up until Jan 27, 2022 for clinical data, angiographic characteristics, echocardiogram outcomes, intraoperative, postoperative characteristics and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (30-day mortality, cardiac readmission). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to explore the predictors of long-term mortality. Results: The median age of 188 VSR patients was 66.2 ± 9.1 years and 97 (51.6%) were males, and there were 103 (54.8%) patients in the medication group, 34 (18.1%) patients in the percutaneous transcatheter closure (TCC) group, and 51 (27.1%) patients in the surgical repair group. The average follow-up time was 857.4 days. The long-term mortality of the medically managed group, the percutaneous TCC group, and the surgical repair group was 94.2, 32.4, and 35.3%, respectively. Whether combined with cardiogenic shock (OR 0.023, 95% CI 0.001-0.054, P = 0.019), NT-pro BNP level (OR 0.027, 95% CI 0.002-0.34, P = 0.005), EuroSCORE II (OR 0.530, 95% CI 0.305-0.918, P = 0.024) and therapy group (OR 3.518, 95% CI 1.079-11.463, P = 0.037) were independently associated with long-term mortality in patients with VSR, and this seems to be independent of the therapy group. The mortality rate of surgical repair after 2 weeks of VSR was much lower than within 2 weeks (P = 0.025). The cut-off point of EuroSCORE II was determined to be 14, and there were statistically significant differences between the EuroSCORE II < 14 group and EuroSCORE II≥14 group (HR = 0.2596, 95%CI: 0.1800-0.3744, Logrank P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with AMI combined with VSR have a poor prognosis if not treated surgically, surgical repair after 2 weeks of VSR is a better time. In addition, EuroSCORE II can be used as a scoring system to assess the prognosis of patients with VSR.

Smart near infrared-responsive nanocomposite hydrogels for therapeutics and diagnostics.

Nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels are emerging biomaterials that possess desirable and defined properties and functions for therapeutics and diagnostics. Particularly, nanoparticles (NPs) are employed as stimulus-transducers in NC hydrogels to facilitate the treatment process by providing controllable structural change and payload release under internal and external simulations. Among the various external stimuli, near-infrared (NIR) light has attracted considerable interest due to its minimal photo-damage, deep tissue penetration, low auto-fluorescence in living systems, facile on/off switch, easy remote and spatiotemporal control. In this study, we discuss four types of transducing nanomaterials used in NIR-responsive NC hydrogels, including metal-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs), and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). This review provides an overview of the current progress in NIR-responsive NC hydrogels, focusing on their preparation, properties, applications, and future prospects.

Type-1 Na+/H+ exchanger is a prognostic factor and associate with immune infiltration in liver hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIMS: SLC9A1 plays an important role in the growth, differentiation and glycolysis of tumor cells. The present study aimed to elucidate the correlation between SLC9A1 and tumor immune infiltration. MAIN METHODS: Expression level of SLC9A1 gene in tumors was identified in GEPIA. The correlation between SLC9A1 and survival in various types of cancers was analyzed by the PrognoScan. SLC9A1 immune infiltration levels and clinical correlation analysis was generated via TIMER and TIMER2.0. KEGG enrichment analysis of SLC9A1 expression was evaluated via STRING. KEY FINDINGS: We found that, in cancers such as liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), the expression of SLC9A1 was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Further analysis showed that SLC9A1 expression in LIHC was significantly positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, and the correlation was the highest for LIHC among 40 cancers. The expression of SLC9A1 is significantly correlated with the immune marker set of most immune cells in LIHC. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of TGF-ß (TGFB1) in Tregs showed the highest correlation with the expression of SLC9A1 in LIHC. SIGNIFICANCE: The increased expression of SLC9A1 is positively correlated with the prognosis of cancer and the level of immune infiltration. Therefore, SLC9A1 is an important prognostic factor for immunotherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Description a new species of the genus Orphnebius Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Xizang, China.

A new species of the genus Orphnebius Motschulsky: Orphnebius lilizheni sp. nov. is described from Xizang, China. All specimens examined in this study were collected from the nest of an ant species Myrmica sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). The adults and larvae of the new species are described, figured and compared with its congeners.

1,25(OH)2D3 mitigate cancer-related fatigue in tumor-bearing mice: Integrating network pharmacological analysis.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common and serious complications in cancer patients, which greatly reduces the quality of life. The mechanism induced fatigue may be diverse. In this study, we tried to investigate the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3, the active metabolite of vitamin D on CRF in Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. Network pharmacological analysis, behavioral testing, western blotting, ELISA and flow cytometry were used. We found that there was an interaction between proteins related to the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 and CRF-related proteins. The results of animal model experiments showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 could mitigate the CRF behavior of tumor-bearing mice, and the treatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, changed the tryptophan metabolism direction, and caused changes in immune cells. Collectively, 1,25(OH)2D3 might improve CRF in tumor-bearing mice by changing the direction of tryptophan metabolism and inflammatory factor levels. This study provided a possible solution for patients with clinical CRF.

Discovery of the genus Micropeneta Pic in China, with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Gnathidiini).

The tenebrionid genus Micropeneta, Pic 1921 is recorded from China for the first time. A new species, Micropeneta qilin Li Jiang sp. n., is described, figured and compared with its congeners. Habitat information and collection data of the new species are given.

A new species of the genus Morimotanthribus Senoh & Trýzna (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from South China.

A new species, Morimotanthribus leigongshani sp. nov. (Anthribidae: Anthribinae: Phloeophilini), from Guizhou and Guangxi provinces, South China, is described. Male genitalia are studied and illustrated and colour photographs are provided. The new species is compared with the only other known species of the genus, M. chinensis Senoh & Trýzna, 2006. A key is provided to distinguish Morimotanthribus from the similar Palaearctic and Oriental genera Bothrus Wolfrum, 1956 and Phloeophilus Schoenherr, 1833.

Antifungal Activity and Physicochemical Properties of a Novel Antimicrobial Protein AMP-17 from Musca domestica.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic small peptide chains that have good antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMP-17 is a recombinant insect AMP obtained by a prokaryotic expression system. However, the full antifungal activity, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 were previously unknown. AMP-17 was shown to have good antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9.375-18.75 µg/ml, and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of 18.75-37.5 µg/ml. Notably, the antifungal activity of AMP-17 against Cryptococcus neoformans was superior to that of other Candida spp. In addition, the hemolytic rate of AMP-17 was only 1.47%, even at the high concentration of 16× MIC. AMP-17 was insensitive to temperature and high salt ion concentration, with temperatures of 98°C and -80°C, and NaCl and MgCl2 concentrations of 50-200 mmol/l, having no significant effect on antifungal activity. However, AMP-17 was sensitive to proteases, trypsin, pepsin, and proteinase K. The elucidation of antifungal activity, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 provided an experimental basis for its safety evaluation and application, as well as indicated that AMP-17 might be a promising drug.Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic small peptide chains that have good antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMP-17 is a recombinant insect AMP obtained by a prokaryotic expression system. However, the full antifungal activity, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 were previously unknown. AMP-17 was shown to have good antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9.375­18.75 µg/ml, and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of 18.75­37.5 µg/ml. Notably, the antifungal activity of AMP-17 against Cryptococcus neoformans was superior to that of other Candida spp. In addition, the hemolytic rate of AMP-17 was only 1.47%, even at the high concentration of 16× MIC. AMP-17 was insensitive to temperature and high salt ion concentration, with temperatures of 98°C and ­80°C, and NaCl and MgCl2 concentrations of 50­200 mmol/l, having no significant effect on antifungal activity. However, AMP-17 was sensitive to proteases, trypsin, pepsin, and proteinase K. The elucidation of antifungal activity, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of AMP-17 provided an experimental basis for its safety evaluation and application, as well as indicated that AMP-17 might be a promising drug.

A class of novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors exert effective anti-tumor activity via mitotic catastrophe.

In current work, a class of novel 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate derivatives (E01-E28) were designed, synthesized and evaluated. Among them, the most potent compound E24 exhibited comparable activity against a panel of cancer cells (GI50 ranging 0.05-0.98 µM) and tubulin polymerization inhibition (IC50 = 1.49 µM) with reference drug CA-4(P) (GI50 ranging 0.019-0.32 µM, IC50 = 2.18 µM). The following assays indicated that compound E24 disturbed the dynamics of tubulin catastrophe and rescue, which triggered G2/M arrest, leading to ROS accumulation, cleavage of PARP and apoptosis. Molecular dynamics simulation validated that compound E24 could tightly bind into tubulin heterodimers with ß Lys 254 and ß Cys 241 of tubulin in the docking pose. Metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics parameters were also determined. The half time (t1/2) displayed species differences in three microsomes. The plasma elimination half-life (t1/2), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), mean retention time (MRT), the area under the curve (AUC0-∞) and distribution volume (Vz) of E24 after intravenous administration were 0.90 ± 0.22 h, 594.50 ± 97.23 ng/mL, 1.09 ± 0.22 h, 413.67 ± 105.64 ng/mL*h and 5.03 ± 1.82 L/kg, respectively. In HeLa-xenografts, compound E24 exhibited obvious antitumor efficacy via the suppression of tumor growth without weight loss of body or organ. In brief, compound E24 might be a hopeful candidate with excellent properties for oncotherapy as tubulin polymerization inhibitor.

Monomeric and dimeric ent-kauranoid-type diterpenoids from rabdosia japonica and their cytotoxicity and anti-HBV activities.

Two new ent-kauranoid-type diterpenoids (1 and 2) and one new rare dimer of ent-kauranoids (3) with a cyclobutane ring by a [2+2] cycloaddition, together with nine known diterpenoids (4-12) were obtained from the aerial parts of Rabdosia japonica. Their chemical structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry and by comparison with spectroscopic data reported. All ent-kauranoids were test for their cytotoxic effects against A549, HCT116, CCRF-CEM and HL-60 tumor cell lines. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 12 showed potent and selective cytotoxicity. In addition, some selected ent-kauranoids were test for their anti-HBV activities, and the results showed compound 8 had inhibitory effect on HBsAg with a 59% inhibition ratio at the concentration of 20µg/mL.

Alternative moving window factor analysis for comparison analysis between complex chromatographic data.

In this investigation, a novel chemometric method is developed for the analysis of five possible relationships of components or spectral features between two correlative but different hyphenated chromatographic systems. It is very helpful for comparison study of components present in different complex systems in both chemistry and systems biology. The proposed method, named alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA), could be utilized to determine the number of common components between different samples and then to identify their corresponding spectra half-automatically. AMWFA can alternatively be employed to mind for the selective information hiding in anyone of the two compared data X and Y, and to self-verify the resolution results by changing the extracted target matrices in analysis. From the results of comparison of simulated hyphenated chromatographic data, volatile chemical components in drug pair rhizoma ligustici chuanxiong-radix paeoniae rubra (RLC-RPR) and its single herbal medicines, and analysis of Angelica oral solution and its plasma sample after oral intake to rabbit, powerful ability of the proposed method is shown.

The clinicopathological significance of RUNX3 hypermethylation and mRNA expression in human breast cancer, a meta-analysis.

Aberrant promoter methylation of RUNX3 has been reported in several tumors including human breast cancer (BC). However, the association between RUNX3 hypermethylation and incidence of BC remains elusive. In this study, a detailed literature search was performed in Medline and Google Scholar for related research publications. Analysis of pooled data were executed. Odds ratios with corresponding confidence intervals were determined and summarized, respectively. Finally, 13 studies were identified for the meta-analysis. Analysis of the pooled data showed that RUNX3 hypermethylation was significantly higher in both ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) than in normal breast tissues. In addition, RUNX3 methylation was significantly higher in IDC than in benign tumor. However, RUNX3 methylation was not significantly higher in IDC than in ductal carcinoma in situ. We also determined that RUNX3 hypermethylation was significantly higher in ER positive BC than in ER negative BC. In addition, high RUNX3 mRNA expression was found to be correlated with better overall survival and relapse-free survival for all BC patients. Our results strongly support that RUNX3 hypermethylation may play an important role in BC incidence. RUNX3 methylation is a valuable early biomarker for the diagnosis of BC. Further large-scale studies will provide more insight into the role of RUNX3 hypermethylation in the carcinogenesis and clinical diagnosis of BC patients.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-Methyl-1H-indole-Pyrazoline Hybrids as Potential Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors.

A series of 1-methyl-1H-indole-pyrazoline hybrids were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Among them, compound e19 [5-(5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide] showed the most potent inhibitory effect on tubulin assembly (IC50 =2.12 µm) and in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (IC50 values of 0.21-0.31 µm). Further studies confirmed that compound e19 can induce HeLa cell apoptosis, cause cell-cycle arrest in G2 /M phase, and disrupt the cellular microtubule network. These studies, along with molecular docking and 3D-QSAR modeling, provide an important basis for further optimization of compound e19 as a potential anticancer agent.

Multicomponent spectral correlative chromatography applied to complex herbal medicines.

In this study, a novel chemometric algorithm is presented to facilitate the comparison of relevant chemical components from different herbal samples. This so-called multicomponent spectral correlative chromatography (MSCC) is developed to detect and decide whether two chromatographic clusters are correlated spectrally with each other. The target chromatographic cluster is first partitioned from one herbal spectrochromatogram obtained by hyphenated chromatography. Then, a projection operator is constructed with the principal spectral features extracted from the target to judge the presence or absence of a spectral correlative chromatographic cluster within another herbal spectrochromatogram. For this judgment, congruence coefficient between the original spectral vector and its projected residual is proposed to eliminate the influences from background and noises, especially heteroscedastic noises in the original data. The performance of the MSCC algorithm is demonstrated on both simulated data and real data, and its advantages and disadvantages are also discussed in some detail.

Comparison of performance of partial least squares regression, secured principal component regression, and modified secured principal component regression for determination of human serum albumin, gamma-globulin and glucose in buffer solutions and in vivo blood glucose quantification by near-infrared spectroscopy.

The performances of three multivariate analysis methods--partial least squares (PLS) regression, secured principal component regression (sPCR) and modified secured principal component regression (msPCR)--are compared and tested for the determination of human serum albumin (HSA), gamma-globulin, and glucose in phosphate buffer solutions and blood glucose quantification by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Results from the application of PLS, sPCR and msPCR are presented, showing that the three methods can determine the concentrations of HSA, gamma-globulin and glucose in phosphate buffer solutions almost equally well provided that the prediction samples contain the same spectral information as the calibration samples. On the other hand, when some potential spectral features appear in new measurements, sPCR and msPCR outperform PLS significantly. The reason for this is that such spectral features are not included during calibration, which leads to a degradation in PLS prediction performance, while sPCR and msPCR can improve their predictions for the concentrations of the analytes by removing the uncalibrated features from the original spectra. This point is demonstrated by successfully applying sPCR and msPCR to in vivo blood glucose measurements. This work therefore shows that sPCR and msPCR may provide possible alternatives to PLS in cases where some uncalibrated spectral features are present in measurements used for concentration prediction.

Moving window cross validation: a new cross validation method for the selection of a rational number of components in a partial least squares calibration model.

A new cross validation method called moving window cross validation (MWCV) is proposed in this study, as a novel method for selecting the rational number of components for building an efficient calibration model in analytical chemistry. This method works with an innovative pattern to split a validation set by a number of given windows that move synchronously along proper subsets of all the samples. Calculations for the mean value of all mean squares error in cross validations (MSECVs) for all splitting forms are made for different numbers of components, and then the optimal number of components for the model can be selected. Performance of MWCV is compared with that of two cross validation methods, leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) and Monte Carlo cross validation (MCCV), for partial least squares (PLS) models developed on one simulated data set and two real near-infrared (NIR) spectral data sets. The results reveal that MWCV can avoid a tendency to over-fit the data. Selection of the optimal number of components can be easily made by MWCV because it yields a global minimum in root MSECV at the optimal number of components. Changes in the window size and window number of MWCV do not greatly influence the selection of the number of components. MWCV is demonstrated to be an effective, simple and accurate cross validation method.

Modified secured principal component regression for detection of unexpected chromatographic features in herbal fingerprints.

Secured principal component regression is modified for the qualitative analysis of chromatographic fingerprint data sets of herbal samples with residual concentrations. After chromatographic shift-correction and autoscaling are performed on the data, this modified secured principal component regression (msPCR) can detect unexpected chromatographic features in various herbal fingerprints. The successful application of msPCR to two real herbal medicines of Erigeron breviscapus from different geographical origins and Ginkgo biloba from various sources or vendors demonstrates that the proposed method can detect reasonably unexpected features differing from the regulars or not being modeled. From a chemical point of view, the causes have also been explained to corroborate the results. Moreover, it presents a viable approach for the qualitative evaluation of diverse herbal objects with a regular class of chromatographic fingerprints.