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Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolic processes. However, the relationship between thyroid function and host gut microbial communities is not properly understood. To determine whether and how gut microbiota is associated with thyroid function, metagenomics analysis of the bacterial population in fecal samples of rat models of hyperthyroidism (induced by levothyroxine) and hypothyroidism (induced by propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy) was conducted through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results revealed that all thyroid dysfunction models were definitely established and gut microbial composition varied according to different thyroid functional status. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus was significantly higher in the hyperthyroidism group (HE) vs both the normal and hypothyroidism groups (HO) while S24-7 was significantly higher in the HO group. The population of Prevotellaceae and Prevotella were significantly lower in the HO group vs the normal. Firmicutes and Oscillospira were significantly higher in the SHO (surgery-induced hypothyroidism) group, while Prevotellaceae and Prevotella showed lower abundance in the SHO group than the SHAM group. Present results suggest that thyroid functions may have the potential to influence the profile of gut microbiota and could be used as foundation to investigate interaction mechanism between thyroid and gut microbiome.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Glândula Tireoide/microbiologia , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bacteroidetes/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fezes/microbiologia , Hipotireoidismo/microbiologia , Hipotireoidismo/patologia , Masculino , Metagenômica/métodos , Microbiota/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In thyroid cancer, preoperative ultrasonography (US) is performed to detect the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis (LNM), which are related to prognosis. This study examined the relationships between specific US findings and LNM in micropapillary thyroid cancer (MPTC). METHODS: Data on 220 patients with solitary MPTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and neck dissection between 2008 and 2009 were evaluated retrospectively. We classified the US findings according to the nature, shape, echogenicity, extent, margin, and calcification of the primary tumor and evaluated the correlations between these findings and those of LNM. RESULTS: Hypoechogenicity (odds ratio = 2.331, P = 0.025) and marked hypoechogenicity (OR = 4.032, P = 0.016) of MPTC were risk factors for central LNM. All of the patients with lateral cervical LNM showed hypoechogenicity or marked hypoechogenicity. Hypoechogenicity (odds ratio = 5.349, P = 0.047) and other types of calcification (odds ratio = 2.495, P = 0.010) were significant risk factors for lateral cervical LNM. CONCLUSIONS: Specific sonographic findings (hypoechogenicity or marked hypoechogenicity, and calcification) suggest LNM.
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Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcinose/etiologia , Carcinoma Papilar/complicações , Carcinoma Papilar/secundário , Carcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esvaziamento Cervical , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Light-activated chemiresistors offer a powerful approach to achieving lower-temperature gas sensing with unprecedented sensitivities. However, an incomplete understanding of how photoexcited charge carriers enhance sensitivity obstructs the rational design of high-performance sensors, impeding the practical utilization under commonly accessible light sources instead of ultraviolet or higher-energy sources. Here, a rational approach is presented to modulate the electronic properties of the parent metal oxide phase, exemplified by this model system of Bi-doped In2O3 nanofibers decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit superior NO2 sensing performance. Bi doping introduces mid-gap energy levels into In2O3, promoting photoactivation even under visible blue light. Additionally, green-absorbing plasmonic Au NPs facilitate electron transfer across the heterojunction, extending the photoactive region toward the green light. It is revealed that the direct involvement of photogenerated charge carriers in gas adsorption and desorption processes is pivotal for enhancing gas sensing performance. Owing to the synergistic interplay between the Bi dopants and the Au NPs, the Au-BixIn2-xO3 (x = 0.04) sensing layers attain impressive response values (Rg/Ra = 104 at 0.6 ppm NO2) under green light illumination and demonstrate practical viability through evaluation under simulated mixed-light conditions, all of which significantly outperforms previously reported visible light-activated NO2 sensors.
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The parathyroid gland is an endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in blood serum through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hypoparathyroidism is a chronic disease that can occur due to parathyroid defects, but due to the difficulty of creating animal models of this disease or obtaining human normal parathyroid cells, the evaluation of parathyroid functionality for drug development is limited. Although parathyroid-like cells that secrete PTH have recently been reported, their functionality may be overestimated using traditional culture methods that lack in vivo similarities, particularly vascularization. To overcome these limitations, we obtained parathyroid organoids from tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) and fabricated a parathyroid-on-a-chip, capable of simulating PTH secretion based on calcium concentration. This chip exhibited differences in PTH secretion according to calcium concentration and secreted PTH within the range of normal serum levels. In addition, branches of organoids, which are difficult to observe in animal models, were observed in this chip. This could serve as a guideline for successful engraftment in implantation therapies in the future.
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Cálcio , Dispositivos Lab-On-A-Chip , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Glândulas Paratireoides , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Hormônio Paratireóideo/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Humanos , Glândulas Paratireoides/metabolismo , Glândulas Paratireoides/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Organoides/metabolismo , Organoides/citologia , Células CultivadasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that originally derived from bone marrow. Clinical use of bone marrow-derived MSC is difficult due to morbidity and low MSC abundance and isolation efficiency. Recently, MSCs have been isolated from various adult tissues. Here we report the isolation of adenoid tissue-derived MSCs (A-MSCs) and their characteristics. METHODS: We compared the surface markers, morphologies, and differentiation and proliferation capacities of previously established tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) with cells isolated from adenoid tissue. The immunophenotype of A-MSCs was investigated upon interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation. RESULTS: A-MSCs, T-MSCs, and BM-MSCs showed negative CD45, CD31 HLA-DR, CD34, CD14, CD19 and positive CD 90, CD44, CD73, CD105 expression. A-MSCs were fibroblast-like, spindle-shaped non-adherent cells, similar to T-MSCs and BM-MSCs. Adipogenesis was observed in A-MSCs by the formation of lipid droplets after Oil Red O staining. Osteogenesis was observed by the formation of the matrix mineralization in Alizarin Red staining. Chondrogenesis was observed by the accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix in collagen type II staining. These data were similar to those of T-MSCs and BM-MSCs. Expression of marker genes (i.e., adipogenesis; lipoprotein lipase, proliferator-activator receptor-gamma, osteogenesis; osteocalcin, alkaline phasphatase, chondrogenesis; aggrecan, collagen type II α1) in A-MSCs were not different from those in T-MSCs and BM-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS: A-MSCs possess the characteristics of MSCs in terms of morphology, multipotent differentiation capacity, cell surface markers, and immunogeneity. Therefore, A-MSCs fulfill the definition of MSCs and represent an alternate source of MSCs.
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Tonsila Faríngea/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Adipogenia , Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Condrogênese , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , OsteogêneseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The status of metastatic lymph nodes, including the size and extracapsular spread (ECS), in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been well established. This study evaluated the correlation between the specific status of central lymph node metastases (CLNM) and negative prognostic factors. METHODS: We reviewed 243 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and neck dissection. The CLNM slides were reviewed and the relationship between the CLNM status and risk factors was analyzed. RESULTS: CLNM were found in 111 patients. ECS (+) was related to a large tumor, high number of CLNM, and large node (P < 0.05). Tumor size and number of CLNM were related to the ECS rate (OR = 3.861 and 2.491, respectively; P < 0.01) in a multivariate analysis. Large nodes (≥ 6 mm) were related to large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, number of CLNM, and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM). Tumor size and LNM (OR = 4.519 and 7.811, respectively; P < 0.05) were related to large nodes in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: ECS was related to node size, tumor size, and number of CLNM. Node size was related to tumor size and LNM. Thus, specific nodal status is a possible prognostic factor for PTC.
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Carcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Esvaziamento Cervical , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma/secundário , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Carcinoma Papilar/secundário , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , República da Coreia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/secundário , Tireoidectomia/métodosRESUMO
Hydroelectric nanogenerators have been previously proposed to recycle various water resources and polluted water. However, as conventional hydroelectric nanogenerators only utilize water resources, they cannot provide a fundamental solution for water recycling. In this study, a water purification membrane is proposed that can simultaneously generate electricity during the purification process (electricity generation and purification membrane (EPM)) for water recycling. As polluted water passes through the EPM, the water is purified in the perpendicular direction, while electricity is simultaneously produced in the horizontal direction by the movement of ions. Notably, the EPM exhibits high energy generation performance (maximum power 16.44 µW and energy 15.16 mJ) by the streaming effect of water-streaming carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Moreover, by using a poly(acrylic acid)/carboxymethyl cellulose (PAA/CMC) binder to EPM, the energy-generation performance and long-term stability are substantially improved and outstanding mechanical stability is provided, regardless of the acidity of the water source (pH 1-10). More importantly, the EPM exhibits the water purification characteristics of >90% rejection of sub-10 nm pollutants and potentiality of ångstrom level cation rejection, with simultaneous and continuous energy generation. Overall, this study proposes an efficient EPM model, which can be potentially used as a next-generation renewable energy generation approach, thus laying the foundation for effective utilization of polluted water resources.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to develop a reliable chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (CIOM) rat model by intraperitoneally administering a single dosage of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with a chemical stimulus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 5-FU dosage for CIOM development was determined by the survival rate of rats administrated 160 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg of 5-FU. Thirty rats were assigned to normal control (NC) and three experimental groups: i) ulcer formation without 5-FU administration (PBS/U+), ii) 5-FU administration without ulcer formation (5-FU/U-), and iii) ulcer formation after 5-FU administration (5-FU/U+). White blood cell count and weight were measured at the day of 5-FU administration (D0), ulcer formation (D2), and two days after ulcer formation (D4). The oral mucosa for histologic evaluations was obtained two (D4) and five days (D7) after ulcer formation. RESULTS: The 5-FU dosage for CIOM development was 200 mg/kg. White blood cell count (WBC) counts and weight of rats were significantly lower in 5-FU/U- (WBC, p<0.001; weight, p=0.002) and 5-FU/U+ (WBC, p<0.001; weight, p<0.001) groups compared to those in the NC group at D4. The number of Ki-67 positive cells in the oral epithelium was lower in 5-FU/U+ group compared to that in NC (p<0.001) and PBS/U+ (p=0.047) groups at D7. CONCLUSION: Single administration of 200 mg/kg of 5-FU combined with a chemical stimulus can lead to an immune-suppressive status, failure of weight gain, and impairment of epithelium regeneration as observed in a CIOM rat model.
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Mucosite , Estomatite , Ratos , Animais , Fluoruracila/efeitos adversos , Mucosite/patologia , Úlcera/patologia , Estomatite/induzido quimicamente , Estomatite/tratamento farmacológico , Estomatite/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologiaRESUMO
The unorthodox surface chemistry of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs), with numerous interelemental synergies, helps catalyze a variety of essential chemical processes, such as the conversion of CO2 to CO, as a sustainable path to environmental remediation. However, the risk of agglomeration and phase separation in HEA-NPs during high-temperature operations are lasting issues that impede their practical viability. Herein, we present HEA-NP catalysts that are tightly sunk in an oxide overlayer for promoting the catalytic conversion of CO2 with exceptional stability and performance. We demonstrated the controlled formation of conformal oxide overlayers on carbon nanofiber surfaces via a simple sol-gel method, which facilitated a large uptake of metal precursor ions and helped to decrease the reaction temperature required for nanoparticle formation. During the rapid thermal shock synthesis process, the oxide overlayer would also impede nanoparticle growth, resulting in uniformly distributed small HEA-NPs (2.37 ± 0.78 nm). Moreover, these HEA-NPs were firmly socketed in the reducible oxide overlayer, enabling an ultrastable catalytic performance involving >50% CO2 conversion with >97% selectivity to CO for >300 h without extensive agglomeration. Altogether, we establish the rational design principles for the thermal shock synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles and offer a helpful mechanistic perspective on how the oxide overlayer impacts the nanoparticle synthesis behavior, providing a general platform for the designed synthesis of ultrastable and high-performance catalysts that could be utilized for various industrially and environmentally relevant chemical processes.
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2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have significant research interests in various novel applications due to their intriguing physicochemical properties. Notably, one of the 2D TMDs, SnS2 , has superior chemiresistive sensing properties, including a planar crystal structure, a large surface-to-volume ratio, and a low electronic noise. However, the long-term stability of SnS2 in humid conditions remains a critical shortcoming towards a significant degradation of sensitivity. Herein, it is demonstrated that the subsequent self-assembly of zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) can be achieved in situ growing on SnS2 nanoflakes as the homogeneous porous materials. ZIF-8 layer on SnS2 allows the selective diffusion of target gas species, while effectively preventing the SnS2 from severe oxidative degradation. Molecular modeling such as molecular dynamic simulation and DFT calculation, further supports the mechanism of sensing stability and selectivity. From the results, the in situ grown ZIF-8 porous membrane on 2D materials corroborates the generalizable strategy for durable and reliable high-performance electronic applications of 2D materials.
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Tires generally wear out due to the friction between the tire and the road surface. Minimizing tire wear could reduce the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from tires. Typically, tire treadwear grade can be used as an indicator of PM emissions from tires. Tires that wear out quickly will produce higher PM emissions than more durable tires. In this study, the effect of treadwear grade on the generation of tire PM emissions was investigated through laboratory and on-road driving measurements. In the laboratory measurements, a tire wear simulator installed in an enclosed chamber was used to eliminate artifacts caused by interfering particles during the generation and measurement of tire wear particles. For realistic on-road driving measurements, a mobile sampling vehicle was employed to sample road dust. The road dust was chemically analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the tire-road wear particles. Both measurements showed that the higher treadwear grade generated lower tire PM emissions due to the high strength of the rubber, except for the UTQG 700 tire. The UTQG 700 tire, which had the highest treadwear grade, produced higher PM emissions than the UTQG 350 and 500 tires because it readily formed the fine particles due to lamellar peeling rather than tearing or curling of tire treads. Notably, tire nanoparticles were observed in laboratory measurements due to the volatilization and nucleation of the sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) compounds in the tire tread due to the frictional heat between the tire and paved road surface.
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Condução de Veículo , Material Particulado , Poeira/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/análise , Emissões de Veículos/análiseRESUMO
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than port fuel injection (PFI) engines when fossil fuel conditions are the same. However, GDI engines emit more ultrafine particulate matter, which can have negative health effects, leading to particulate emission regulations. To satisfy these regulations, various studies have been done to reduce particulate matter, and several studies focused on lubricants. This study focuses on the influence of lubricant on the formation of particulate matter and its effect on particulate emissions in GDI engines. An instrumented, combustion and optical singe-cylinder GDI engine fueled by four different lubricant-gasoline blends was used with various injection conditions. Combustion experiments were used to determine combustion characteristics, and gaseous emissions indicated that the lubricant did not influence mixture homogeneity but had an impact on unburned fuels. Optical experiments showed that the lubricant did not influence spray but did influence wall film formation during the injection period, which is a major factor affecting particulate matter generation. Particulate emissions indicated that lubricant included in the wall film significantly affected PN emissions depending on injection conditions. Additionally, the wall film influenced by the lubricant affected the overall particle size and its distribution.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to investigate the process of homeostatic restoration in the tracheal mucosa (TM) after thyroid surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four rats were divided into normal controls (NC) and three experimental groups: (i) flap elevation (FE), (ii) thyroid exposure (TE), and (iii) thyroid isthmusectomy (TI). Expression of mRNA and proteins of key factors regulating homeostasis were evaluated in the TM obtained 3, 7, and 21 days after thyroid surgery. RESULTS: Increased mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were observed 21 days after thyroid surgery in all experimental groups compared to that of NC group. CONCLUSION: Thyroid surgery leads to an actual increase of TGF-ß1, HIF-1α, and MMP-9 expression in the TM. This increased expression of key regulators of homeostatic restoration in the TM lasts for a considerable period of time after surgery, especially if the extent of surgery increased.
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Glândula Tireoide , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1 , Animais , Homeostase , Mucosa , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ratos , Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Thyroidectomy can cause various airway symptoms affecting the quality of life. We investigated the changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and markers for inflammation and microcirculation of laryngeal mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were categorized into control and three surgical groups based on the extent of surgeries, 1) flap elevation (FE) group, 2) thyroid and trachea exposure (TE) group, and 3) thyroid isthmectomy (TI) group. We analyzed the expression of TGF-ß1, VEGFR-3, CD31, and MMP- 9 in relation to the inflammatory and microcirculatory changes in the lamina propria on postoperative days (PODs) 3, 7, and 21. ECM composition of hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen in the subglottic area (SA) was also evaluated. RESULTS: All parameters increased in surgical groups at each postoperative phase except collagen deposition. On POD 3, TGF-ß1 expression and SA increased in relation to the surgical extent and decreased over time, but more than the control in all surgical groups on POD 21. Surgical groups had more HA and less collagen composition, causing a higher HA to collagen ratio in relation to the surgical extent. VEGFR-3 and CD31 expression increased with time at all postoperative phases according to the surgical extent. Expression of MMP-9 increased in TI groups compared to TE and FE groups on POD 7 and POD 21. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that thyroid surgery exposing the thyroid and trachea induces an increase in the SA with a higher HA and lesser collagen composition. Furthermore, the markers for acute inflammation and microcirculation with tissue remodeling increased in the laryngeal mucosa.
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Mucosa Laríngea , Glândula Tireoide , Animais , Colágeno , Ácido Hialurônico , Inflamação , Mucosa Laríngea/metabolismo , Microcirculação , Qualidade de Vida , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Receptor 3 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of allergic rhinitis (AR) on the development, progression, and recovery of acute otitis media (OM) in an animal model and investigate the secondary effects of bacterial infection. METHODS: BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: AR + OM, AR, OM, and control groups. AR + OM and AR groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum and then challenged intranasally with OVA. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administered to the OM and control groups the same number of times. After AR induction, OM was induced by surgical inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) into the middle ear (ME) cavity of the mice in the AR + OM and OM groups. PBS was injected into the bulla in the AR and control groups. Each group was subdivided into sets of six mice, one for each of the four time points (0, 2, 7, and 10 days post-bacterial inoculation), at which point the mice were euthanized and ME and nasal cavity mucosa were obtained and evaluated. The occurrence of OM and the ME mucosa thickness were evaluated and compared among the four groups. Tissue expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in infected ME mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. We also investigated IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 in the nasal mucosa. RESULTS: Most of the ears showed OM on post-inoculation day 2 in both AR + OM and OM groups. In the AR + OM group, 58.3% of ears still had OM on post-inoculation day 10, while only 16.7% of the OM group had OM. The ME mucosa of all groups increased, and the AR + OM group exhibited the thickest mucosa. The OM group showed peak thickness on post-inoculation day 2 and then decreased, whereas the ME mucosa thickness of the AR + OM group continued to increase to day 7. In the OM group, the expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α in the ME also increased significantly, peaking on post-inoculation day 2, and then gradually decreased. In the AR + OM group, the expression of these proteins increased until day 7 and then decreased. The IgE and Th2 response (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines were expressed at higher levels in the AR + OM and AR groups than in the OM and control groups. CONCLUSION: The inflammatory reaction to NTHi was more intense and lasted longer in the allergic group, which indicates that AR affects the progression and subsequent recovery of acute bacterial OM.
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Otite Média , Rinite Alérgica , Animais , Citocinas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa Nasal , OvalbuminaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: The association between preoperative ultrasound (US) echogenicity and histopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been rarely investigated is not well characterized. This study evaluated a relationship between the clinical characteristics of PTC, histopathological phenomena including tumor growth patterns (TGPs) and tumor fibrosis (TF), and US echogenicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 170 patients with PTC (<2 cm) underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection. Demographics, US echogenicity, tumor size, extra-thyroidal extension (ETE), lymph node metastasis (LNM) within the central and lateral neck, TGPs, and TF percentage were reviewed. RESULTS: Patients with TGP II (encapsulated growth with partial pericapsular extension) and III (infiltrative growth) were more frequently burdened by ETE and lateral neck LNM compared to patients with TGP I (encapsulated growth with a well-defined cystic or solid characteristic). Older age was significantly deterministic of TGP III, and male gender and higher TF percentage were independent risk factors for lateral neck LNM. TGP III and TF were independent determining factors for marked hypoechogenicity on US. CONCLUSION: PTC with TGP II and III and higher tumor fibrosis exhibited more aggressive clinicopathologic behaviors. TGP III and TF were determinants for marked hypoechogenicity.
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Carcinoma Papilar , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Idoso , Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Papilar/patologia , Carcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Fibrose , Humanos , Linfonodos/patologia , Masculino , Esvaziamento Cervical , Estudos Retrospectivos , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The characteristics of primary gas/aerosol and secondary aerosol emissions were identified for small passenger vehicles using typical fuel types in South Korea (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel). The generation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was explored using the potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor. The primary emissions did not vary significantly between fuel types, combustion technologies, or aftertreatment systems, while the amount of NH3 was higher in gasoline and LPG vehicle emissions than that in diesel vehicle emissions. The SOA emission factor was 11.7-66 mg kg-fuel-1 for gasoline vehicles, 2.4-50 mg kg-fuel-1 for non-diesel particulate filter (non-DPF) diesel vehicles (EURO 2-3), 0.4-40 mg kg-fuel-1 for DPF diesel vehicles (EURO 4-6), and 3-11 mg kg-fuel-1 for LPG vehicles (lowest). The carbonaceous aerosols (equivalent black carbon (eBC) + primary organic aerosol + SOA) of diesel vehicles in EURO 4-6 were reduced by up to 95% compared to those in EURO 2-3. The expected SOA yield increased through the hot-condition combustion section of a vehicle, over the SOA range of 0.2-155 µg m-3. These results provide the necessary data to analyze all types of SOA generated by the gas-phase oxidation in vehicle emissions in metropolitan areas.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Petróleo , Aerossóis/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Gasolina/análise , Veículos Automotores , Tecnologia , Emissões de Veículos/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to investigate changes in the tracheal mucosa after thyroidectomy, that can be a cause of post-thyroidectomy discomfort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty rats were divided into normal controls and 3 surgical groups: (i) thyroid isthmectomy with cauterization, (ii) isthmectomy by a cold instrument without hemostasis, and (iii) sham (exposure of the trachea and thyroid gland without thyroidectomy by dissection through pretracheal fascia). Animals were euthanized at 1 and 4 weeks. Mucosal edema and glandular hyperplasia were measured. Mucin production and basal cell activities were evaluated by mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) and keratin 5 (KRT5) using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Larger mucosal areas were observed in all surgical groups at 1 and 4 weeks. More submucosal glandular hyperplasia was noted in the group with isthmectomy without hemostasis. MUC5AC and KRT5 expressions were significantly higher in the surgical groups. CONCLUSION: The tracheal mucosa may change after surgery, which could explain postoperative discomfort after thyroidectomy.
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Mucosa Respiratória/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores , Hiperplasia/metabolismo , Hiperplasia/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Modelos Animais , Período Pós-Operatório , Ratos , TireoidectomiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to identify preoperative predictors of unstable exposure of vocal folds with focus on the anterior commissure (AC) prior to Laryngeal Microscopic Surgery. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients were classified into four groups based on the degree of AC exposure during Laryngeal Microscopic Surgery, and for the analysis, these groups were subdivided into unstable exposure and stable exposure subgroups depending on whether external manipulation was required to achieve AC exposure. Correlation of the degree of AC exposure with demographics, physical measurements, and anatomical measurements taken using landmarks in simple radiograph were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine optimal cutoff values to predict unstable AC exposure. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included in the analyses. Thyroid-mandible angle (TMA) in the extended position, thyroid-mental distance (TMD) ratio, and TMA difference in the neutral and extended positions were significantly correlated with the degree of AC exposure. However, only a TMD ratio of <1.25 reliably predicted unstable AC exposure. CONCLUSIONS: TMD ratio of <1.25 reliably predicted unstable AC exposure. If there is no increase of the distance between the thyroid notch and the mental prominence (TMD) more than 25% on neck extension, the probability of getting stable exposure of the anterior commissure is low.
Assuntos
Doenças da Laringe/cirurgia , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Mandíbula/anatomia & histologia , Microcirurgia , Cartilagem Tireóidea/anatomia & histologia , Prega Vocal/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças da Laringe/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças da Laringe/patologia , Terapia a Laser , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pescoço/anatomia & histologia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia , Prega Vocal/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical features and chest computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to compare the characteristics of patients diagnosed in Wuhan and in other areas of China by integrating the findings reported in previous studies. METHODS: We conducted a proportion meta-analysis to integrate the results of previous studies identified in online databases, and subsequently compared the overlapping of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between locations of diagnosis. The heterogeneity of the results of the included studies was also demonstrated. RESULTS: Nine studies with level IV evidence were considered to be eligible for the meta-analysis, and a comparative analysis was only possible between patients diagnosed in Wuhan and outside of Wuhan in China. Fever (84.8%; 95% CI, 78.5% to 90.1%) was identified as the most common clinical manifestation in all COVID-19 patients, and signs of respiratory infection were also frequently present in these patients. When comparing the clinical features according to the location of diagnosis, fever and dyspnea were less frequent in patients diagnosed outside of Wuhan (fever: 78.1%; 95% CI, 73.2% to 82.7%; dyspnea: 3.80%; 95% CI, 0.13% to 12.22%) than in patients diagnosed in Wuhan (fever: 91.7%; 95% CI, 88.0% to 94.8%; dyspnea: 21.1%; 95% CI, 13.2% to 30.3%). The chest CT findings exhibited no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: Fever was found to be the most common symptom in COVID-19, and respiratory infection signs were also commonly present. Fever and dyspnea were less frequently observed in the patients diagnosed outside of Wuhan, which should be considered in COVID-19 screening programs. These results may be attributable to the earlier diagnosis of the disease and the younger age of patients outside of Wuhan although further analysis is needed. The role of chest CT in COVID-19 diagnosis is inconclusive based on this study.