Transcription factor OsMYB30 increases trehalose content to inhibit α-amylase and seed germination at low temperature.

Low-temperature germination (LTG) is an important agronomic trait for direct-seeding cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa). Both OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 regulate the cold stress response in rice, but the function of OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 in regulating LTG and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Employing transcriptomics and functional studies revealed a sugar signaling pathway that regulates seed germination in response to low temperature (LT). Expression of OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 was induced by LT during seed germination, and overexpressing either OsMYB30 or OsTPP1 delayed seed germination and increased sensitivity to LT during seed germination. Transcriptomics and qPCR revealed that expression of OsTPP1 was upregulated in OsMYB30-overexpressing lines but downregulated in OsMYB30-knockout lines. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that OsMYB30 bound to the promoter of OsTPP1 and regulated the abundance of OsTPP1 transcripts. Overaccumulation of trehalose (Tre) was found in both OsMYB30- and OsTPP1-overexpressing lines, resulting in inhibition of α-amylase 1a (OsAMY1a) gene during seed germination. Both LT and exogenous Tre treatments suppressed the expression of OsAMY1a, and the osamy1a mutant was not sensitive to exogenous Tre during seed germination. Overall, we concluded that OsMYB30 expression was induced by LT to activate the expression of OsTPP1 and increase Tre content, which thus inhibited α-amylase activity and seed germination. This study identified a phytohormone-independent pathway that integrates environmental cues with internal factors to control seed germination.

Elevated Cancer-Associated Hyaluronan Correlates With Diagnosis and Lymph Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) plays an important role in tumor progression. However, its biological and clinical significance in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unknown. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine HA expression in tissues from PTC patients. Two PTC cell lines were treated with HA synthesized inhibitor against HA production to assess its function. Serum HA levels from 107 PTC patients, 30 Hashimoto thyroiditis patients, and 45 normal controls (NC) were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. HA levels in fine needle aspiration (FNA) washouts obtained from thyroid nodules and lymph nodes (LNs) were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Area under the curve (AUC) was computed to evaluate HA's clinical value. HA was highly expressed in PTC. Reducing HA production significantly inhibited PTC cell proliferation and invasion. Importantly, serum HA levels in PTC were significantly higher than those in NCs and Hashimoto thyroiditis and allowed distinguishing of thyroid cancers from NCs with high accuracy (AUC = 0.782). Moreover, elevated serum HA levels in PTC correlate with LN metastasis. HA levels in FNA washouts from PTC patients were significantly higher than those in benign controls, with a high AUC value (0.8644) for distinguishing PTC from benign controls. Furthermore, HA levels in FNA washouts from metastatic LN were significantly higher than those in nonmetastatic LN, with a high AUC value (0.8007) for distinguishing metastatic LNs from nonmetastatic LNs. HA levels in serum and FNA washout exhibited a potential significance for PTC diagnosis and an indicator for LN metastasis in patients with PTC.

ZYNQ-Based Visible Light Defogging System Design Realization.

Under a foggy environment, the air contains a large number of suspended particles, which lead to the loss of image information and decline of contrast collected by the vision system. This makes subsequent processing and analysis difficult. At the same time, the current stage of the defogging system has problems such as high hardware cost and poor real-time processing. In this article, an image defogging system is designed based on the ZYNQ platform. First of all, on the basis of the traditional dark-channel defogging algorithm, an algorithm for segmenting the sky is proposed, and in this way, the image distortion caused by the sky region is avoided, and the atmospheric light value and transmittance are estimated more accurately. Then color balancing is performed after image defogging to improve the quality of the final output image. The parallel computing advantage and logic resources of the PL (Programmable Logic) part (FPGA) of ZYNQ are fully utilized through instruction constraints and logic optimization. Finally, the visible light detector is used as the input to build a real-time video processing experiment platform. The experimental results show that the system has a good defogging effect and meet the real-time requirements.

Synergistic interaction between ABA and IAA due to moderate soil drying promotes grain filling of inferior spikelets in rice.

Poor grain filling of inferior spikelets is becoming a severe problem in some super rice varieties with large panicles. Moderate soil drying (MD) after pollination has been proven to be a practical strategy to promote grain filling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. Here, transcriptomic analysis of the most active grain filling stage revealed that both starch metabolism and phytohormone signaling were significantly promoted by MD treatment, accompanied by increased enzyme activities of starch synthesis and elevated abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in the inferior spikelet. Moreover, the IAA biosynthesis genes OsYUC11 and OsTAR2 were upregulated, while OsIAA29 and OsIAA24, which encode two repressors of auxin signaling, were downregulated by MD, implying a regulation of both IAA biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction in the inferior spikelet by MD. A notable improvement in grain filling of the inferior spikelet was found in the aba8ox2 mutant, which is mutated in an ABA catabolism gene. In contrast, overexpression of OsABA8ox2 significantly reduced grain filling. Interestingly, not only the IAA content, but also the expression of IAA biosynthesis and auxin-responsive genes displayed a similar trend to that in the inferior spikelet under MD. In addition, several OsTPP genes were downregulated in the inferior spikelets of both MD/ABA-treated wild-type plants and the aba8ox2 mutant, resulting in lower trehalose content and higher levels of -6-phosphate (T6P), thereby increasing the expression of OsTAR2, a target of T6P. Taken together, our results suggest that the synergistic interaction of ABA-mediated accumulation of IAA promotes grain filling of inferior spikelets under MD.

OsNAC2 regulates seed dormancy and germination in rice by inhibiting ABA catabolism.

Seed dormancy and germination determine the beginning of the life cycle of plants, and the phytohormone ABA plays a crucial role in regulation of seed dormancy and germination. However, the upstream regulatory mechanism of ABA metabolism during dormancy releasing is still remain elusive. In this paper, we present a novel mechanism of OsNAC2 in controlling ABA metabolism and regulation of seed dormancy. OsNAC2 highly expressed during seed development and germination, and overexpression of OsNAC2 strengthened seed dormancy and suppressed germination. Moreover, exogenous phytohormone treatment showed that OsNAC2 acted upstream of GA signaling and downstream of ABA signaling. Additionally, overexpression of OsNAC2 inhibited ABA degradation and increased ABA content during early germination. Further molecular analysis revealed that OsNAC2 directly bound to the ABA metabolism genes promoter and inhibits their transcription in rice protoplasts. These finding could help us explain the genetic regulation mechanism of ABA metabolism during dormancy release and germination in rice.

OsUGE1 is directly targeted by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair length in rice.

KEY MESSAGE: Root hairs are required for water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Here, we report a novel mechanism that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice. Root hairs are tubular outgrowths generated by the root epidermal cells. They effectively enlarge the soil-root contact area and play essential roles for nutrient and water absorption. Here, in this study, we demonstrated that the Oryza sativa UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 1-like (OsUGE1) negatively regulated root hair elongation and was directly targeted by Oryza sativa growth regulating factor 6 (OsGRF6). Knockout mutants of OsUGE1 using CRISPR-Cas9 technology showed longer root hairs than those of wild type. In contrast, overexpression lines of OsUGE1 displayed shorter root hair compared with those of wild type. GUS staining showed that it could specifically express in root hair. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that OsUGE1 is located in endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and plasma membrane. More importantly, ChIP-qPCR, Yeast-one-hybrid and BiFC experiments revealed that OsGRF6 could bind to the promoter of OsUGE1. Furthermore, knockout mutants of OsGRF6 showed shorter root hair than those of wild type, and OsGRF6 dominantly expressed in root. In addition, the expression level of OsUGE1 is significantly downregulated in Osgrf6 mutant. Taken together, our study reveals a novel pathway that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phthalideisoquinoline Derivatives.

A photo and Cu-mediated radical-radical approach enabling the one-step synthesis of the phthalideisoquinoline skeleton has been reported. Under mild reaction conditions, a series of N-aryl phthalideisoquinolines containing various substituents were synthesized in moderate to good yields. Bioactivity data demonstrated that a new compound 4x can efficiently inhibit the growth of multiple tumor cell lines with enhancements of more than 10-fold by significantly increasing G2/M arrest compared with noscapine.

IDAF: Iterative Dual-Scale Attentional Fusion Network for Automatic Modulation Recognition.

Recently, deep learning models have been widely applied to modulation recognition, and they have become a hot topic due to their excellent end-to-end learning capabilities. However, current methods are mostly based on uni-modal inputs, which suffer from incomplete information and local optimization. To complement the advantages of different modalities, we focus on the multi-modal fusion method. Therefore, we introduce an iterative dual-scale attentional fusion (iDAF) method to integrate multimodal data. Firstly, two feature maps with different receptive field sizes are constructed using local and global embedding layers. Secondly, the feature inputs are iterated into the iterative dual-channel attention module (iDCAM), where the two branches capture the details of high-level features and the global weights of each modal channel, respectively. The iDAF not only extracts the recognition characteristics of each of the specific domains, but also complements the strengths of different modalities to obtain a fruitful view. Our iDAF achieves a recognition accuracy of 93.5% at 10 dB and 0.6232 at full signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The comparative experiments and ablation studies effectively demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the iDAF.

Moderate Soil Drying-Induced Alternative Splicing Provides a Potential Novel Approach for the Regulation of Grain Filling in Rice Inferior Spikelets.

Poor grain filling of inferior spikelets, especially in some large-panicle rice varieties, is becoming a major limitation in breaking the ceiling of rice production. In our previous studies, we proved that post-anthesis moderate soil drying (MD) was an effective way to promote starch synthesis and inferior grain filling. As one of the most important regulatory processes in response to environmental cues and at different developmental stages, the function of alternative splicing (AS) has not yet been revealed in regulating grain filling under MD conditions. In this study, AS events at the most active grain-filling stage were identified in inferior spikelets under well-watered control (CK) and MD treatments. Of 16,089 AS events, 1840 AS events involving 1392 genes occurred differentially between the CK and MD treatments, many of which function on spliceosome, ncRNA metabolic process, starch, and sucrose metabolism, and other functions. Some of the splicing factors and starch synthesis-related genes, such as SR protein, hnRNP protein, OsAGPL2, OsAPS2, OsSSIVa, OsSSIVb, OsGBSSII, and OsISA1 showed differential AS changes under MD treatment. The expression of miR439f and miR444b was reduced due to an AS event which occurred in the intron where miRNAs were located in the MD-treated inferior spikelets. On the contrary, OsAGPL2, an AGPase encoding gene, was alternatively spliced, resulting in different transcripts with or without the miR393b binding site, suggesting a potential mechanism for miRNA-mediated gene regulation on grain filling of inferior spikelets in response to MD treatment. This study provides some new insights into the function of AS on the MD-promoted grain filling of inferior spikelets, and potential application in agriculture to increase rice yields by genetic approaches.

Effects of side-stream operation on the mainstream biological phosphorus metabolic pathway for phosphorus recovery: Simulation by an extended ASM2d model.

An extended activated sludge model (E-ASM2d) was established by including the metabolic processes of double-layer extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) into the existing ASM2d model for describing and predicting the metabolic processes of the side-stream phosphorus (P) recovery reactor. A sensitivity analysis of model parameters on SPO4(soluble phosphate), XLEPS (loosely-bound EPS), XTEPS (tightly-bound EPS), COD, and SNH4 (soluble ammonia nitrogen) outputs was conducted for identifying influential parameters. The predicted effluent values of COD, ammonia nitrogen (NH4), and P corresponded well with actual measured values and all the model performance coefficient values for COD, NH4, and P were higher than 0.65, implying the E-ASM2d model could accurately simulate the metabolic processes of the side-stream P recovery process under different COD:P ratio conditions. The variations in the mainstream biological P metabolic pathway under different COD:P conditions were investigated by the E-ASM2d model. At COD:P ratios of 30, 20, and 10, the values of fPP,TEPS (fraction of XTEPS in polyphosphate metabolic process) increased from 0.092, 0.094, and 0.096 in the initial phase to 0.107, 0.124, and 0.187 in the side-stream phase, respectively, demonstrating that the fraction of P removal by tightly-bound EPS was improved by the side-stream operation.

Nitrate regulation of lateral root and root hair development in plants.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, the concentration and distribution of N varies in soil due to a variety of environmental factors. In response, higher plants have evolved a developmentally flexible root system to efficiently take up N under N-limited conditions. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding this form of plant 'root-foraging' behavior, which is controlled by both a local and a long-distance systemic nitrate signaling pathway. In this review, we focus on the key components of nitrate perception, signaling, and transduction and its role in lateral root development. We also highlight recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of the nitrate systemic signaling pathway, including small signaling peptides involved in long-distance shoot-root communication. Furthermore, we summarize the transcription factor networks responsible for nitrate-dependent lateral root and root hair development.

Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Technology and Its Applications for Detecting and Mapping the Seafloor: A Review.

Common methods of ocean remote sensing and seafloor surveying are mainly carried out by airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral imagers. However, the water column hinders the propagation of sunlight to deeper areas, thus limiting the scope of observation. As an emerging technology, underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) is an extension of hyperspectral imaging technology in air conditions, and is undergoing rapid development for applications in shallow and deep-sea environments. It is a close-range, high-resolution approach for detecting and mapping the seafloor. In this paper, we focus on the concepts of UHI technology, covering imaging systems and the correction methods of eliminating the water column's influence. The current applications of UHI, such as deep-sea mineral exploration, benthic habitat mapping, and underwater archaeology, are highlighted to show the potential of this technology. This review can provide an introduction and overview for those working in the field and offer a reference for those searching for literature on UHI technology.

NbGIS regulates glandular trichome initiation through GA signaling in tobacco.

KEY MESSAGE: A novel gene NbGIS positively regulates glandular trichome initiation through GA Signaling in tobacco. NbMYB123-like regulates glandular trichome initiation by acting downstream of NbGIS in tobacco. Glandular trichome is a specialized multicellular structure which has capability to synthesize and secrete secondary metabolites and protects plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous results revealed that a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor GIS and its sub-family genes act upstream of GL3/EGL3-GL1-TTG1 transcriptional activator complex to regulate trichome initiation in Arabidopsis. In this present study, we found that NbGIS could positively regulate glandular trichome development in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco). Our result demonstrated that 35S:NbGIS lines exhibited much higher densities of trichome on leaves, main stems, lateral branches and sepals than WT plants, while NbGIS:RNAi lines had the opposite phenotypes. Furthermore, our results also showed that NbGIS was required in response to GA signal to control glandular trichome initiation in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, our results also showed that NbGIS significantly influenced GA accumulation and expressions of marker genes of the GA biosynthesis, might result in the changes of growth and maturation in tobacco. Lastly, our results also showed that NbMYB123-like regulated glandular trichome initiation in tobacco by acting downstream of NbGIS. These findings provide new insights to discover the molecular mechanism by which C2H2 transcriptional factors regulates glandular trichome initiation through GA signaling pathway in tobacco.

Increased podocyte Sirtuin-1 function attenuates diabetic kidney injury.

Podocyte injury and loss contribute to the progression of glomerular diseases, including diabetic kidney disease. We previously found that the glomerular expression of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is reduced in human diabetic glomeruli and that the podocyte-specific loss of SIRT1 aggravated albuminuria and worsened kidney disease progression in diabetic mice. SIRT1 encodes an NAD-dependent deacetylase that modifies the activity of key transcriptional regulators affected in diabetic kidneys, including NF-κB, STAT3, p53, FOXO4, and PGC1-α. However, whether the increased glomerular SIRT1 activity is sufficient to ameliorate the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease has not been explored. We addressed this by inducible podocyte-specific SIRT1 overexpression in diabetic OVE26 mice. The induction of SIRT1 overexpression in podocytes for six weeks in OVE26 mice with established albuminuria attenuated the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy. To further validate the therapeutic potential of increased SIRT1 activity against diabetic kidney disease, we developed a new, potent and selective SIRT1 agonist, BF175. In cultured podocytes BF175 increased SIRT1-mediated activation of PGC1-α and protected against high glucose-mediated mitochondrial injury. In vivo, administration of BF175 for six weeks in OVE26 mice resulted in a marked reduction in albuminuria and in glomerular injury in a manner similar to podocyte-specific SIRT1 overexpression. Both podocyte-specific SIRT1 overexpression and BT175 treatment attenuated diabetes-induced podocyte loss and reduced oxidative stress in glomeruli of OVE26 mice. Thus, increased SIRT1 activity protects against diabetes-induced podocyte injury and effectively mitigates the progression of diabetic kidney disease.

PIL5 represses floral transition in Arabidopsis under long day conditions.

PHYTOCHROME INTERACING FACTOR 3 LIKE 5 (PIL5), also named PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1) is an important b-HLH transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that mutant of pil5-1 displays early flowering phenotype. We demonstrate that the expressions of the major flowering promoter genes [FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1), and LEAFY (LFY)] are upregulated in the mutant of pil5-1. There is a significant increase of the mRNA of PIL5 in the mutants of co2-1, ft-10, soc1-2, and lfy-4. These changes provide the molecular evidence that PIL5 interacts with the flowering regulators to control flowering time. Moreover, it is shown in our results that PIL5 mutation mediates the increased contents of gibberellic acid (GA). Which is further supported by the qRT-PCR analysis, an increased transcriptome level of the GA biosynthesis genes (GA3ox1, GA3ox2, GA20ox1, GA20ox2, and GA20ox3) has been observed in the pil5-1 mutants as compared to the wild type. Collectively, PIL5 is involved in floral transition interacting with flowering integrators and GA.

SPATULA regulates floral transition and photomorphogenesis in a PHYTOCHROME B-dependent manner in Arabidopsis.

Light is the most important exogenous stimulus regulating plant growth and various developmental processes. Phytochromes, especially PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) mediates the various light-mediated processes in Arabidopsis. SPATULA (SPT) is an important transcription factor, which has been reported previously to participate in temperature-mediated transition from seed dormancy to germination. Here we investigate the function of SPT in the floral transition under long day conditions and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. In this study, spt-2 shows significantly delayed flowering time. But mutation of SPT in the background of phyb-1 rescues the phenotype of spt-2. The flowering time of double mutant of spt-2/phyb-1 is similar with the wild type. These results indicate that SPT promotes the transition from vegetative stage to floral stage and it regulates this transition in a PHYB-dependent manner. With qRT-PCR analysis, it is found that SPT regulates flowering time via FLC, SVP, FT and SOC1. Furthermore, SPT also controls photomorphogenesis. spt-2 displays shortened hypocotyls and increased chlorophylls contents compared with the wild type. These phenotypes are also rescued in the double mutant of spt-2/phyb-1. These results indicate that SPT is also involved in photomorphogenic development in Arabidopsis and SPT regulates photomorphogenesis in a PHYB-dependent manner. Collectively, SPT is not only a temperature responder but it is also an important light regulator during plant growth and development.

Ethylene mediates dichromate-induced inhibition of primary root growth by altering AUX1 expression and auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The hexavalent form of chromium [Cr(VI)] causes a major reduction in yield and quality of crops worldwide. The root is the first plant organ that interacts with Cr(VI) toxicity, which inhibits primary root elongation, but the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the possibility that Cr(VI) reduces primary root growth of Arabidopsis by modulating the cell cycle-related genes and that ethylene signalling contributes to this process. We show that Cr(VI)-mediated inhibition of primary root elongation was alleviated by the ethylene perception and biosynthesis antagonists silver and cobalt, respectively. Furthermore, the ethylene signalling defective mutants (ein2-1 and etr1-3) were insensitive, whereas the overproducer mutant (eto1-1) was hypersensitive to Cr(VI). We also report that high levels of Cr(VI) significantly induce the distribution and accumulation of auxin in the primary root tips, but this increase was significantly suppressed in seedlings exposed to silver or cobalt. In addition, genetic and physiological investigations show that AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1) participates in Cr(VI)-induced inhibition of primary root growth. Taken together, our results indicate that ethylene mediates Cr(VI)-induced inhibition of primary root elongation by increasing auxin accumulation and polar transport by stimulating the expression of AUX1.

Involvement of histone acetylation and deacetylation in regulating auxin responses and associated phenotypic changes in plants.

KEY MESSAGE: The most recent outcomes about the transcription factors and transcription complexes mediated auxin signaling pathway by the histone acetylation and deacetylation. The phytohormone auxin, is required to regulate its accumulation spatiotemporally and responses to orchestrate various developmental levels in plants. Histone acetylation and deacetylation modulate auxin biosynthesis, its distribution and accumulation. In the absence of auxin, histone deacetylase represses the expression of auxin-responsive genes. Various transcription factors and transcription complexes facilitate the proper regulation of auxin signaling pathway genes. The primary and lateral root development, promotion of flowering and initiation of seed germination are all regulated by auxin-mediated histone acetylation and deacetylation. These findings conclude the auxin mode of action, which is mediated by histone acetylation and deacetylation, and associated phenotypic responses in plants, along with the underlying mechanism of these modifications.

AtGIS, a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor from Arabidopsis regulates glandular trichome development through GA signaling in tobacco.

Glandular trichome is specialized multicellular structures that have capability to synthesize and secrete secondary metabolites and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous results revealed that the C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors (GIS) acts upstream of GL3/EGL3-GL1-TTG1transcriptional activator complex to regulate trichome initiation through GA signal in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we are reporting that ectopic expression of AtGIS could regulate glandular trichome development through GA signaling in tobacco. X-gluc staining of various organs from transgenic plants showed that AtGIS expressed mainly in the glandular trichomes. Statistical analysis demonstrated that over expression of GIS increased significantly glandular trichome production on the leaf, stem, branch, and sepal in tobacco. After PAC treatment, reduction of glandular trichome production in transgenic plants was more severe with compared to wild type plants. Furthermore, GA treatment could induce expression of AtGIS. More importantly, our results also demonstrated that overexpressed AtGIS significantly affect the main components of trichome exudates, such as significantly increase the content of nicotine, Cembratriene-4, 6-diol. Taken together, these results suggest that ectopic expression of AtGIS regulates glandular trichome development and may play a key role in compounds secretion in tobacco.

Biochemical responses and ultrastructural changes in ethylene insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thialiana subjected to bisphenol A exposure.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an important raw material in plastic industry, has become a serious environmental contaminant due to its wide spread use in different products and increasing release into the environment. BPA is known to cause adverse effects in living organisms including plants. Several studies reported that BPA affects growth and development in plants, mainly through oxidative stress. Plants are known to generally cope with stress mainly through hormonal regulation and adaptation, but little is known about the role of plant hormones in plants under BPA stress. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of ethylene in BPA induced oxidative stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana as a test plant. The response of ethylene insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis (ein2-1 and etr1-3) to BPA exposure was studied in comparison to the wild type Arabidopsis (WT). In all three genotypes, exposure to BPA adversely affected cellular structures, stomata and light-harvesting pigments. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation and other oxidative stress markers indicated that BPA induced toxicity through oxidative stress. However, the overall results revealed that WT Arabidopsis had more pronounced BPA induced damages while ein2-1 and etr1-3 mutants withstood the BPA induced stress more efficiently. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and expression of antioxidants related genes revealed that the antioxidant defense system in both mutants was more efficiently activated than in WT against BPA induced oxidative stress, which further evidenced the involvement of ethylene in regulating BPA induced oxidative stress. It is concluded that ethylene perception and signaling may be involved in BPA induced oxidative stress responses in plants.