The efficacy and safety of combined therapy with endobronchial tamponade and bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis.

BACKGROUND: Massive hemoptysis is characterized by its life-threatening nature, potentially leading to airway obstruction and asphyxia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of combining endobronchial tamponade with bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in the treatment of massive hemoptysis. METHODS: Between March 2018 and March 2022, a total of 67 patients with massive hemoptysis who underwent BAE were divided into two groups: the combination group (n = 26) and the BAE group (n = 41). Technical and clinical success rates were assessed, and adverse events were monitored following the treatment. Blood gas analysis and coagulation function indicators were collected before and after the treatment, and recurrence and survival rates were recorded during the follow-up period. RESULTS: All patients achieved technical success. There were no significant differences in the clinical success rate, recurrence rates at 3 and 6 months, and mortality rates at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year between the combination group and the BAE group. However, the hemoptysis recurrence rate at 1 year was significantly lower in the combination group compared to the BAE group (15.4% vs. 39.0%, P = 0.039). No serious adverse events were reported in either group. After treatment, the combination group showed higher levels of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-dimer (D-D) compared to the BAE group (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between combined therapy and hemoptysis-free survival. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy, compared to embolization alone, exhibits superior efficacy in improving respiratory function, correcting hypoxia, stopping bleeding, and preventing recurrence. It is considered an effective and safe treatment for massive hemoptysis.

Performance Evaluation and Formation Mechanism of Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids with Moderate Interfacial Activity Enhanced by Janus-SiO2 Nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit great potential to improve various properties of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluids in the development of low-permeability reservoirs. In the present study, the amphiphilic Janus NPs (JANPs) were fabricated via the Pickering emulsion method and employed to construct the novel JA12C (JANPs with dodecyl hydrophobic carbon chains)-assisted VES fracturing fluid (JAVES). The successful fabrication of JANPs was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements and water contact angle tests. The rheology behavior of the VES fracturing fluid incorporating various SiO2 NPs including hydrophilic SiO2 NPs (HLNPs), JA8C (JANPs with octyl hydrophobic carbon chains), and JA12C was systematically investigated. It was revealed that the additional JA12C significantly improved the tolerance and proppant suspension properties. To explore the subsequent oil recovery performance of various gel breaking liquids, the formation wettability and the oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) were studied after the evaluation of breaking properties and formation damage properties of various fracturing fluids. The results suggested that the JAVES gel breaking liquid showed remarkable wettability alternation capability and moderate oil-water IFT reduction ability, which can partially reduce the impact on reservoir permeability. Moreover, the formation mechanism of the JAVES was proposed by molecular dynamics simulations at the molecular level, which was further visually verified via the cryo-TEM images. The improved viscoelasticity of developed the JAVES with moderate interfacial activity is advantageous to enhance subsequent oil recovery.

A Systematic Analysis of the Correlation between Flavor Active Differential Metabolites and Multiple Bean Ripening Stages of Coffea arabica L.

Coffee cherries contain a crucial flavor-precursor and chemical substances influencing roasted bean quality, yet limited knowledge exists on metabolite changes during cherry ripening. Our study identified 1078 metabolites, revealing 46 core differential metabolites using a KEGG pathway analysis. At the GF vs. ROF stage, amino acid synthesis dominated; ROF vs. BRF featured nucleotide catabolism; BRF vs. PRF exhibited glycoside and flavonoid synthesis; and PRF vs. PBF involved secondary metabolite synthesis and catabolism. The PRF stage emerged as the optimal cherry-harvesting period. A correlation analysis identified core differential metabolites strongly linked to taste indicators, suggesting their potential as taste markers. Notably, nucleotides and derivatives exhibited significant negative correlations with glycosides and flavonoids during ripening. This research systematically analyzed flavor and active substances in green coffee beans during cherry ripening, offering valuable insights into substance formation in Coffea arabica L.

Natural variation of GhSI7 increases seed index in cotton.

KEY MESSAGE: qSI07.1, a major QTL for seed index in cotton, was fine-mapped to a 17.45-kb region, and the candidate gene GhSI7 was verified in transgenic plants. Improving production to meet human needs is a vital objective in cotton breeding. The yield-related trait seed index is a complex quantitative trait, but few candidate genes for seed index have been characterized. Here, a major QTL for seed index qSI07.1 was fine-mapped to a 17.45-kb region by linkage analysis and substitutional mapping. Only GhSI7, encoding the transcriptional regulator STERILE APETALA, was contained in the candidate region. Association test and genetic analysis indicated that an 845-bp-deletion in its intron was responsible for the seed index variation. Origin analysis revealed that this variation was unique in Gossypium hirsutum and originated from race accessions. Overexpression of GhSI7 (haplotype 2) significantly increased the seed index and organ size in cotton plants. Our findings provided a diagnostic marker for breeding and selecting cotton varieties with high seed index, and laid a foundation for further studies to understand the molecular mechanism of cotton seed morphogenesis.

Breaking the Linear Relation in the Dissociation of Nitrogen on Iron Surfaces.

Current industrial ammonia synthesis depends on the Haber-Bosch process, in which the activity of the catalyst is limited by the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) principle and Fe is used as a commercial catalyst. Herein, we found that the dissociation barriers of N2 on Fe(111), Fe(211), Fe(110), and Fe(100) surfaces do not follow the widely accepted BEP principle. N2 dissociation on Fe(111) surface has the smallest adsorption energy and the lowest energetic barrier. Such an abnormal phenomenon can be attributed to charge transfer from Fe surfaces to the anti-bonding orbital (π*) of the absorbed N2 . More charges transferred from the Fe surface to π* of N2 leads to a weaker N≡N triple bond and a lower adsorption energy of N atoms. However, the hydrogenation of N atoms and desorption of NH3 on the four Fe surfaces follow the BEP principle. Therefore, Fe(111) is found to be the most active surface to promote ammonia synthesis, and such a conclusion is also applicable to Ni and Mo surfaces.

Color constancy with an optimized regularized random vector functional link based on an improved equilibrium optimizer.

In order to improve the accuracy of illumination estimation, this paper proposes a color constancy algorithm based on an improved equilibrium optimizer (IEO) to optimize the network structure parameters and common parameters of the regularized random vector functional link (RRVFL) at the same time. First, the initial search agent (population) of the equilibrium optimizer algorithm is generated through opposition-based learning, and the particles (individuals in the population) of the search agent are updated using the IEO algorithm. Compared with the completely randomly generated search agent, the method of initializing the search agent through the IEO algorithm has a better convergence effect. Then, each segment of the search agent is mapped to the corresponding parameters of the RRVFL, and the effective input weight and hidden layer bias are selected according to the node activation to generate the network structure, which can realize the simultaneous optimization of hyperparameters and common parameters. Finally, by calculating the output weight, the light source color prediction of the image under unknown illumination is performed, and the image is corrected. Comparison experiments show that the IEO-RRVFL color constancy algorithm proposed in this paper has higher accuracy and better stability than other comparison algorithms.

Effects of Micellization Behavior on the Interfacial Adsorption in Binary Anionic/Nonionic Surfactant Systems: A Molecular Simulation Study.

A surfactant interfacial adsorption process is highly associated with its micellization behaviors in the water phase, which is of great fundamental and practical significance in enhanced oil recovery. In this paper, the typical anionic surfactant 1-dodecanesulfonic acid sodium (DAS) and nonionic surfactants octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether-n (OP-n, n = 1, 5, and 10) are introduced to investigate their micellization behavior and interfacial adsorption process via molecular dynamics simulation. Number density profiles reveal that the additional OP5 molecules in the water phase generate the mixed micelle with DAS molecules and greatly promote its interfacial adsorption. Interaction energy calculation is employed to confirm the interaction of anionic/nonionic surfactants in the mixed micelle. Then, the radial distribution function, solvent-accessible surface area, and solvation free energy are calculated to further explore and verify the adsorption mechanism of the mixed micelle. It is found that the nonionic surfactant obviously decreases the hydrophilicity of the mixed micelle in the water phase, which should be responsible for its intensive tendency of the interfacial adsorption.

Effects of Modification Degrees on the Colloidal Stability of Amphiphilic Janus Graphene Oxide in Aqueous Solution with and without Electrolytes.

Colloidal stability of modified graphene oxide (GO) is fundamental for its practical applications. Meanwhile, most of the investigations mainly focused on the nanosheets modified by a certain amount of modifiers and neglected the effects of the modification degree, which could vary the physical and chemical properties of modified GO and significantly affect its stability in solution. To the best of our knowledge, this study initially investigated the impact of modification degrees on the colloidal stability of graphene-based amphiphilic Janus nanosheets (JGO) via both experimental and theoretical approaches. The prepared JGO, asymmetrically grafted by dodecylamine, exhibited a direct relation between the modification degree and nanosheet thickness, refractive index, electrostatic properties, hydrophobicity, and the ultimate colloidal stability. In addition, the ionic strength imposed distinctive influences on the aggregation behavior of JGO. Based on the comparison between experimental results and theoretical calculation, it was revealed that the JGO should be modeled as two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets in pure water and be treated as 3D spherical particles in electrolyte solutions for the prediction with the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.

Efficient removal of triclosan via peroxymonosulfate activated by a ppb level dosage of Co(II) in water: Reaction kinetics, mechanisms and detoxification.

Triclosan (TCS), an extensively used broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has raised significant environmental concerns regarding its widespread occurrence in waters. In this study, the removal of TCS in aqueous solution via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by an extremely low-level Co2+ (0.02 µM) was systematically investigated. During preliminary test, TCS (10 µM) was totally degraded in 30 min by using 0.1 µM Co2+ and 40 µM PMS at pH 7.0 with a degradation rate constant of 0.1219 min-1. A first-order apparent degradation rate of TCS was found with respect to the PMS concentrations. At extremely low dosage of Co2+ (0.02 µM), the presence of NO3-, HCO3-, PLFA, and SRHA within test concentrations significantly inhibited TCS removal, while a dual effect of Cl- on the degradation rate of TCS was observed. The quenching experiments verified that SO4- was the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than OH. Six major intermediates were identified using TOF-LC-MS, based on which we proposed three associated reaction pathways including hydroxylation, ether bond breakage, and dechlorination. Toxicity predictions by ECOSAR software exhibited aquatic toxicity reduction of TCS after Co2+/PMS treatment. We outlook these findings to advance the feasibility of organic contaminants removal via Co2+/PMS system with Co2+ at extremely low levels.

A high density SLAF-seq SNP genetic map and QTL for seed size, oil and protein content in upland cotton.

BACKGROUND: Cotton is a leading natural fiber crop. Beyond its fiber, cottonseed is a valuable source of plant protein and oil. Due to the much higher value of cotton fiber, there is less consideration of cottonseed quality despite its potential value. Though some QTL controlling cottonseed quality have been identified, few of them that warrant further study are known. Identifying stable QTL controlling seed size, oil and protein content is necessary for improvement of cottonseed quality. RESULTS: In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from a cross between upland cotton cultivars/lines Yumian 1 and M11. Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology was used to construct a genetic map that covered 3353.15 cM with an average distance between consecutive markers of 0.48 cM. The seed index, together with kernel size, oil and protein content were further used to identify QTL. In total, 58 QTL associated with six traits were detected, including 13 stable QTL detected in all three environments and 11 in two environments. CONCLUSION: A high resolution genetic map including 7033 SNP loci was constructed through specific locus amplified fragment sequencing technology. A total of 13 stable QTL associated with six cottonseed quality traits were detected. These stable QTL have the potential for fine mapping, identifying candidate genes, elaborating molecular mechanisms of cottonseed development, and application in cotton breeding programs.

A high density SLAF-SNP genetic map and QTL detection for fibre quality traits in Gossypium hirsutum.

BACKGROUND: Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a very important cash crop known for its high quality natural fiber. Recent advances in sequencing technologies provide powerful tools with which to explore the cotton genome for single nucleotide polymorphism marker identification and high density genetic map construction toward more reliable quantitative trait locus mapping. RESULTS: In the present study, a RIL population was developed by crossing a Chinese high fiber quality cultivar (Yumian 1) and an American high fiber quality line (CA3084), with distinct genetic backgrounds. Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology was used to discover SNPs, and a genetic map containing 6254 SNPs was constructed, covering 3141.72 cM with an average distance of 0.5 cM between markers. A total of 95 QTL were detected for fiber quality traits in three environments, explaining 5.5-24.6% of the phenotypic variance. Fifty-five QTL found in multiple environments were considered stable QTL. Nine of the stable QTL were found in all three environments. We identified 14 QTL clusters on 13 chromosomes, each containing one or more stable QTL. CONCLUSION: A high-density genetic map of Gossypium hirsutum developed by using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing technology provides detailed mapping of fiber quality QTL, and identification of 'stable QTL' found in multiple environments. A marker-rich genetic map provides a foundation for fine mapping, candidate gene identification and marker-assisted selection of favorable alleles at stable QTL in breeding programs.

Natural variation in a CENTRORADIALIS homolog contributed to cluster fruiting and early maturity in cotton.

BACKGROUND: Plant architecture and the vegetative-reproductive transition have major impacts on the agronomic success of crop plants, but genetic mechanisms underlying these traits in cotton (Gossypium spp.) have not been identified. RESULTS: We identify four natural mutations in GoCEN-Dt associated with cluster fruiting (cl) and early maturity. The situ hybridization shows that GhCEN is preferentially expressed in cotton shoot apical meristems (SAM) of the main stem and axillary buds. Constitutive GhCEN-Dt overexpression suppresses the transition of the cotton vegetative apex to a reproductive shoot. Silencing GoCEN leads to early flowering and determinate growth, and in tetraploids causes the main stem to terminate in a floral bud, a novel phenotype that exemplifies co-adaptation of polyploid subgenomes and suggests new research and/or crop improvement approaches. Natural cl variations are enriched in cottons adapted to high latitudes with short frost-free periods, indicating that mutants of GoCEN have been strongly selected for early maturity. CONCLUSION: We show that the cotton gene GoCEN-Dt, a homolog of Antirrhinum CENTRORADIALIS, is responsible for determinate growth habit and cluster fruiting. Insight into the genetic control of branch and flower differentiation offers new approaches to develop early maturing cultivars of cotton and other crops with plant architecture appropriate for mechanical harvesting.

Up-regulation of GhTT2-3A in cotton fibres during secondary wall thickening results in brown fibres with improved quality.

Brown cotton fibres are the most widely used naturally coloured raw materials for the eco-friendly textile industry. Previous studies have indicated that brown fibre pigments belong to proanthocyanidins (PAs) or their derivatives, and fibre coloration is negatively associated with cotton productivity and fibre quality. To date, the molecular basis controlling the biosynthesis and accumulation of brown pigments in cotton fibres is largely unknown. In this study, based on expressional and transgenic analyses of cotton homologs of ArabidopsisPA regulator TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2) and fine-mapping of the cotton dark-brown fibre gene (Lc1), we show that a TT2 homolog, GhTT2-3A, controls PA biosynthesis and brown pigmentation in cotton fibres. We observed that GhTT2-3A activated GhbHLH130D, a homolog of ArabidopsisTT8, which in turn synergistically acted with GhTT2-3A to activate downstream PA structural genes and PA synthesis and accumulation in cotton fibres. Furthermore, the up-regulation of GhTT2-3A in fibres at the secondary wall-thickening stage resulted in brown mature fibres, and fibre quality and lint percentage were comparable to that of the white-fibre control. The findings of this study reveal the regulatory mechanism controlling brown pigmentation in cotton fibres and demonstrate a promising biotechnological strategy to break the negative linkage between coloration and fibre quality and/or productivity.

Enriching an intraspecific genetic map and identifying QTL for fiber quality and yield component traits across multiple environments in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Cotton is a significant commercial crop that plays an indispensable role in many domains. Constructing high-density genetic maps and identifying stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling agronomic traits are necessary prerequisites for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A total of 14,899 SSR primer pairs designed from the genome sequence of G. raimondii were screened for polymorphic markers between mapping parents CCRI 35 and Yumian 1, and 712 SSR markers showing polymorphism were used to genotype 180 lines from a (CCRI 35 × Yumian 1) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Genetic linkage analysis was conducted on 726 loci obtained from the 712 polymorphic SSR markers, along with 1379 SSR loci obtained in our previous study, and a high-density genetic map with 2051 loci was constructed, which spanned 3508.29 cM with an average distance of 1.71 cM between adjacent markers. Marker orders on the linkage map are highly consistent with the corresponding physical orders on a G. hirsutum genome sequence. Based on fiber quality and yield component trait data collected from six environments, 113 QTLs were identified through two analytical methods. Among these 113 QTLs, 50 were considered stable (detected in multiple environments or for which phenotypic variance explained by additive effect was greater than environment effect), and 18 of these 50 were identified with stability by both methods. These 18 QTLs, including eleven for fiber quality and seven for yield component traits, could be priorities for MAS.

Fine-mapping qFS07.1 controlling fiber strength in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

KEY MESSAGE: qFS07.1 controlling fiber strength was fine-mapped to a 62.6-kb region containing four annotated genes. RT-qPCR and sequence of candidate genes identified an LRR RLK gene as the most likely candidate. Fiber strength is an important component of cotton fiber quality and is associated with other properties, such as fiber maturity, fineness, and length. Stable QTL qFS07.1, controlling fiber strength, had been identified on chromosome 7 in an upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross (CCRI35 × Yumian1) described in our previous studies. To fine-map qFS07.1, an F2 population with 2484 individual plants from a cross between recombinant line RIL014 and CCRI35 was established. A total of 1518 SSR primer pairs, including 1062, designed from chromosome 1 of the Gossypium raimondii genome and 456 from chromosome 1 of the G. arboreum genome (corresponding to the QTL region) were used to fine-map qFS07.1, and qFS07.1 was mapped into a 62.6-kb genome region which contained four annotated genes on chromosome A07 of G. hirsutum. RT-qPCR and comparative analysis of candidate genes revealed a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase (LRR RLK) family protein to be a promising candidate gene for qFS07.1. Fine mapping and identification of the candidate gene for qFS07.1 will play a vital role in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and the study of mechanism of cotton fiber development.

Fine mapping and RNA-Seq unravels candidate genes for a major QTL controlling multiple fiber quality traits at the T1 region in upland cotton.

BACKGROUND: Improving fiber quality is a major challenge in cotton breeding, since the molecular basis of fiber quality traits is poorly understood. Fine mapping and candidate gene prediction of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling cotton fiber quality traits can help to elucidate the molecular basis of fiber quality. In our previous studies, one major QTL controlling multiple fiber quality traits was identified near the T1 locus on chromosome 6 in Upland cotton. RESULTS: To finely map this major QTL, the F2 population with 6975 individuals was established from a cross between Yumian 1 and a recombinant inbred line (RIL118) selected from a recombinant inbred line population (T586 × Yumian 1). The QTL was mapped to a 0.28-cM interval between markers HAU2119 and SWU2302. The QTL explained 54.7 % (LOD = 222.3), 40.5 % (LOD = 145.0), 50.0 % (LOD = 194.3) and 30.1 % (LOD = 100.4) of phenotypic variation with additive effects of 2.78, -0.43, 2.92 and 1.90 units for fiber length, micronaire, strength and uniformity, respectively. The QTL region corresponded to a 2.7-Mb interval on chromosome 10 in the G. raimondii genome sequence and a 5.3-Mb interval on chromosome A06 in G. hirsutum. The fiber of Yumian 1 was much longer than that of RIL118 from 3 DPA to 7 DPA. RNA-Seq of ovules at 0 DPA and fibers at 5 DPA from Yumian 1 and RIL118 showed four genes in the QTL region of the G. raimondii genome to be extremely differentially expressed. RT-PCR analysis showed three genes in the QTL region of the G. hirsutum genome to behave similarly. CONCLUSIONS: This study mapped a major QTL influencing four fiber quality traits to a 0.28-cM interval and identified three candidate genes by RNA-Seq and RT-PCR analysis. Integration of fine mapping and RNA-Seq is a powerful strategy to uncover candidates for QTL in large genomes.

Integrated mapping and characterization of the gene underlying the okra leaf trait in Gossypium hirsutum L.

Diverse leaf morphology has been observed among accessions of Gossypium hirsutum, including okra leaf, which has advantages and disadvantages in cotton production. The okra leaf locus has been mapped to chromosome 15 of the Dt subgenome, but the underlying gene has yet to be identified. In this study, we used a combination of targeted association analysis, F2 population-based fine mapping, and comparative sequencing of orthologues to identify a candidate gene underlying the okra leaf trait in G. hirsutum. The okra leaf gene identified, GhOKRA, encoded a homeodomain leucine-zipper class I protein, whose closely related genes in several other plant species have been shown to be involved in regulating leaf morphology. The transcript levels of GhOKRA in shoot apices were positively correlated with the phenotypic expression of the okra leaf trait. Of the multiple sequence variations observed in the coding region among GrOKRA of Gossypium raimondii and GhOKRA-Dt of normal and okra/superokra leaf G. hirsutum accessions, a non-synonymous substitution near the N terminus and the variable protein sequences at the C terminus may be related to the leaf shape difference. Our results suggest that both transcription and protein activity of GhOKRA may be involved in regulating leaf shape. Furthermore, we found that non-reciprocal homoeologous recombination, or gene conversion, may have played a role in the origin of the okra leaf allele. Our results provided tools for further investigating and understanding the fundamental biological processes that are responsible for the cotton leaf shape variation and will help in the design of cotton plants with an ideal leaf shape for enhanced cotton production.

Construction of a high-density genetic map and lint percentage and cottonseed nutrient trait QTL identification in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Upland cotton plays a critical role not only in the textile industry, but also in the production of important secondary metabolites, such as oil and proteins. Construction of a high-density linkage map and identifying yield and seed trait quantitative trail loci (QTL) are prerequisites for molecular marker-assisted selective breeding projects. Here, we update a high-density upland cotton genetic map from recombinant inbred lines. A total of 25,313 SSR primer pairs were screened for polymorphism between Yumian 1 and T586, and 1712 SSR primer pairs were used to genotype the mapping population and construct a map. An additional 1166 loci have been added to our previously published map with 509 SSR markers. The updated genetic map spans a total recombinant length of 3338.2 cM and contains 1675 SSR loci and nine morphological markers, with an average interval of 1.98 cM between adjacent markers. Green lint (Lg) mapped on chromosome 15 in a previous report is mapped in an interval of 2.6 cM on chromosome 21. Based on the map and phenotypic data from multiple environments, 79 lint percentage and seed nutrient trait QTL are detected. These include 8 lint percentage, 13 crude protein, 15 crude oil, 8 linoleic, 10 oleic, 13 palmitic, and 12 stearic acid content QTL. They explain 3.5-62.7 % of the phenotypic variation observed. Four morphological markers identified have a major impact on lint percentage and cottonseed nutrients traits. In this study, our genetic map provides new sights into the tetraploid cotton genome. Furthermore, the stable QTL and morphological markers could be used for fine-mapping and map-based cloning.

Horizontal Plane Haptic Redirection: Realizing Haptic Feedback for the Virtual Inclined Plane in VR.

Some interactions in virtual environments need to be operated on inclined planes. If a real inclined plane can be found in the real environment that corresponds exactly to the angle of the virtual inclined plane to provide haptic feedback, the user's immersion can be enhanced. However, it is not easy to find such a real inclined plane in the real environment. We proposed a horizontal plane haptic redirection scheme, where users interacting with virtual inclined planes in virtual environments can obtain haptic feelings by using real horizontal planes that are easily available in the real world for redirection mapping. We also designed an integrated solution to locate the real horizontal plane and for haptic redirection based on the Vive Pro headset. Then we measured the angle and size thresholds for horizontal plane haptic redirection as 20° and 88%, respectively, through a user study. Through experiments, we also found that when the degree of redirection exceeded the threshold, the user's operation efficiency would be significantly reduced. In addition, we compared the horizontal plane haptic redirection scheme with the scheme without redirection and the scheme without haptic feedback to demonstrate the validity and necessity of the redirection scheme proposed in this paper.