A SARS-CoV-2-Related Virus from Malayan Pangolin Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most severe emerging infectious disease in the current century. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins in South Asian countries indicates that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from wildlife. To date, two SARSr-CoV-2 strains have been isolated from pangolins seized in Guangxi and Guangdong by the customs agency of China, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether these viruses cause disease in animal models and whether they pose a transmission risk to humans. In this study, we investigated the biological features of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) captured by the Guangxi customs agency, termed MpCoV-GX, in terms of receptor usage, cell tropism, and pathogenicity in wild-type BALB/c mice, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-transgenic mice, and human ACE2 knock-in mice. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from humans, pangolins, civets, bats, pigs, and mice for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from humans, monkeys, bats, minks, and pigs. The virus could infect three mouse models but showed limited pathogenicity, with mild peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration observed in lungs. Our results suggest that this SARSr-CoV-2 virus from pangolins has the potential for interspecies infection, but its pathogenicity is mild in mice. Future surveillance among these wildlife hosts of SARSr-CoV-2 is needed to monitor variants that may have higher pathogenicity and higher spillover risk. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, which likely spilled over from wildlife, is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus. Being highly transmissible, it is perpetuating a pandemic and continuously posing a severe threat to global public health. Several SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins have been identified since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. It is therefore important to assess their potential of crossing species barriers for better understanding of their risk of future emergence. In this work, we investigated the biological features and pathogenicity of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin, named MpCoV-GX. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from 7 species for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from a variety of mammalian species. MpCoV-GX can infect mice expressing human ACE2 without causing severe disease. These findings suggest the potential of cross-species transmission of MpCoV-GX, and highlight the need of further surveillance of SARSr-CoV-2 in pangolins and other potential animal hosts.

Candidate for a Passively Protected Quantum Memory in Two Dimensions.

An interesting problem in the field of quantum error correction involves finding a physical system that hosts a "passively protected quantum memory," defined as an encoded qubit coupled to an environment that naturally wants to correct errors. To date, a quantum memory stable against finite-temperature effects is known only in four spatial dimensions or higher. Here, we take a different approach to realize a stable quantum memory by relying on a driven-dissipative environment. We propose a new model, the photonic-Ising model, which appears to passively correct against both bit-flip and phase-flip errors in two dimensions: a square lattice composed of photonic "cat qubits" coupled via dissipative terms which tend to fix errors locally. Inspired by the presence of two distinct Z_{2}-symmetry-broken phases, our scheme relies on Ising-like dissipators to protect against bit flips and on a driven-dissipative photonic environment to protect against phase flips. We also discuss possible ways to realize the photonic-Ising model.

Association of phthalate exposure with all-cause mortality across renal function status: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018.

BACKGROUND: Wide phthalate exposure has been associated with both declines in renal function and an elevated risk of mortality. Whether phthalate-associated risk of premature mortality differs by renal function status remains unclear. METHODS: This study included 9605 adults from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. According to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), participants were grouped as having normal or modestly declined renal functions, or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Multivariable Cox regression models estimated all-cause mortality associated with phthalate exposure, overall and by renal function status. RESULTS: Overall, Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carbox-ypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) were associated with an elevated risk of mortality (P-trend across tertile <0.05). Moreover, significant interactions were observed between eGFR and MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, DEHP in the whole population (P for interactions <0.05). After stratification by renal function, total Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was additionally found to be associated with mortality risk in the CKD group (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.25). Co-exposure to the 11 phthalate metabolites was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in the CKD (HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.84) and modestly declined renal function group (HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.44). CONCLUSIONS: The associations between phthalate exposure and risk of all-cause mortality were primarily observed in CKD patients, reinforcing the need for monitoring phthalate exposure in this patient population.

Interposition of acellular amniotic membrane at the tendon to bone interface would be better for healing than overlaying above the tendon to bone junction in the repair of rotator cuff injury.

PURPOSE: The retear rate of rotator cuff (RC) after surgery is high, and the rapid and functional enthesis regeneration remains a challenge. Whether acellular amniotic membrane (AAM) helps to promote the healing of tendon to bone and which treatment is better are both unclear. The study aims to investigate the effect of AAM on the healing of RC and the best treatment for RC repair. METHODS: Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats underwent RC transection and repair using microsurgical techniques and were randomly divided into the suturing repair only (SRO) group (n = 11), the AAM overlaying (AOL) group (n = 11), and the AAM interposition (AIP) group (n = 11), respectively. Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks, then examined by subsequent micro-CT, and evaluated by histologic and biomechanical tests. The statistical analyses of one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test were performed using with SPSS 23.0. A p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. RESULTS: AAM being intervened between tendon and bone (AIP group) or overlaid over tendon to bone junction (AOL group) in a rat model, promoted enthesis regeneration, increased new bone and cartilage generation, and improved collagen arrangement and biomechanical properties in comparison with suturing repair only (SRO group) (AOL vs. SRO, p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.003; AIP vs. SRO, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Compared with the AOL group, the AIP group had better results in micro-CT evaluation, histological score, and biomechanical testing (p = 0 0.039, p = 0.011, p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the RC repair model, AAM enhanced regeneration of the tendon to bone junction. This regeneration was more effective when the AAM was intervened at the tendon to bone interface than overlaid above the tendon to bone junction.

Lipoprotein(a), family history of cardiovascular disease, and incidence of heart failure.

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a largely genetically determined biomarker for cardiovascular disease (CVD), while its potential interplay with family history (FHx) of CVD, a measure of both genetic and environmental exposures, remains unclear. We examined the associations of Lp(a) in terms of circulating concentration or polygenetic risk score (PRS), and FHx of CVD with risk of incident heart failure (HF). Included were 299,158 adults from the UK Biobank without known HF and CVD at baseline. Hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% Cls were estimated by Cox regression models adjusted for traditional risk factors defined by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study HF risk score. During the 11.8-year follow-up, 5,502 incidents of HF occurred. Higher levels of circulating Lp(a), Lp(a) PRS, and positive FHx of CVD were associated with higher risks of HF. Compared with individuals who had lower circulating Lp(a) and no FHx, HRs (95% CIs) of HF were 1.36 (1.25, 1.49), 1.31 (1.19, 1.43), and 1.42 (1.22, 1.67) for those with higher Lp(a) and a positive history of CVD for all family members, parents, and siblings, respectively; similar results were observed by using Lp(a) PRS. The risk estimates for HF associated with elevated Lp(a) and positive FHx were attenuated after excluding those with incident myocardial infarction (MI) during follow-up. Lp(a) and FHx of CVD were independent risk factors for incident HF, and the highest risk of HF was observed among individuals with both risk factors. The association may be partly mediated by myocardial infarction.

A highly accumulated secretory protein from cotton bollworm interacts with basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors to dampen plant defense.

Caterpillar oral secretion (OS) contains active molecules that modulate plant defense signaling. We isolated an effector-like protein (Highly Accumulated Secretory Protein 1, HAS1) from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) that is the most highly accumulated secretory protein of the nondigestive components in OS and belongs to venom R-like protein. Elimination of HAS1 by plant-mediated RNA interference reduced the suppression of OS on the defense response in plants. Plants expressing HAS1 are more susceptible to insect herbivory accompanied by the reduced expressions of multiple defense genes. HAS1 binds to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, including GoPGF involved in pigmented gland formation and defense compounds biosynthesis in cotton and MYC3/MYC4 the main regulators in jasmonate (JA) signaling in Arabidopsis. The binding activity is required for HAS1 to inhibit the activation of bHLHs on plant defense gene expressions. Together with our previous study that another venom R-like protein HARP1 in cotton bollworm OS blocks JA signaling by interacting with JASMONATE-ZIM-domain repressors, we conclude that the venom R-like proteins in OS interfere with plant defense in a dual suppression manner. Considering the venom proteins in parasitic wasp assault the immune system of its host animal, our investigation reveals their conserved function in carnivorous and herbivorous insects.

Model-Independent Learning of Quantum Phases of Matter with Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks.

Quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) have been introduced as classifiers for gapped quantum phases of matter. Here, we propose a model-independent protocol for training QCNNs to discover order parameters that are unchanged under phase-preserving perturbations. We initiate the training sequence with the fixed-point wave functions of the quantum phase and add translation-invariant noise that respects the symmetries of the system to mask the fixed-point structure on short length scales. We illustrate this approach by training the QCNN on phases protected by time-reversal symmetry in one dimension, and test it on several time-reversal symmetric models exhibiting trivial, symmetry-breaking, and symmetry-protected topological order. The QCNN discovers a set of order parameters that identifies all three phases and accurately predicts the location of the phase boundary. The proposed protocol paves the way toward hardware-efficient training of quantum phase classifiers on a programmable quantum processor.

Characterization of Polysaccharides from the Pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim by Saccharide Mapping and Their Neuroprotective Effects.

The pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim (PZM) is a commonly used spice and herbal medicine in China. In the present study, the structural characteristics of PPZM were investigated by saccharide mapping after enzymatic digestion by using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and polysaccharide analysis by using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE). The mechanisms of protective effects of PPZM on Aß25-35-induced oxidative damage were explored in PC12 cells. The results showed that PPZM contained 1,4-α-D-galactosidic, 1,4-α-D-galactosiduronic, and (1→4)-ß-D-glucosidic linkages. Pretreatment with PPZM significantly increased the cell viability of Aß25-35-injured PC12 cells. Flow cytometry and Hoechst/PI staining indicated that PPZM gradually relieved the apoptosis of the Aß25-25-treated cells. PPZM markedly decreased the ROS level of PC12 cells and suppressed Aß25-35-induced oxidative stress by increasing the SOD level, and decreasing the level of MDA and LDH. The mRNA expressions of caspase-3 and Bax were significantly downregulated, and Bcl-2 expression was upregulated by treatment with PPZM. PPZM significantly increased the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in Aß25-35 treated cells. The results indicated that PPZM alleviated apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by Aß25-25 through the inhibition of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PPZM can be used as a potential protective agent against Aß25-25-induced neurotoxicity.

[COL4A5 genotypes and clinical characteristics of children with Alport syndrome]. / 儿童Alport综合征COL4A5åŸºå› åž‹åŠä¸´åºŠç‰¹ç‚¹åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the genotypes of the pathogenic gene COL4A5 and the characteristics of clinical phenotypes in children with Alport syndrome (AS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the genetic testing results and clinical data of 19 AS children with COL4A5 gene mutations. RESULTS: Among the 19 children with AS caused by COL4A5 gene mutations, 1 (5%) carried a new mutation of the COL4A5 gene, i.e., c.3372A>G(p.P1124=) and presented with AS coexisting with IgA vasculitis nephritis; 3 children (16%) had large fragment deletion of the COL4A5 gene, among whom 2 children (case 7 had a new mutation site of loss51-53) had gross hematuria and albuminuria at the onset, and 1 child (case 13 had a new mutation site of loss3-53) only had microscopic hematuria, while the other 15 children (79%) had common clinical phenotypes of AS, among whom 7 carried new mutations of the COL4A5 gene. Among all 19 children, 3 children (16%) who carried COL4A5 gene mutations also had COL4A4 gene mutations, and 1 child (5%) had COL4A3 gene mutations. Among these children with double gene mutations, 2 had gross hematuria and proteinuria at the onset. CONCLUSIONS: This study expands the genotype and phenotype spectrums of the pathogenic gene COL4A5 for AS. Children with large fragment deletion of the COL4A5 gene or double gene mutations of COL4A5 with COL4A3 or COL4A4 tend to have more serious clinical manifestations.

Centromere Protein A (CENPA) Regulates Metabolic Reprogramming in the Colon Cancer Cells by Transcriptionally Activating Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 2 (KPNA2).

The karyopherin α2 subunit gene (KPNA2), an oncogene, is involved in metabolic reprogramming in cancer. This study aimed to explore the function of KPNα2 in the growth and glycolysis in colon cancer (CC) cells. Genes from the Oncomine database that were differentially expressed in multiple CC types were screened. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that KPNA2 was highly expressed in CC, and consequently, high expression of KPNA2 was detected in the CC cell lines. Down-regulation of KPNA2 reduced viability and DNA-replication ability, and increased apoptosis of HCT116 and LoVo cells. It also reduced glucose consumption, extracellular acidification rate, and the ATP production in cells. Centromere protein A (CENPA) was confirmed as an upstream transcription activator of KPNA2. There was significant H3K27ac modification in the promoter region of KPNA2. CENPA primarily recruited histone acetyltransferase general control of amino acid synthesis (GCN)-5 to the promoter region of KPNA2 to induce transcription activation. Overexpression of either CENPA or GCN-5 blocked the role of short hairpin KPNα2 and restored growth and glycolysis in CC cells. To conclude, the findings from this study suggest that CENPA recruits GCN-5 to the promoter region of KPNA2 to induce KPNα2 activation, which strengthens growth and glycolysis in, and augments the development of, CC.

Endotoxin tolerance induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide alters macrophage polarization.

Endotoxin tolerance refers to a state refractory to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulations following a primary LPS exposure. To study the relationship between endotoxin tolerance and macrophage polarization, endotoxin tolerance was induced by 1 µg/mL LPS from the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Repeated P. gingivalis LPS challenges increased the quantities of CD206+ PMs, while the number of CD86+CD206+ PMs was reduced compared with the non-tolerant group (p < 0.05). However, there were no changes in BMDMs (p > 0.05). Down regulations of TNF-α, IL-12, nitric oxide and MMP-2 production, and upregulated IL-10, MMP-9 levels and arginase-1 activities occurred in tolerant PMs and BMDMs (p < 0.05). P. gingivalis LPS-tolerant PMs and BMDMs also enhanced scrape-wound healing abilities of 15p-1 cells (p < 0.05). Expressions of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p-STAT6) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) were increased, while p-MEK1/2 levels were downregulated in tolerant PMs and BMDMs (p < 0.05). IL-10 production in tolerant Stat6 knockdown RAW264.7 cells was lower than tolerant control cells (p < 0.05). P. gingivalis LPS-tolerant macrophages represented an intermediate state between M1/M2 polarization, which functioned as M2-like cells, and led to limited inflammatory responses and enhanced wound healing activities. The PTP1B-MEK1/2-STAT6 signaling pathway might be involved in the polarization of tolerant macrophages.

Y-Shaped Tendon Graft-A Technique in the Reconstruction of Posttraumatic Chronic Boutonniere Deformity.

PURPOSE: Current reconstruction strategies for chronic posttraumatic boutonniere deformities have variable outcomes and are prone to complications. This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of a Y-shaped tendon graft technique. METHODS: In this retrospective case study, we reviewed the files of 18 patients treated with the Y-shaped tendon graft between January 2010 and January 2017. The technique involves release of the central slip, lateral bands, and transverse retinacular ligaments at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, total excision of scar tissue in the central slip and at the insertion site, and construction of 3 1.5-mm unicortical holes at the base of the middle phalanx, through which a Y-shaped graft of the palmaris longus is inserted to reconstruct the central slip and stabilize the lateral bands in a dorsal position. Clinical evaluations included measuring the active range of motion in the PIP joint and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, grip strength, Souter score, and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 36.1 years, and 12 of the 18 patients were men. The average follow-up period was 23 months (range, 13-38 months). The preoperative PIP joint extension deficit was 48.0° ± 5.0° compared with 10.9° ± 9.3° after surgery. The preoperative DIP joint active flexion was 34.4° ± 8.0° compared with 71.4° ± 8.6° after surgery The outcomes based on the Souter score were 11 excellent, 5 good, and 2 poor. The QuickDASH score was 17.7 ± 6.4 before surgery and 11.2 ± 7.2 after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The Y-shaped tendon graft can be a useful procedure for the correction of chronic boutonniere deformity; in our patient series, this provided good or excellent results in 16 of 18 patients. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

ZIC2 is downregulated and represses tumor growth via the regulation of STAT3 in breast cancer.

Although early detection and systemic therapies have improved the diagnosis and clinical cure rate of breast cancer, breast cancer remains the most frequently occurring malignant cancer in women due to a lack of sufficiently effective treatments. Thus, to develop potential targeted therapies and thus benefit more patients, it is helpful to understand how cancer cells work. ZIC family members have been shown to play important roles in neural development and carcinogenesis. In our study, we found that ZIC2 is downregulated in breast cancer tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Low expression of ZIC2 was correlated with poor outcome in breast cancer patients and serves as an independent prognostic marker. Furthermore, overexpression of ZIC2 repressed, whereas knockdown of ZIC2 promoted, cell proliferation and colony formation ability in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis, we screened and identified STAT3 as a potential target for ZIC2. ZIC2 bound to the STAT3 promoter and repressed the promoter activities of STAT3. ZIC2 knockdown induced the expression of STAT3, increasing the level of phosphorylated STAT3. These results suggest that ZIC2 regulates the transcription of STAT3 by directly binding to the STAT3 promoter. Additionally, interfering STAT3 with siRNAs or inhibitors abrogated the oncogenic effects induced by decreased ZIC2. Taken together, our results indicate that ZIC2 serves as a useful prognostic marker in breast cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating STAT3, implying that STAT3 inhibitors might provide an alternative treatment option for breast cancer patients with ZIC2 downregulation.

The Effect of Protein-Rich Extract from Bombyx Batryticatus against Glutamate-Damaged PC12 Cells Via Regulating γ-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling Pathway.

Bombyx Batryticatus (BB) is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilized to treat convulsions, epilepsy, cough, asthma, headaches, etc. in China for thousands of years. This study is aimed at investigating optimum extraction of protein-rich extracts from BB (BBPs) using response surface methodology (RSM) and exploring the protective effects of BBPs against nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced PC12 cells injured by glutamate (Glu) and their underlying mechanisms. The results indicated optimum process of extraction was as follows: extraction time 1.00 h, ratio of liquid to the raw material 3.80 mL/g and ultrasonic power 230.0 W. The cell viability of PC12 cells stimulated by Glu was determined by CCK-8 assay. The levels of γ-aminobutyric (GABA), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR) in PC12 cells were assayed by ELISA. Furthermore, the Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Protein and mRNA expressions of GABAA-Rα1, NMDAR1, GAD 65, GAD 67, GAT 1 and GAT 3 in PC12 cells were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting assays. Results revealed that BBPs decreased toxic effects due to Glu treatment and decreased Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells. After BBPs treatments, levels of GABA and 5-HT were increased and contents of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-1ß were decreased in NGF-induced PC12 cells injured by Glu. Moreover, BBPs up-regulated the expressions of GABAA-Rα1, GAD 65 and GAD 67, whereas down-regulated that of NMDAR1 GAT 1 and GAT 3. These findings suggested that BBPs possessed protective effects on NGF-induced PC12 cells injured by Glu via γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) signaling pathways, which demonstrated that BBPs has potential anti-epileptic effect in vitro. These findings may be useful in the development of novel medicine for the treatment of epilepsy.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium Cascade Catalysis: Construction of 2,2-Disubstitiuted Benzofuranones from the Reaction of 3-(2-Formylphenoxy)propenoates with Allylic Esters.

The cascade catalysis involving N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and palladium/ligand was demonstrated. In the presence of a triazolium salt, palladium catalyst, and base, the reaction of 3-(2-formylphenoxy)propenoates and allylic esters proceeded efficiently under mild conditions to afford 2-allylbenzofuran-3-one-2-acetates in moderated to good yields. An asymmetric cascade catalysis was achieved when (R)-BINAP was employed as a chiral ligand, producing enantiomerically enriched 2,2-disubstitiuted benzofuran-3-one derivatives with an ee up to 81%.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the participation of Ribonuclease T2 gene into self-incompatibility of Citrus grandis var. Shatianyu Hort.

The RIB (ribonuclease T2) of Citrus grandis var. Shatianyu Hort involved in self-incompatibility (SI) mechanism was identified by prokaryotic expression. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of RIB in self pollinated stigma is significantly higher than that in cross pollinated stigma. A vector for prokaryotic expression of RIB was constructed after codon-optimization, and the recombinant protein was induced and purified. In vitro pollen germination test indicated that the RIB protein markedly inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The result is helpful for better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the SI in C. grandis.

[Effect of animal medicines for "extinguishing wind to arrest convulsions" on central nervous system diseases].

The human health is seriously affected by central nervous system(CNS) diseases, but the pathogenesis of CNS diseases is still not completely clear. Currently, the drugs used to treat CNS diseases are mainly receptor modulators and neurotransmitter inhibitors, which have serious side effects; and there are short of drugs for treating CNS diseases clinically. Studies suggest that animal medicines mainly include protein, polypeptide and small-molecule compounds, and have such pharmacological effects in calming, resisting convulsions and improving brain tissues. Plenty of studies suggest that animal medicines usually have a strong activity and good curative effect on these diseases, with a promising prospect in research and development of drugs treating CNS diseases. Based on systematic reviews of literatures, this paper summarizes active ingredients and main pharmacological effects of animal medicines in "extinguishing wind to arrest convulsions" for the CNS diseases, epilepsy and cerebral ischemia, and discusses their study value and application prospects. The results showed that the studies of protein and peptides were relatively simple, and some animal medicines were still blank. The authors believed that amino acids and small molecular compounds should be transferred to oligopeptide, advanced protein extraction and separation techniques shall be adopted for identifying the protein polypeptide composition structure and studying the efficacy, and the methods of biological technology were used to develop peptide biological products for the treatment of CNS diseases. This paper could provide ideas and reference for developing animal medicine products for the treatment of CNS diseases.

Delivering siRNA and Chemotherapeutic Molecules Across BBB and BTB for Intracranial Glioblastoma Therapy.

For aggressive brain glioblastoma, the therapy is significantly impaired by blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Choosing more than one target from the pool of tumor-stroma interactions is profoundly beneficial to therapeutic approaches. Thus, a multifunctional liposomal system based on anchoring two receptor-specific and penetrable peptides was designed for the combination delivery of BBB-impermeable siRNA and chemotherapeutic docetaxel to brain glioblastoma. Both macroscopic and microscopic specific distributions and targeting effect of the liposomes in the intracranial glioblastoma were confirmed. Superiority in therapeutic efficacies of the siRNA and DTX combination delivery system was revealed from encouraged VEGF gene silencing, tumor cell apoptosis, prolonged survival time, subdued glioblastoma cells in intracranial glioblastoma, and negligible system toxicities after systemic application. Furthermore, the liposomes made better modulation of glioblastoma microenvironment such as the down-regulation of CD31-positive tumor vessels and HIF-1α expression. The transport mechanism of the liposomes delivering the cargos across BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis without destroying the integrity of BBB has been evaluated from in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the dual peptides-modified liposomal system provides a safe and noninvasive approach for the delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic molecules across the BBB and BTB to target therapy of brain glioblastoma.

Extraction Optimization, Characterization, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides from Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine Employing Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides (PSA) from Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine (PRPCA) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The structural characteristics of PSA were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high performance gel permeation chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In addition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of PSA were studied by different in vitro assays. Results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the ratio of water to raw of 30 mL/g, extraction time of 46.50 min, ultrasonic temperature of 72.00 °C, and ultrasonic power of 230 W. Under these conditions, the obtained PSA yield (13.21 ± 0.37%) was closely agreed with the predicted yield by the model. The average molecular weights of the PSA were estimated to be 5.34 × 10³ and 6.27 × 105 Da. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that PSA consisted of mannose, galactose uronic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose with a molar ratio of 1.83:0.55:75.75:1.94:0.45. Furthermore, PSA exhibited moderate antioxidant and antibacterial activities in vitro. Collectively, this study provides a promising strategy to obtain bioactive polysaccharides from processed products of herbal medicines.

The pharmacology, toxicology and potential applications of arecoline: a review.

CONTEXT: Arecoline is an effective constituent of Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) with various pharmacological effects. However, investigations also revealed that long use of arecoline could arouse some oral diseases. OBJECTIVE: The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature (before 1 October 2015) regarding pharmacology and toxicology of arecoline. We also discussed the potential developments and applications of arecoline in the future. METHODS: All the available information regarding the arecoline is compiled from scientific databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. RESULTS: Previous research demonstrated that arecoline is one of the major effective constituents in A. catechu. Additionally, arecoline has a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including effects on nervous, cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine systems and anti-parasitic effects. What's more, arecoline is reported to be the primary toxic constituent of A. catechu, and the main toxic effects include oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and genotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Arecoline has great potential to be a therapeutic drug for various ailments. However, further investigations are needed in the future to reduce or eliminate its toxicities before developing into new drug.