The Adolescent Problem Gambling Prevalence Associated with Leisure-Time Activities and Risky Behaviors in Southern Spain.

Gambling addiction is increasing and is becoming a public health concern due to the rise of gambling-related harms affecting the youth. Previous studies suggest a strong link between problem gambling (PG) and substance use and psychosocial and familial factors. Our main objective was to analyze the association between PG and factors like sport, leisure-time activities, and risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. A survey on substance use and addictive behaviors was performed in 2019 on a representative sample of 2240 subjects (14-18 years) from the Southern Spain Region. Data variables like socio-demographic characteristics, sport, leisure and free time activities, family environment, PG (Lie-Bet Scale), compulsive internet use (CIUS Scale), and consumption of alcohol and cannabis were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Weighted PG prevalence was estimated in either sex, as well as the differences between various levels of PG using chi-square tests. Crude and adjusted weighted logistic regression models were used to identify predictors associated with PG. The prevalence of PG was associated with shopping frequency, compulsive internet use, cannabis use in the previous month, higher family economic status, and having a homemaker father which increased the likelihood of PG. On the contrary, cultural hobbies such as playing an instrument, painting, singing, and writing, and having a working mother were inversely associated with PG. Our results suggest that encouraging participation in creative activities along with supervised shopping and monitoring compulsive internet use and cannabis consumption may contribute some protection against adolescent PG. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-022-00950-7.

Effects of copper exposure upon nitrogen metabolism in tissue cultured Vitis vinifera.

The present study analyses the effects of copper treatment on nitrogen metabolism in a closed system. Sauvignon grapevines were cultured in agar and exposed to copper levels ranging from 0.07 (control) to 5 µg Cu g(-1) medium. Ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, individual and total amino acids and protein contents were determined in root, and leaves. Enzyme activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were also determined. Copper exposure produces a dramatic change in nitrogen metabolism, with a reduction of total nitrogen, which reflects the reduction on nitrate and free amino acid contents in both root and leaves. The assimilation of nitrate the main nitrogen source in the medium, requires nitrate reductase, which is reduced to negligible activity as response to copper exposure. Primary nitrogen metabolism is also reduced in leaves, although to a lesser extent than in roots, which may explain the differences between the two organs in response to copper exposure. An alternative system for assimilation of nitrogen through glutamate dehydrogenase in roots is proposed, while higher levels of ammonium and glutamine may fullfil the needs of organic nitrogen in the leaves.

Type, causes, and prognosis of stroke recurrence in the province of Teruel, Spain. A 5-year analysis.

Recurrent strokes are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Identification of the causes of recurrence and its treatment may play an essential role in the prevention of further strokes. The aim of our work is to analyze the type and causes of stroke recurrence in a 5-year period and to determine if recurrent stroke is of the same type as index stroke. In a retrospective study, we reviewed the clinical records and database of our hospitals and found a total of 1108 patients admitted because of primary stroke. The patients with recurrent stroke were selected for a comprehensive analysis. Age, vascular risk factors and fatality rates of these patients were compared with those obtained in recurrence-free patients. We identified 135 patients with recurrent stroke. The most frequent type of recurrence was large vessel atherothrombotic stroke followed by the cardioembolic or lacunar stroke. The major contributing factors were hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cardiomyopathies. The fatality rate did not differ from the overall mortality by stroke in these years, but the majority of deaths occurred in long-term recurrences. The functional status was worse after recurrent stroke than after index stroke. Although any pattern of recurrence is possible, there is a major trend to occur in the same vascular territory by the same pathophysiologic mechanism. Recurrent stroke frequently carries a worse functional status than index stroke. In many patients, despite the appropriate treatment, stroke recurrence was an unavoidable consequence.