Intraventricular Pressure in Non-communicating Hydrocephalus Patients Before Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with non-communicating hydrocephalus impairment of cerebral compliance can occur pre- but also intraoperatively. METHODOLOGY: In such patients (n = 6) undergoing endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ETCO2 (e.g 40 mmHg and 60 mmHg) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (e.g. 6 cm and 12 cm H2O) on intraventricular pressure (IVP). FINDINGS: Before but not after ETV, hypercapnia in contrast to PEEP increased IVP. BEFORE ETV: (PEEP-6/ ETCO2-40: 2.6 ± 2.4 mmHg) vs. (PEEP-6/ ETCO2-60: 12 ± 6.4 mmHg*); (PEEP-12/ ETCO2-40: 4.2 ± 4.1 mmHg) vs. (PEEP-12/ ETCO2-60: 13.7 ± 7.6 mmHg*), * significant, P ≤ 0.05. AFTER ETV: (PEEP-6/ ETCO2-40: 2.0 ± 1.2 mmHg) vs. (PEEP-6/ ETCO2-60: 4.4 ± 3.1 mmHg); (PEEP-12/ ETCO2-40: 1.6 ± 1.3 mmHg) vs. (PEEP-12/ ETCO2-60: 6.6 ± 2.6 mmHg), * significant, P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with non-communicating hydrocephalus showed that hypercapnia but not PEEP increases significantly IVP before but not after ETV.

Acute coagulation disorder in a critically ill patient - A case report.

A 79-year-old critically ill woman presented with remarkable prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time combined with high levels of anti-factor IIa activity 26 days after coronary artery bypass grafting. Coagulation disorder was associated with severe bleeding. Cause of coagulopathy was accidental administration of argatroban in an unknown dosage. Clearance of argatroban was significantly prolonged because of a liver function disorder related to septic multiorgan failure. Argatroban reversal was performed with prothrombin complex concentrate.

How Bispectral Index Compares to Spectral Entropy of the EEG and A-line ARX Index in the Same Patient.

BACKGROUND: Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring of depth of anesthesia has pioneered the field for more recent monitoring devices like the A-line ARX Index (AAI) or the state (SE) and response entropy (RE) monitoring devices. Following an observational design the present study aimed to simultaneously compare in the same patient recorded BIS, AAI and entropy values. METHODS: Data from patients (n = 32) undergoing minor gynecological operations were analyzed. For all patients, standardized anesthesia was used. Before induction of anesthesia AEP electrodes, BIS and entropy sensors were simultaneously placed on the forehead and recordings were started at 3 minutes before induction and continued until patient transfer to the postanesthesia care unit. Markers were set at defined landmarks. RESULTS: Anesthesia reduced mean BIS, AAI and entropy values. During uneventful, and even more pronounced, during eventful anesthesia BIS/ entropy and BIS/ AAI values showed better correlation than did AAI and entropy values. The prediction probability (Pk) of AAI (0.824 ± 0.036) and RE (0.786 ± 0.040) or SE (0.781 ± 0.040) for preanesthesia awake, postanesthesia awake or anesthesia was comparable and significantly greater than that of BIS (0.705 ± 0.047). However, only 20% of BIS, AAI and entropy values simultaneously categorized the state of the patient as awake, inadequate anesthesia, optimal anesthesia or deep anesthesia. CONCLUSION: The prediction probability (Pk) of entropy and AAI was comparable and better than that of BIS. However, agreement between BIS, AAI and entropy measurements on patient state was poor.

Nosocomial outbreak of extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with aromatherapy.

An increase of extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDR-PA) in various clinical specimens among intensive care unit patients (n = 7) initiated an outbreak investigation consisting of patient data analyses, control of adherence to infection control guidelines, microbiologic surveys, and molecular-based studies. XDR-PA was detected in a jointly used aroma-oil nursing bottle for aromatherapy. We implemented the restriction of oil sharing among patients. Hence, the outbreak was controlled successfully.

Reversal of trauma-induced coagulopathy using first-line coagulation factor concentrates or fresh frozen plasma (RETIC): a single-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Effective treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy is important; however, the optimal therapy is still not known. We aimed to compare the efficacy of first-line therapy using fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or coagulation factor concentrates (CFC) for the reversal of trauma-induced coagulopathy, the arising transfusion requirements, and consequently the development of multiple organ failure. METHODS: This single-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised trial was done at the Level 1 Trauma Center in Innsbruck Medical University Hospital (Innsbruck, Austria). Patients with trauma aged 18-80 years, with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 15, bleeding signs, and plasmatic coagulopathy identified by abnormal fibrin polymerisation or prolonged coagulation time using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) were eligible. Patients with injuries that were judged incompatible with survival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the scene, isolated brain injury, burn injury, avalanche injury, or prehospital coagulation therapy other than tranexamic acid were excluded. We used a computer-generated randomisation list, stratification for brain injury and ISS, and closed opaque envelopes to randomly allocate patients to treatment with FFP (15 mL/kg of bodyweight) or CFC (primarily fibrinogen concentrate [50 mg/kg of bodyweight]). Bleeding management began immediately after randomisation and continued until 24 h after admission to the intensive care unit. The primary clinical endpoint was multiple organ failure in the modified intention-to-treat population (excluding patients who discontinued treatment). Reversal of coagulopathy and need for massive transfusions were important secondary efficacy endpoints that were the reason for deciding the continuation or termination of the trial. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01545635. FINDINGS: Between March 3, 2012, and Feb 20, 2016, 100 out of 292 screened patients were included and randomly allocated to FFP (n=48) and CFC (n=52). Six patients (four in the FFP group and two in the CFC group) discontinued treatment because of overlooked exclusion criteria or a major protocol deviation with loss of follow-up. 44 patients in the FFP group and 50 patients in the CFC group were included in the final interim analysis. The study was terminated early for futility and safety reasons because of the high proportion of patients in the FFP group who required rescue therapy compared with those in the CFC group (23 [52%] in the FFP group vs two [4%] in the CFC group; odds ratio [OR] 25·34 [95% CI 5·47-240·03], p<0·0001) and increased needed for massive transfusion (13 [30%] in the FFP group vs six [12%] in the CFC group; OR 3·04 [0·95-10·87], p=0·042) in the FFP group. Multiple organ failure occurred in 29 (66%) patients in the FFP group and in 25 (50%) patients in the CFC group (OR 1·92 [95% CI 0·78-4·86], p=0·15). INTERPRETATION: Our results underline the importance of early and effective fibrinogen supplementation for severe clotting failure in multiple trauma. The available sample size in our study appears sufficient to make some conclusions that first-line CFC is superior to FFP. FUNDING: None.

Normal values for thrombelastography (ROTEM) and selected coagulation parameters in porcine blood.

The pig is a suitable animal model for researching blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. The present study therefore aimed to investigate in porcine blood the applicability of commercially available tests of coagulation and thrombelastography (ROTEM) and above all to determine normal values for coagulation parameters (e.g. prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), fibrinogen, antithrombin III (AT III), D-dimers, protein C). Except for the FibTEM and aPTT tests, all commercially available coagulation tests used were fully applicable for porcine blood. Normal values and reference intervals for porcine blood are given. As compared to the human reference intervals for the coagulation parameters investigated, porcine blood was found to be hypercoagulable.

The effect of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin on spinal morphine-induced antinociception in rats.

This paper investigates the possible antinociceptive effect of systemically administered ciprofloxacin and gentamicin and its influence on intrathecal morphine-induced antinociception. Using thermal nociceptive tests (hot-plate test and tail-flick test) and a motor function test (catalepsy test) in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5-9/dose), the following observations were made: ciprofloxacin administered intraperitoneally in the dose range 4-64 mg/kg demonstrated a modest antinociceptive effect in both nociceptive tests. Solvent of ciprofloxacin (intraperitoneally) and saline (intraperitoneally), given as a control, showed no effect. Gentamicin, administered at a dose of 0.1-4 mg/kg intraperitoneally, demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick test but not in the hot-plate test. However, opioid antagonists caused no significant change in the antibiotics. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin intraperitoneally produced a significant left-shift in the hot-plate test (ED50 saline-morphine=2.86 [CI 95%: 2.2, 4.32]microg; ED50 ciprofloxacin-morphine=0.87 (CI 95% 0.68, 1.21) microg, P<0.05) and in the tail-flick test (ED50 saline-morphine=1.98 (CI 95%: 1.21, 2.84) microg; ED50 ciprofloxacin-morphine=0.37 (CI 95%: 0.23, 0.44) microg; P<0.05) for intrathecal morphine-induced antinociception. From a comparison of these data with the predicted ciprofloxacin-morphine value (hot-plate test: 1.61 (CI 95%: 1.18, 2.51]microg; tail-flick test: 0.82 (CI 95%: 0.52, 1.92) microg) we estimate that ciprofloxacin and morphine produce at least additive effects (P>0.05). This was reversed with intraperitoneal naloxone (P<0.05). Gentamicin intraperitoneally did not influence the antinociception achieved with intrathecal administration of morphine (hot-plate test: ED50 gentamicin-morphine=2.71 (CI 95%: 2.35; 3.2) microg; tail-flick test: ED50 gentamicin-morphine=2.43 (CI 95%: 1.58; 5.22]microg; P>0.05). These data show that intraperitoneal administration of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin produces a modest antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate test and tail-flick test. Ciprofloxacin, but not gentamicin, can interact at least additively to increased naloxone-reversible morphine intrathecal antinociception. Differences in the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier between the two antibiotics could explain the lack of effect from gentamicin in the hot plate and on morphine-induced antinociception.

The influence of hyperoxia on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (CBFVMCA) in human volunteers.

Conflicting results reported on the effects of hyperoxia on cerebral hemodynamics have been attributed mainly to methodical and species differences. In the present study contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) perfusion measurement was used to analyze the influence of hyperoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 1.0) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in awake, normoventilating volunteers (n = 19). Furthermore, the experiment was repeated in 20 volunteers for transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) measurement of cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (CBFV(MCA)). When compared to normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21), hyperoxia heterogeneously influenced rCBV (4.95 +/- 0.02 to 12.87 +/- 0.08 mL/100g (FiO2 = 0.21) vs. 4.50 +/- 0.02 to 13.09 +/- 0.09 mL/100g (FiO2 = 1.0). In contrast, hyperoxia diminished rCBF in all regions (68.08 +/- 0.38 to 199.58 +/- 1.58 mL/100g/min (FiO2 = 0.21) vs. 58.63 +/- 0.32 to 175.16 +/- 1.51 mL/100g/min (FiO2 = 1.0)) except in parietal and left frontal gray matter. CBFV(MCA) remained unchanged regardless of the inspired oxygen fraction (62 +/- 9 cm/s (FiO2 = 0.21) vs. 64 +/- 8 cm/s (FiO2 = 1.0)). Finding CBFV(MCA) unchanged during hyperoxia is consistent with the present study's unchanged rCBF in parietal and left frontal gray matter. In these fronto-parietal regions predominantly fed by the middle cerebral artery, the vasoconstrictor effect of oxygen was probably counteracted by increased perfusion of foci of neuronal activity controlling general behavior and arousal.

Acute pain is underassessed in out-of-hospital emergencies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of pain assessment by emergency medical services (EMS) in out-of-hospital emergencies. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on a convenience sample of patients during a one-year observation period. Pain ratings assessed by emergency patients were documented at three different intervals during the emergency call, and compared with concomitant assessments by EMS providers. A visual analog scale (VAS) and a verbal pain scale (VPS) were used for pain assessment. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Dunnett's t-test were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-one out of 70 eligible patients met inclusion criteria. In most emergency patients the intensity of pain was underestimated by EMS, especially when pain was severe (p = 0.0001). During the course of transport, both pain and pain assessment by EMS improved significantly (p = 0.0001). The VAS and VPS were significantly correlated (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: EMS providers significantly underestimate their patients' pain severity. EMS providers should be more attentive to their patients' complaints and comfort.

The accuracy of telediagnosis of frozen sections is inferior to that of conventional diagnosis of frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections.

The accuracy of telepathology diagnosis and conventional diagnosis of frozen sections was compared, using the diagnosis established on paraffin-embedded tissue as a reference. Out of a total of 270 cases, remote frozen-section diagnosis was correct in 227 cases (84.1%) and incorrect in 23 cases (8.5%). The latter comprised 12 false positive diagnoses of malignancy (4.4%) and 11 false negative diagnoses (4.1%). A diagnosis was not possible in 20 cases (7.4%). In contrast, the conventional frozen-section diagnosis was correct in 269 cases (99.6%) and incorrect in 1 case (0.4%), the latter being a false negative diagnosis. The average time needed to make a remote diagnosis was 14.2 min (SD 9). Manual examination was not found to be essential for remote frozen-section diagnosis. Overall slide quality was rated as 'satisfactory' to 'fair' by the six pathologists concerned. An improvement in the quality of slides is necessary to guarantee an acceptable level of accuracy of remote frozen-section diagnosis; a shortening of the time needed for diagnosis is a further requirement for the successful implementation of a routine telepathology frozen-section service.

Publication output in telemedicine during the period January 1964 to July 2003.

The MEDLINE database was used to survey the period January 1964 to July 2003 for the number of publications relating to telemedicine (n = 5911), as well as their distribution by country (n = 42). Publications per million inhabitants were then correlated with each country's population density, gross national product, human development index (HDI) and number of PCs per 1000 inhabitants. Telemedicine publications made up 0.05% of all medical publications cited in MEDLINE. American and European countries along with others classified as industrialized produced 97% of all telemedicine publications. In terms of publications per million inhabitants, Norway and Finland took the lead. There were significant correlations between telemedicine publications per capita and HDI (r = -0.60), number of PCs per 1000 inhabitants (r = 0.73) and gross national product per capita (r = 0.69), but not population density (r = -0.12).

A cost comparison of telepathology and a visiting pathologist service.

We compared the costs of a dynamic, robotic telepathology service for intraoperative frozen sections with the cost of a once-weekly visiting pathologist service established between the small Reutte Hospital, located in north-western Tyrol, and the department of pathology of the University of Innsbruck. Telepathology required either 15 min or 30 min per case in order to make a diagnosis, depending on the type of tissue and the operator's experience in handling the telepathology system. Costs were calculated for a five-year period. The main costs of the telepathology service were for set-up, whereas the main costs of the visiting pathologist service concerned personnel. The threshold at which telepathology was cheaper than the visiting pathologist service was 46 cases per month (15 min for diagnosis) or 135 cases per month (30 min for diagnosis). The present case-load (eight cases per month) at the study hospital was below this threshold.

Acceptance of telemedicine and new media: a survey of Austrian medical students.

Telemedicine and new media (e.g. the Internet, tele-teaching and tele-learning) are increasingly being used in medicine. We surveyed the awareness and acceptance of these developments on the part of medical students (n =750) at the University of Innsbruck. A 16-item questionnaire was handed out in randomly chosen medical classes and collected immediately after completion, which resulted in a response rate of 99.9%. Nearly all of the students used the Internet regularly (68%) or at least sometimes (30%). Telemedicine was already known to most of the students, mainly from articles in magazines and newspapers (41%), but the great majority of them (95%) reported that they did not know about the telemedicine lectures offered by the University of Innsbruck. Most students (75%) thought that they would benefit from tele-teaching or tele-learning. The survey suggested that medical schools should offer more special lectures, as well as undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications in telemedicine. The marketing of such opportunities needs to be improved.

Using an automated emboli detection device in a porcine cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model: feasibility and considerations.

The significant risk of cerebral embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) makes monitoring of embolic events advisable already when developing new operation and coagulation management strategies for example in CPB animal models. The present study therefore evaluated in a porcine CPB model the feasibility of bilateral epicarotid Doppler signal recording and the quality of manual or automatic emboli detection. A total of 42 recordings (e.g. right carotid artery (n = 20), left carotid artery (n = 22)) were evaluated. The frequency of emboli counts was comparable for both carotid arteries. Automatic emboli detection, however, found significantly more embolic events per pig than did post-hoc manual off-line analysis of the recordings (172 +/- 217 vs. 13 +/-10). None of the brains, however, showed any emboli or infarction area either in cross-examination or in histological evaluation. In conclusion, the present study showed the feasibility of using an epicarotid Doppler device for bilateral emboli detection in a porcine CPB model. Automatic on-line emboli detection, however, reported more embolic events than did post hoc, off-line manual analysis. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

Life-threatening mediastinal hematoma caused by extravascular infusion through a triple-lumen central venous catheter.

We report a case of life-threatening mediastinal hematoma in a 6-mo-old girl during surgical correction of scaphocephaly. The hematoma was caused by extravascular infusion via the proximal lumen of a dislocated triple-lumen central venous catheter (CVC). Worsening symptoms of hypovolemia and ventilation problems prompted performance of transesophageal echocardiography, which reliably and quickly allowed us to exclude pericardial tamponade and detect a mediastinal hematoma. The anesthesiologist should be alert when a patient with a CVC develops acute cardiopulmonary or respiratory symptoms. Repeated aspirations of blood, especially after major positional changes and before giving large quantities of fluid or blood, should be performed to detect secondary malposition of the CVC.

External cardiac defibrillation does not cause acute histopathological changes typical of thermal injuries in pigs with in situ cerebral stimulation electrodes.

UNLABELLED: Parkinson's disease patients with long-term L-dopa syndrome may benefit from an implanted cerebral stimulation device. When advanced life support demands cardioversion or defibrillation in these patients, undesired effects of monophasic electroshocks might occur in brain tissue adjacent to the stimulation electrodes (e.g., thermal injury), but also in the stimulation device itself. Thus, in this animal study (n = 6 pigs), we investigated the effects of repeated defibrillation (2 x 200 J [n = 1] and 2 x 360 J [n = 5]) at the implantation site of cerebral stimulation electrodes and on stimulation device function. Repeated external cardiac defibrillation did not cause acute histopathologic changes typical of thermal injury to brain tissue adjacent to the cerebral stimulation electrodes. Functionality of the stimulator device after defibrillation, however, ranged from normal to total loss of function. Therefore, when defibrillation is performed, the greatest possible distance between the defibrillation site and the stimulator device implantation site should be considered. Subsequent testing of the stimulator device's function is mandatory. IMPLICATIONS: Repeated cardiac defibrillation did not cause histopathologic changes typical of thermal injury at the implantation site of cerebral stimulation electrodes. The function of the stimulator device after defibrillation, however, ranged from normal to total loss of function.

The impact of hypercapnia on systolic cerebrospinal fluid peak velocity in the aqueduct of sylvius.

UNLABELLED: Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging measurements of systolic cerebrospinal fluid peak velocity (CSFVPeak) in the aqueduct of Sylvius have been shown to be sensitive enough to detect even minor changes in cerebral compliance. Clinically relevant changes in cerebral compliance can be caused by changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV). Changes in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, which correlate well with end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO(2)), cause changes in CBV. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypercapnia-induced changes in CBV on systolic CSFVPeak in anesthetized patients (n = 8). Hypercapnia (ETCO(2) = 60 mm Hg) increased systolic CSFVPeak in the aqueduct of Sylvius as compared with normocapnia (ETCO(2) = 40 mm Hg) (hypercapnia: -5.67 +/- 0.74 cm/s versus normocapnia: -3.54 +/- 0.98 cm/s). In addition to the already known decrease in systolic CSFVPeak, changes in cerebral compliance can also prompt an increase in systolic CSFVPeak. IMPLICATIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of systolic cerebrospinal fluid peak velocity (CSFVPeak) in the aqueduct of Sylvius are sensitive enough to detect even minor changes in cerebral compliance. We investigated the effect of hypercapnia-induced changes in cerebral blood volume on systolic CSFVPeak in anesthetized patients. Hypercapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration = 60 mm Hg) increased systolic CSFVPeak.

The influence of nitrous oxide and remifentanil on cerebral hemodynamics in conscious human volunteers.

Remifentanil is increasingly used in the context of anesthesia, e.g., in patients presenting for MRI examinations, not only as an analgesic but also to replace nitrous oxide. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the effects of commonly used doses of remifentanil and of nitrous oxide on cerebral hemodynamics is warranted. The present study used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion measurement to compare the effects of nitrous oxide (N(2)O/O(2) = 50%; n = 9) and remifentanil (0.1 microg/kg/min; n = 10) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), and regional mean transit time (rMTT) in spontaneously breathing human volunteers. Remifentanil increased rCBF above all in basal ganglia, whereas in supratentorial gray matter the increase in rCBF was equal or even more pronounced when using nitrous oxide. In contrast, nitrous oxide produced a greater increase in rCBV in gray-matter regions than did remifentanil. In summary, nitrous oxide increased rCBV in all gray-matter regions more than did remifentanil. However, the increase in rCBF, especially in basal ganglia, was typically less pronounced than during infusion of remifentanil.

Routine handling of propofol prevents contamination as effectively as does strict adherence to the manufacturer's recommendations.

PURPOSE: Propofol is a potential vector of infection, because it contains no preservative. Thus, the manufacturer's specific recommendations for preparing injections or infusions go beyond the guidelines commonly used in our operating rooms for preparing other iv drugs. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether in the daily routine of an operating theatre a modified propofol handling technique can prevent contamination as effectively as do the manufacturer's handling recommendations. METHODS: A total of 160 consecutive neurosurgical patients were allocated to either Group I (manufacturer's handling recommendations: i.e., 1) disinfecting propofol vials and ampoules before filling syringes; 2) replacing empty syringes; 3) discarding all material at the end of surgery); or Group II (modified propofol handling protocol: i.e., 1) refilling empty syringes; 2) renewing only the infusion line to the patient). RESULTS: Total contamination rates were comparable in both groups (Group I: 14/160 (8.75%), Group II: 13/160 (8.13%) (chi2= 0.074; P=0.96). Frequency of contamination was not different between groups; either in sample 1 taken at the beginning of the procedure, (Group I: 5/80 (6.25%) vs Group II: 6/80 (7.5%); chi2=0.098; P=0.76) or in sample 2, taken at the end, (Group I: 9/80 (11.25%) vs Group II: 7/80 (8.75%); chi2=0.278; P=0.598). CONCLUSION: We conclude that in the daily routine of the operating theatre following a modified propofol handling protocol prevents contamination of propofol syringes as effectively as does adhering to the manufacturer's specific handling recommendations. However, neither of the tested guidelines completely prevented contamination.