Diagnostic accuracy of a new COVID-19 antigen test obtained by mid-turbinate swab.

Context: At the mid-point of the COVID-19 pandemic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 was difficult to obtain and took several days to return a result. Our health system wished to explore the use of the Quidel Sofia™ antigen test to diagnose COVID-19 in our primary care clinics, but the test was approved for emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration with only 250 test subjects. In addition, because it was important to avoid aerosol generating procedures in primary care clinics, it was necessary to test the diagnostic performance of the antigen test using mid-turbinate (MT) swabs rather than the approved nasopharyngeal (NP) swab technique. Objective: To assess the diagnostic test characteristics of a SARS-CoV-2 antigen test performed using mid-turbinate nasal swabs compared with the presumed reference standard PCR test by NP swab. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting or Dataset: Outpatient. Population studied: Adults with symptoms consistent with mild-moderate COVID-19. We attempted to recruit 800 subjects to provide statistical assurance that the test sensitivity was at least 90%. Intervention/Instrument: After informed consent, subjects underwent MT nasal swab for antigen testing followed by NP swabbing for PCR testing. Outcome Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios, all with associated 95% confidence intervals. Results: Due to recruitment difficulty (subject reluctance and staffing issues at the testing centers), we recruited only 117 subjects. Sensitivity was 0.750 (95% CI 0.566, 0.885), and specificity was 0.988 (95% CI 0.936, 1.000). Positive Predictive Value was 0.960 (95% CI 0.796, 0.999) and Negative Predictive Value was 0.913 (95% CI 0.836, 0.962). The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 63.75 (95% CI 8.99, 451.97) and the likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.25 (95% CI 0.14, 0.46). Conclusions: This antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 was of reasonable clinical utility in a low prevalence environment but concerns about the actual prevalence of COVID-19 and the ramifications of false negatives limited its use. Difficulty recruiting subjects and the resultant delay in the results made it impossible to implement this antigen testing in primary care practices, but it is hoped that these data will contribute to the accumulation of evidence about diagnostic testing for COVID-19.

Targeting neurons in the gastrointestinal tract to treat Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with α-synuclein (αS) aggregation within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and constipation. Squalamine displaces proteins that are electrostatically bound to intracellular membranes and through this mechanism suppresses aggregation of αS monomers into neurotoxic oligomers. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the safety of ENT-01 oral tablets (a synthetic squalamine salt), its pharmacokinetics, and its effect on bowel function in PD patients with constipation. METHODS: In Stage 1, 10 patients received escalating single doses from 25 to 200 mg/day or maximum tolerated dose (MTD). In Stage 2, 34 patients received daily doses escalating from 75 to a maximum of 250 mg/day, a dose that induced change in bowel function or MTD, followed by a fixed dose for 7 days, and a 2-week washout. Primary efficacy endpoint was defined as an increase of 1 complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM)/week, or 3 CSBM/week over the baseline period, as defined by FDA guidelines for prokinetic agents. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: Over 80% of patients achieved the primary efficacy endpoint, with the mean number of CSBM/week increasing from 1.2 at baseline to 3.6 during fixed dosing (p = 1.2 × 10-7). Common adverse events included nausea in 21/44 (47%) and diarrhea in 18/44 (40%) patients. Systemic absorption was <0.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Orally administered ENT-01 was safe and significantly improved bowel function in PD, suggesting that the ENS is not irreversibly damaged in PD. Minimal systemic absorption suggests that improvements result from local stimulation of the ENS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study is now ongoing.