Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Repetitive Eating Questionnaire: Further evidence for two distinct subtypes of grazing behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: The Repetitive Eating Questionnaire, Rep(eat)-Q, is a 12-item self-report measure of compulsive and noncompulsive forms of grazing behaviour (i.e., eating modest amounts of food in a repetitive and unplanned manner). The aim was to validate the proposed two-factor model of the Rep(eat)-Q in a community sample. METHOD: A total of 190 university students (78% female) were administered the Rep(eat)-Q along with other measures of eating behaviour. Mean age was 22.6 (SD = 4.2, 19-43) and mean body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ) was 22.4 (SD = 2.9, 17-37). RESULTS: Findings revealed good fit indexes for the two-factor model by confirmatory factor analysis, supporting the original solution. Internal consistency was excellent for the total score and two subscales (range 0.86 to 0.91). Age and BMI did not correlate significantly with the Rep(eat)-Q. Moderate to strong correlations (rsp  ≥ 0.48 to 0.61) were found between the compulsive grazing subscale and eating-related measures, whereas weaker correlations (rsp  ≥ 0.37 to 0.45) were found between the repetitive eating subscale and eating-related measures. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the proposed factor structure of the Rep(eat)-Q in a community sample, offering additional support to the conceptual distinction between compulsive (marked by loss of control) and repetitive (noncompulsive) subtypes of grazing behaviour.

Predicting satisfaction with outcome and follow-up care 5 years after bariatric surgery: A prospective evaluation.

Objective: Patient satisfaction is viewed as essential for a successful outcome of bariatric surgery. Few studies have explored long-term satisfaction prospectively. This study aimed to examine pre- and post-surgery predictors for satisfaction with follow-up care, and change in outcome satisfaction from one to 5 years after bariatric surgery. Methods: A sample of 210 participants was recruited from a single treatment center. Self-reported and medical record data regarding mental and somatic health, body image, follow-up attendance, and weight loss were obtained before, 1 year, and 5 years after surgery. Results: Over 90% of the participants were satisfied with the results and treatment 1 year after surgery, while 69% had their outcome expectations fulfilled and 62% were satisfied with the follow-up 5 years after surgery. A shift from initial satisfaction to unfulfillment of expectations was predicted by baseline body dissatisfaction, greater percentage of weight regain after initial weight loss, and more discomfort from somatic symptoms 5 years after surgery. In addition to symptom discomfort, worry about surgery predicted satisfaction with follow-up care. Conclusion: At 5 years, one-fifth of those initially satisfied reported that bariatric surgery had failed to meet their expectations. This suggests that outcome expectations related to weight loss, somatic symptoms, and body image need to be addressed both before and after bariatric surgery.

Preoperative predictors of adherence to dietary and physical activity recommendations and weight loss one year after surgery.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss and weight loss maintenance vary considerably between patients after bariatric surgery. Postoperative weight gain has partially been explained by lack of adherence to postoperative dietary and physical activity recommendations. However, little is known about factors related to postoperative adherence. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine psychological, behavioral, and demographic predictors of adherence to behavior recommendations and weight loss 1 year after bariatric surgery. SETTING: Oslo University Hospital. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 230 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were recruited from Oslo University hospital from 2011 to 2013. They completed a comprehensive questionnaire before and 1 year after surgery. Weight was measured preoperatively, on the day of surgery, and 1-year postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean body mass index was 44.9 kg/m(2) (standard deviation [SD] = 6.0) preoperatively and 30.6 kg/m(2) (SD = 5.2) 1 year after surgery. Patients lost on average 29.2 % (SD = 8.2) of their initial weight. Predictors of dietary adherence were years with dieting experience, readiness to limit food intake, and night eating tendency. Preoperative physical activity and planning predicted postoperative physical activity whereas predictors of weight loss were higher frequency of snacking preoperatively, greater past weight loss, and lower age. CONCLUSION: Several preoperative psychological predictors were related to postoperative adherence to dietary and physical activity recommendations but were not associated with weight loss. Interventions targeting psychological factors facilitating behavior change during the initial postoperative phase are recommended as this might improve long-term outcomes.