Etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns in chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia: an 11-year clinical experience.

PURPOSE: To analyze changes in tendency of etiology and of antimicrobial resistance patterns to most common local and systemic antibiotics in chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia (COM-T) in a Level I trauma center over an 11-year period. METHODS: A retrospective review including all patients with COM-T who were surgically treated from January 2009 to December 2019. Patients were divided into two period groups: 2009-2014 and 2015-2019. Microbiologic etiology was analyzed. Bacterial resistance patterns evaluation was based on the Magiorakos et al. classification, including proportions of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs, acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories), extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan drug-resistant (PDR) organisms encountered. RESULTS: A total of 173 episodes of COM-T were identified. Monomicrobial infections represented 47.4% of all cases, while 28.3% had polymicrobial infections. Negative deep-bone cultures were identified in 24.3% of the patients. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (24.5%) and S. aureus (20.5%). No differences were found when comparing Gram-positive infections between periods (58.3% for 2009-2014 vs. 46.7% for 2015-2019; p = 0.10). Findings were similar for Gram-negative infections (37% vs. 33.7%; p = 0.62), although more polymicrobial infections were detected (24.7% vs. 33.3%, respectively; p = 0.359). MDROs were involved in 15% of the cases, with an upward trend when comparing both periods (12.8% vs. 23.6%; p = 0.07). The most-used combination of local antibiotics-glycopeptide (vancomycin) plus aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin)-was met with low rates of resistance in the most frequently isolated microorganisms. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, rates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections remained consistent during the two study periods, but with an upward trend in MDRO and polymicrobial infections detected. The local combination of a glycopeptide plus an aminoglycoside was effective in treating the most frequently isolated microorganisms.

Mycotic Aneurysm of Internal Carotid Artery Secondary to Livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Clonal Complex CC398.

The aim of this article is to present a case of mycotic aneurysm of internal carotid artery secondary to livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) treated with resection and common-to-internal carotid artery bypass with autologous vein graft in a male pig farmer. A 69-year-old man, pig farmer, with recent dental extraction was admitted with a right cervical pulsatile mass, dysphonia, pain, leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a 3.9 × 4.5 cm mycotic aneurysm of right internal carotid artery with hypermetabolic uptake in positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Resection of the mycotic aneurysm and a common-to-internal carotid artery bypass with major saphenous vein graft were performed. LA-MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398 was detected in intraoperative samples and antibiotic therapy was changed according to antibiogram. Patient was discharged at the seventh postoperative day and received antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks. US 12 months later showed patency of the bypass without collections. Mycotic aneurysms of internal carotid artery are very infrequent. MRSA isolation is rare, and to the best of our knowledge this is the first case caused by multi-drug resistant LA-MRSA CC398. The treatment includes mycotic aneurysm resection and reconstruction with venous graft bypass plus intensive antibiotic therapy.

Role of asymptomatic bacteriuria on early periprosthetic joint infection after hip hemiarthroplasty. BARIFER randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) treatment to reduce early-periprosthetic joint infections (early-PJIs) after hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) for fracture. METHODS: Open-label, multicenter RCT comparing fosfomycin-trometamol versus no intervention with a parallel follow-up cohort without ASB. PRIMARY OUTCOME: early-PJI after HHA. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-four patients enrolled (mean age 84.3); 152(25%) with ASB (77 treated with fosfomycin-trometamol/75 controls) and 442(75%) without. Despite the study closed without the intended sample size, ASB was not predictive of early-PJI (OR: 1.06 [95%CI: 0.33-3.38]), and its treatment did not modify early-PJI incidence (OR: 1.03 [95%CI: 0.15-7.10]). CONCLUSIONS: Neither preoperative ASB nor its treatment appears to be risk factors of early-PJI after HHA. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: Eudra CT 2016-001108-47.

Routine Bile Culture From Liver Donors as Screening of Donor-Transmitted Infections in Liver Transplantation.

Bacterial infections are an important threat in the early post-liver transplantation period. Donor-transmitted infections, although rare, can have high mortality. The utility of routine culture from the donor bile duct as screening of donor-transmitted infection has not been evaluated. We performed a retrospective study of 200 consecutive liver transplants between 2010 and 2015. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were collected from the recipients' medical records. Clinical data included pretransplantation, perioperative, and posttransplantation information (until 30 days after the procedure). The 3-month patient survival and/or retransplantation were recorded. A total of 157 samples from the donor bile duct were collected and cultured. Only 8 were positive. The microorganisms isolated were as follows: Klebsiella pneumoniae, n = 2; Escherichia coli, n = 1; Enterobacter cloacae, n = 1; Streptococcus anginosus, n = 1; Streptococcus sp., n = 1; multiple gram-negative bacilli, n = 1; and polymicrobial, n = 1. All of the microorganisms were susceptible to the antibiotic prophylaxis administered. During the first month after transplantation, 81 recipients developed 131 infections. Only 1 of these recipients had a donor with a positive bile culture, and none of the infections were due to the microorganism isolated in the donor's bile. The 3-month overall survival was 89.5%, and there were no differences between recipients with positive donor bile cultures and those with negative donor bile cultures (87.5% versus 89.26%; P > 0.99). Routine testing of donor bile cultures does not predict recipients' infection or survival after liver transplantation and should not be recommended.

Vancomycin-Gentamicin Prefabricated Spacers in 2-Stage Revision Arthroplasty for Chronic Hip and Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Insights Into Reimplantation Microbiology and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Second-stage positive cultures in 2-stage revision arthroplasty are a matter of concern, as their influence in outcomes is not clearly defined. We sought to study reimplantation microbiology when using vancomycin-gentamicin prefabricated cement spacers in hip and knee periprosthetic joint infection. The associations of second-stage positive cultures with treatment failures and patient-associated factors were analyzed. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, examining patients managed with 2-stage revision arthroplasty due to knee or hip chronic periprosthetic joint infection between 2010 and 2017. Prefabricated vancomycin-gentamicin cement spacers were used during the spacer stage. Intraoperative microbiological culture results after the first and second stages were evaluated. The primary end point was infection eradication or relapse. RESULTS: A total of 108 cases were included (61 hips and 47 knees). And 22.2% of patients had ≥1 second-stage positive culture, while 9.3% had ≥2 positive samples. Overall success, at an average follow-up of 46.4 months, was 77.8%. Treatment failure was higher among cases with positive cultures (15.5% vs 45.8%, P < .01) regardless of the number of positive samples. Diabetes was identified as a risk factor for second-stage positive cultures (P = .03); use of cement loaded with extra antibiotics for spacer fixation showed a protective effect (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Second-stage positive cultures were related to a higher failure rate when using vancomycin-gentamicin cement spacers. Diabetes increased the likelihood of second-stage positive cultures. The use of extra-antibiotic-loaded cement for spacer fixation during the first stage showed a protective effect.

Acute spinal implant infection treated with debridement: does extended antibiotic treatment improve the prognosis?

The study aims to determine whether 8 weeks of antibiotics is non-inferior to 12 weeks in patients with acute deep spinal implant infection (SII). In the retrospective study of all SII cases (2009-2016), patients aged ≥ 15 years with microbiologically confirmed SII treated with debridement and implant retention were included. Whenever possible, tailored antibiotic treatment was used: rifampin/linezolid in gram-positive and quinolones in gram-negative infection. Patients were divided into short treatment course (8 weeks, ST group) and extended treatment (12 weeks, ET group). Primary outcome measure was percentage of cures at 1-year follow-up. One-hundred-twenty-four patients considered, 48 excluded based on the above criteria, leaving 76 patients, 28 ST and 48 ET. There were no differences in patient age, comorbidities, underlying pathologies, infection location, or surgery characteristics between groups. Surgery-to-debridement time was similar (18.5-day ST vs. 19-day ET; P = 0.96). Sixteen SII cases (21.1%) occurred with bloodstream infection. Pathogens found were Enterobacteriaceae (35, 46.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (29, 38.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (12, 15.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12, 15.8%), and Enterococcus faecalis (7, 9.2%). Twenty seven (35.5%) had polymicrobial infection. E. faecalis was more frequent in the ST group (7, 25% vs. 0; P < 0.001), and P. aeruginosa in ET (1, 3.6% vs. 11, 22.9%; P = 0.05). Five patients died of causes unrelated to SII. At 1-year follow-up, cure rates (21/26 ST, 80.8% vs. 39/45 ET, 86.7%; P = 0.52) and recurrences (2/26, 7.7% vs. 2/45, 4.4%; P = 0.62) were similar. Eight-week antimicrobial courses were not inferior to 12 weeks in patients with acute deep SII treated with prompt debridement, proper wound healing, and optimized antibiotics.

Native vertebral osteomyelitis in aged patients: distinctive features. An observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: To describe the demographic, clinical, and microbiological profile of native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO) in aged patients as compared to that of younger patients, to identify differences that could motivate changes in clinical management. METHODS: Retrospective, observational cohort study (1990-2015) including all adult patients with microbiologically confirmed NVO divided into 2 groups: aged (≥ 65 years) vs younger (18-64 years). RESULTS: 247 patients included, 138 aged and 109 younger. Relative to younger patients, the aged had higher rates of healthcare-related infection (40.6 vs 25.7%, p = 0.014), previous known heart valve disease (29.7 vs 9.2%, p < 0.001), and concomitant infective endocarditis (38.4 vs 20.2%, p = 0.002). The groups showed similar rates of symptomatic spinal cord compression (14.5 vs 11.9%, p = 0.556) and paraspinal abscesses (62.3 vs 68.8%, p = 0.288) at presentation. There was a trend to lower spine surgery rates in the aged (11.6 vs 17.4%, p = 0.192). On univariate analysis, Staphylococcus aureus infection was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in aged (29%, OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.61-11.45). In-hospital mortality was higher among the aged (14.5 vs 6.4%, p = 0.044) as well as relapse rate due to treatment failure (3.4 vs 1%, p = 0.377). CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the importance of preventing healthcare-related infection and maintaining high clinical suspicion of infective endocarditis in aged NVO patients to implement proper management. S. aureus infection had a poorer prognosis in this population. As compared to younger patients, spinal surgery rates were slightly lower and overall prognosis poorer in the aged, despite similar rates of symptomatic spinal cord compression and abscesses at presentation.

Acute periprosthetic joint infection due to Fusobacterium nucleatum in a non-immunocompromised patient. Failure using a Debridement, Antibiotics + Implant retention approach.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an obligately anaerobic gram-negative rod, a component of the microbiome of the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, causing an array of human infections which often include periodontal pathologies. As far as we know, there are no previous publications about acute periprosthetic joint infection due to Fusobacterium sp.; we report the first case in the medical literature of an aggressive, acute knee prosthetic infection due to F. nucleatum in a non-immunocompromised patient, unsuccessfully treated with a DAIR approach (Debridement + Antibiotics + Implant Retention).

Successful liver transplantation despite donor-transmitted ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: Case report and review of the literature.

Donor-derived bacterial infection is a recognized complication of solid organ transplantation. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit are increasingly exposed to infection with multidrug-resistant microorganisms. However, no specific recommendations are available about their suitability as donors. We report a case of donor-transmitted extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in a liver recipient, and review the related literature.

Periprosthetic joint infection by Propionibacterium acnes: Clinical differences between monomicrobial versus polymicrobial infection.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a series of monomicrobial Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) knee and hip periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) cases with cases of polymicrobial PJI which included P. acnes. We hypothesized that the presence of a polymicrobial P. acnes infection would lead to worse outcomes than those in cases of monomicrobial P. acnes PJI. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre study. All patients with hip or knee PJIs including P. acnes diagnosed from August-2002 to July-2013 in two university hospitals were included. We collected demographic data, McPherson classification, local signs of infection (swelling or wound drainage), laboratory and histological data, surgical management, antibiotic treatment and outcomes. Data were compared between two groups: cases of monomicrobial P. acnes PJI, and cases of polymicrobial PJI involving P. acnes. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients who presented with 38 PJIs were included; median age was 71 (IQR:62.5-79); 21 were men (55%); median follow-up was 42 months (IQR:17.5-58). Local signs of infection were present in 14 patients (36.8%); ESR>30 mm/h in 14 patients (36.8%); CRP>1 mg/dl in 15 patients (39.5%); 11 out of 25 patients (44%) had positive preoperative cultures from joint aspiration. Positive histologic studies (Feldman's criteria) were found in 5 out of 28 patients (17.8%). Twenty-four patients (63%) had monomicrobial PJIs; 14 patients (37%) had polymicrobial PJIs. There were no significant outcome differences between monomicrobial and polymicrobial PJIs cases; overall, the success rates were 79.2% and 85.7% respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any significant differences between monomicrobial and polymicrobial P. acnes PJI outcomes. ESR, CRP and histologic study are established parameters for diagnosing PJI which did not prove useful in P. acnes PJI.

Impact of Prophylactic Norfloxacin in Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Infections in the Early Liver Posttransplant Period.

OBJECTIVES: Norfloxacin is indicated as primary or secondary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis. A history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis favors colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Infections caused by these bacteria increase morbidity and mortality after transplant. We investigated prophylactic norfloxacin as a risk factor for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in the early posttransplant period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included all adult liver recipients in 2 centers between 2015 and 2016. Recipients were classified into 2 groups according to whether or not they received prophylactic norfloxacin pretransplant. Data collection from liver recipients included pretransplant and first month after transplant clinical and microbiological data. Demographic and clinical data of corresponding donors were also collected. RESULTS: We included 157 liver recipients: 54 (34.6%) received norfloxacin and 103 (65.6%) did not received norfloxacin. There were 63 postoperative infections in 47 recipients (29.9%); 17/63 (27%) were multidrug- resistant bacterial infections. The urinary tract was the most commonly affected site (10/17 episodes, 58.8%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the microorganism most often isolated (8/17, 47.1%). Incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection was higher in the norfloxacin group (22.2% vs 4.9%; relative risk = 5.6, 95% CI, 1.85-16.89; P = .001).This association was significant after controlling for most confounding factors, including pretransplant vasoactive support (P = .03), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (P = .01), previous spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (P = .02), chronic renal impairment (P = .005), number of packed red blood cells (P = .004), use of antilymphocyte globulin as induction (P = .006), and hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .02), but not pre- transplant antibiotic treatment (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: For recipients who have received prophylactic norfloxacin, clinicians should be aware of the high risk of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections during the first month after liver transplant.

Molecular diagnosis in HAP/VAP.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes recent findings related to molecular-based methods of potential application in the diagnosis of bacterial hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It focuses on methods capable of providing organism identification and keys of bacterial resistance necessary in clinical and epidemiological management of patients and on their ability to provide quantitative results. RECENT FINDINGS: Significant advances have been made in recent years in the field of molecular diagnosis of bacterial pathogens. Real-time PCR, hybridization and mass spectrometry-based platforms dominate the scene. Some of the new technologies provide high sensitivity and specificity in the identification of single or multiple pathogens or a combination of etiological identification and antimicrobial resistance determinants in Staphylococcus aureus, nonfermenter Gram-negative bacilli and Enterobacteriaceae that are often associated with the cause of bacterial HAP/VAP in the late onset of the disease. In diagnosis made directly from clinical specimens and quantification of targets for bacterial load, some of them are promising. SUMMARY: Despite some limitations, current molecular diagnostic methods have a great potential to include bacterial targets useful in the identification of microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance, to analyze directly unprocessed samples and to obtain quantitative results in bacterial HAP/VAP, an entity of complex microbiological diagnosis due to the features of the pathogens commonly implicated.

Infectious complications of non-surgical biliary tract manipulation in paediatric patients. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Infections related to non-surgical manipulation of the biliary tract (NSMBT) are common events despite periprocedural antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP). Since June 2017, our local protocol has indicated a 24-h regimen of intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the incidence and characteristics of NSMBT-related paediatric infections, define risk factors for their development, and analyse adherence to our PAP protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data were collected in consecutive NSMBT procedures performed in paediatric patients (<18 years) in our centre (2010-2019). RESULTS: 113 procedures in 37 patients, median age 4 years (IQR 1-8), were included. Main underlying diseases were biliary atresia (32%) and cancer (14%). Sixty-eight percent had undergone liver transplant and 70% hepaticojejunostomy. In 44 procedures (39%), the intervention was performed during the course of infection and previously prescribed antibiotic treatment was maintained. In the other 69, PAP was specifically indicated for NSMBT; antibiotic adequacy increased from 35% to 100% after June 2017. In total, 32 NSMBT-related infections (28%) occurred, mainly in the first 24h post-procedure (72%); no deaths happened. Causative pathogens were Gram-negative rods (64%), Gram-positive cocci (28%), and Candida spp. (8%). Main related risk factors were hepaticojejunostomy, biliary obstruction, and liver transplant. CONCLUSIONS: NSMBT in children entails a significant infection risk, even under antibiotic prophylaxis, being hepaticojejunostomy the main risk factor. Infectious complications mainly occurred immediately after the procedure. After establishing a PAP protocol, 100% of interventions received appropriate prophylaxis, decreasing antibiotic exposure time and potentially, the length of hospital stay.

Does Routine Abdominal Drain Tip Culture Anticipate Post-Operative Infection in Liver Transplantation?

Background: Bacterial infections are a common complication after liver transplantation. Usually, abdominal drains are placed at the end of the surgical procedure. The usefulness of routine drain tip culture has not been investigated. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 200 liver transplants between 2010 and 2015. We excluded patients without drain tip culture and those with abdominal or systemic complications before removal of drains. Demographic, clinical (pre-transplant, peri-operative and post-transplant) and microbiologic information were collected up to 30 days after operation. Three-month survival and re-transplantation were recorded. Results: There were 94 patients included. Drain tip culture was positive in 78 (83%) patients. The most common isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (30.9%), mixed gram-positive cocci (13.8%), and polymicrobial (21.3%). In 26 patients, 35 post-operative infections developed, with no differences between recipients with and without positive drain tip culture (22.8% vs. 25%; p > 0.99). In two patients, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in drain tip cultures and in cultures confirming the post-operative infection (one catheter-related bacteremia and one drain-related peritonitis). In two other recipients, the positive drain tip culture had an impact on clinical management. All patients survived. Conclusions: Routine drain tip culture in asymptomatic liver recipients seems unhelpful. It may be more reasonable to perform it only in patients with suspicion of complications.

Infectious complications of non-surgical biliary tract manipulation in paediatric patients. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Infections related to non-surgical manipulation of the biliary tract (NSMBT) are common events despite periprocedural antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP). Since June 2017, our local protocol has indicated a 24-h regimen of intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the incidence and characteristics of NSMBT-related paediatric infections, define risk factors for their development, and analyse adherence to our PAP protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data were collected in consecutive NSMBT procedures performed in paediatric patients (<18 years) in our centre (2010-2019). RESULTS: 113 procedures in 37 patients, median age 4 years (IQR 1-8), were included. Main underlying diseases were biliary atresia (32%) and cancer (14%). Sixty-eight percent had undergone liver transplant and 70% hepaticojejunostomy. In 44 procedures (39%), the intervention was performed during the course of infection and previously prescribed antibiotic treatment was maintained. In the other 69, PAP was specifically indicated for NSMBT; antibiotic adequacy increased from 35% to 100% after June 2017. In total, 32 NSMBT-related infections (28%) occurred, mainly in the first 24h post-procedure (72%); no deaths happened. Causative pathogens were Gram-negative rods (64%), Gram-positive cocci (28%), and Candida spp. (8%). Main related risk factors were hepaticojejunostomy, biliary obstruction, and liver transplant. CONCLUSIONS: NSMBT in children entails a significant infection risk, even under antibiotic prophylaxis, being hepaticojejunostomy the main risk factor. Infectious complications mainly occurred immediately after the procedure. After establishing a PAP protocol, 100% of interventions received appropriate prophylaxis, decreasing antibiotic exposure time and potentially, the length of hospital stay.

[Serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease in the post-vaccine era and vaccine failures]. / Enfermedad meningocócica invasiva por serogrupo C en la era posvacunal y fallos vacunales.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has decreased since the introduction of systematic vaccination in 2000. The aim of this study is to determine the number of serogroup C IMD cases diagnosed since then and the vaccine failures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients diagnosed with IMD by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a maternity and childhood hospital in Barcelona between 2001 and 2018. An analysis was made of the number of vaccine doses and the age received, as well as on the medical records and vaccine cards. RESULTS: There were 128 confirmed cases of IMD (7.1 cases/year; 70.3 in <5 years). The serogroup was studied in 125 (97.6%) cases, in which 103 (82.4%) were B, 10 (8%) were C, one (0.8%) was 29E, and one (0.8%) was Y, and only 10 (8%) were not able to be serogrouped. Of the 10 patients with serogroup C, 4 were not vaccinated, and in 3, the course was not complete as regards the number of doses. The other 3 received the complete course according to age and current calendar, and thus were considered vaccine failures. A total of 6 patients died (mortality rate: 4.7%), 5 due to serogroup B (mortality: 4.8%), and one due to serogroup C (mortality: 10%). CONCLUSIONS: Serogroup C only represented 8% of IMD cases in the period studied, with 30% of cases due to this serogroup being vaccine failures.

Donor-derived bacterial infections in lung transplant recipients in the era of multidrug resistance.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in lung transplant donors and to evaluate its influence on donor-derived bacterial infections. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of adult patients who underwent lung transplantation (2013-2016) at our hospital. Donor-derived bacterial infection was defined as the isolation of the same bacteria with identical antibiotic susceptibility patterns in the recipient and the perioperative cultures from the donor during the first month posttransplantation. We utilized a preventive antibiotic strategy adapted to the bacteria identified in donor cultures using systemic and nebulized antibiotics. RESULTS: 252 lung transplant recipients and 243 donors were included. In 138/243 (56.8%) donors, one bacterial species was isolated from at least one sample; graft colonization (118/243; 48.6%), blood cultures (5/243; 2.1%) and the contamination of preservation fluids (56/243; 23%). Multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated from 12/243 (4.9%) donors; four Enterobacterales, four Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, three Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. There was no transmission of these multidrug-resistant bacteria. Donor-derived infections, primarily tracheobronchitis due to non-MDR bacteria, were diagnosed in 7/253 (2.9%) recipients, with good clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The lungs of donors colonized with multidrug-resistant bacteria may be safely used when recipients receive prompt tailored antibiotic treatment.

Septic Nonunion Caused by Mycobacterium canariasense: A Case Report.

CASE: A 43-year-old former drug user presented with a mycobacterium-caused septic nonunion of the humeral shaft. The patient had undergone 2 previous surgeries for a hematogenous fracture-related infection due to Staphylococcus aureus. The procedures had included debridement, double-plate osteosynthesis, and placement of a gentamicin-loaded bone substitute. Culture specimens produced growth of Mycobacterium canariasense. Because the microbiological diagnosis was obtained after the patient had been discharged, no antibiotic treatment could be prescribed. Nevertheless, solid bone fusion was observed in the most recent outpatient examination. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the importance of considering atypical pathogens in patients who are immunoincompetent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of septic nonunion caused by M. canariasense.