Strategies for genomic predictions of an indicine multi-breed population using single-step GBLUP.

Brazilian livestock breeding programmes strive to enhance the genetics of beef cattle, with a strong emphasis on the Nellore breed, which has an extensive database and has achieved significant genetic progress in the last years. There are other indicine breeds that are economically important in Brazil; however, these breeds have more modest sets of phenotypes, pedigree and genotypes, slowing down their genetic progress as their predictions are less accurate. Combining several breeds in a multi-breed evaluation could help enhance predictions for those breeds with less information available. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of multi-breed, single-step genomic best linear unbiased predictor genomic evaluations for Nellore, Brahman, Guzerat and Tabapua. Multi-breed evaluations were contrasted to the single-breed ones. Data were sourced from the National Association of Breeders and Researchers of Brazil and included pedigree (4,207,516), phenotypic (328,748), and genomic (63,492) information across all breeds. Phenotypes were available for adjusted weight at 210 and 450 days of age, and scrotal circumference at 365 days of age. Various scenarios were evaluated to ensure pedigree and genomic information compatibility when combining different breeds, including metafounders (MF) or building the genomic relationship matrix with breed-specific allele frequencies. Scenarios were compared using the linear regression method for bias, dispersion and accuracy. The results showed that using multi-breed evaluations significantly improved accuracy, especially for smaller breeds like Guzerat and Tabapua. The validation statistics indicated that the MF approach provided accurate predictions, albeit with some bias. While single-breed evaluations tended to have lower accuracy, merging all breeds in multi-breed evaluations increased accuracy and reduced dispersion. This study demonstrates that multi-breed genomic evaluations are proper for indicine beef cattle breeds. The MF approach may be particularly beneficial for less-represented breeds, addressing limitations related to small reference populations and incompatibilities between G and A22. By leveraging genomic information across breeds, breeders and producers can make more informed selection decisions, ultimately improving genetic gain in these cattle populations.

Genetic correlation estimates between calving ease in primiparous cows and economically important traits in Nellore cattle.

This study aimed to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for calving ease (CE) and their genetic correlations with growth, reproductive, carcass, and feed efficiency traits in Nellore cattle. Phenotypes for CE are scored in two categories: normal calving and assisted calving. The traits considered were probability of precocious calving, age at first calving, stayability, adjusted scrotal circumference at 365 days of age, accumulated cow productivity, age at puberty of males, gestation length, birth weight, adjusted weights at 210 and 450 days of age, adult cow weight, frame score, hip height, rib eye area, subcutaneous backfat thickness, rump fat thickness, intramuscular fat percentage, residual feed intake and dry matter intake. The estimation of genetic parameters was performed using a two-trait threshold-linear animal model, except for CE, stayability, and probability of precocious calving, which were evaluated through a two-trait threshold animal model. The direct (0.27) and maternal (0.19) heritability estimates for CE in heifers primiparous Nellore indicated that selecting for this trait is feasible. The selection to improve the female sexual precocity should consider CE during the selection and mating decisions to reduce calving problems. Genetic correlation estimates between CE and BW suggest that selecting low birth weight to reduce calving problems is not an appropriate strategy to improve calving ease in heifers Nellore. Therefore, adopting a multi-trait selection model with CE and BW in the Nellore breed would reduce calving difficulties, particularly in sexually precocious heifers, without impairing the growth, reproductive, feed efficiency conversion, and carcass indicator traits.

Effect of food supplementation on in vitro embryo production and growth performance in prepubertal Nelore heifers.

In vitro embryos production from prepubertal heifers can help contribute to breeding programs; however, strategies are necessary to increase their embryo production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two nutritional plans on oocyte recovery, embryo production and growth performance of prepubertal Nelore heifers. Thirty-four Nelore heifers with age of 6.5 months were divided into two feeding treatments (NP1 and NP2). The NP1 diets served as the control and NP2 diets were formulated to contain an average of 1.22-fold more energy than NP1. After 3 months of supplementation, the animals underwent follicular aspiration (ovum pick-up, OPU) every 21 d for 3 months and embryos were produced in vitro. Wither height, chest depth, body weight and subcutaneous fat of animals were measured. The number of retrieved and viable oocytes per OPU were 1.49-fold and 1.42-fold greater in NP2 heifers (p = 0.018 and p = 0.049, respectively) than those in NP1 heifers. Heifers administered NP2 produced 29.7% blastocysts, a percentage higher than NP1 animals that produced 24.40% embryos (p < 0.05). Consequently, females in the NP2 treatment showed improved body development. These results indicate a positive effect of a higher energy diet on assisted reproduction and body development in prepubertal heifers.

Genomic prediction for meat and carcass traits in Nellore cattle using a Markov blanket algorithm.

This study was carried out to evaluate the advantage of preselecting SNP markers using Markov blanket algorithm regarding the accuracy of genomic prediction for carcass and meat quality traits in Nellore cattle. This study considered 3675, 3680, 3660 and 524 records of rib eye area (REA), back fat thickness (BF), rump fat (RF), and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), respectively, from the Nellore Brazil Breeding Program. The animals have been genotyped using low-density SNP panel (30 k), and subsequently imputed for arrays with 777 k SNPs. Four Bayesian specifications of genomic regression models, namely Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes Cπ and Bayesian Ridge Regression methods were compared in terms of prediction accuracy using a five folds cross-validation. Prediction accuracy for REA, BF and RF was all similar using the Bayesian Alphabet models, ranging from 0.75 to 0.95. For WBSF, the predictive ability was higher using Bayes B (0.47) than other methods (0.39 to 0.42). Although the prediction accuracies using Markov blanket of SNP markers were lower than those using all SNPs, for WBSF the relative gain was lower than 13%. With a subset of informative SNPs markers, identified using Markov blanket, probably, is possible to capture a large proportion of the genetic variance for WBSF. The development of low-density and customized arrays using Markov blanket might be cost-effective to perform a genomic selection for this trait, increasing the number of evaluated animals, improving the management decisions based on genomic information and applying genomic selection on a large scale.

Genetic association between feed efficiency, growth, scrotal circumference, and carcass traits in Guzerat cattle.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for feed efficiency-related traits and their genetic correlations with growth, male fertility, and carcass traits using multi-trait analysis in Guzerat cattle. Further, it aimed to predict the direct and correlated responses for feed efficiency traits when selection was applied for growth, male fertility, and carcass traits. The evaluated traits were adjusted weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 days of age (W450), adjusted scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365) and at 450 days of age (SC450), scrotal circumference, ribeye area (REA), backfat thickness (BFT), rump fat thickness (RFT), residual feed intake (RFI), and dry matter intake (DMI). The genetic parameters were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML), using an animal model in multi-trait analyses. The heritability estimates for W120, W210, W365, W450, SC365, and SC450 varied from low to high (0.17 to 0.39). The carcass traits, REA, BFT, and RFT, displayed low to moderate heritability estimates, 0.27, 0.10, and 0.31, respectively. The heritability estimates for RFI (0.15) and DMI (0.23) were low and moderate, respectively. The RFI showed low genetic correlations with growth traits, ranging from - 0.07 to 0.22, from 0.03 to 0.05 for scrotal circumference, and from - 0.35 to 0.16 for carcass, except for DMI, which ranged from 0.42 to 0.46. The RFI and DMI presented enough additive genetic variability to be used as selection criteria in Guzerat breed genetic improvement program. Additionally, the response to selection for RFI would be higher when selection is performed directly for this trait. The selection for residual feed intake would not promote unfavorable correlated responses for scrotal circumference, carcass (yield and finish), and growth traits. Therefore, the selection for more efficient animals would not compromise the productive, reproductive, and carcass performance, contributing to reduce the production costs, increasing the profitability and sustainability of beef cattle production in tropical areas.

Heritability and genetic correlations between marbling in longissimus dorsi muscle and conventional economic traits in Nellore beef cattle.

In Nellore beef cattle, studies addressing genetic correlations between ultrasound marbling content and other economically important traits are still incipient. Therefore, this work aimed to estimate heritability and genetic correlations between ultrasound marbling content in the longissimus dorsi muscle (MARB) and growth, reproductive, feed efficiency, and carcass-related traits in a Nellore beef cattle population from Brazil. Phenotypic records of 614,395 Nellore animals were used and included adjusted weight at 210 (W210) and 450 (W450) days of age, adult cow weight (AW), early heifer pregnancy (EH), stayability (STAY), adjusted scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365), ribeye area (REA), subcutaneous backfat thickness (BF), rump fat thickness (RF), and marbling (MARB). The genetic parameters for all traits but EH and STAY were estimated considering a linear animal model, whereas for those two nonlinear traits, a threshold animal model was used. The direct and correlated response to selection for MARB versus the other traits, and the relative efficiency of selection, were also calculated. The heritability estimate for MARB was 0.31 and for the other conventional evaluated traits was low to moderate, with values ranging from 0.14 to 0.41. The genetic correlations between MARB and growth, reproductive, feed efficiency, and carcass-related trait were very low, with values close to zero, with similar correlated responses. The MARB displayed adequate genetic variability to respond to selection and crossbreeding programs looking forward to higher meat quality and differential market standards for the Nellore beef. The selection for growth, reproductive, feed efficiency, and carcass-related traits would not affect MARB in Nellore beef cattle and vice versa. Therefore, this trait should be included as a selection criterion in the Nellore breeding program.

Multivariate approach for young bull selection from a performance test using multiple traits of economic importance.

This study used multivariate statistics to identify clusters of animals with similar expected progeny difference (EPD) and also identify leading traits that discriminate between bulls. Various linear selection indices based on specific selection criteria were proposed. Records were collected from 880 young Nelore bulls submitted to performance testing in central Brazil between 2001 and 2012. Pre-weaning average daily gain and weights at 210 days with direct and maternal effects were used in the analysis, in addition to post-weaning weight, scrotal circumference at 365 and 450 days, carcass finish and rib eye area. EPDs were classified into three groups, and the EPD means of two of these groups stood out and were considered important based on principal component analysis that associated higher values of direct EPD of weights, average daily weight gain and scrotal circumference. The EPDs for weight at 210, 365 and 450 days, pre- and post-weaning daily gain and scrotal circumference at 365 and 450 days were major causes of variation. Each linear selection index proposed (SI1, SI2, SI3, SI4 and SI5) defined a specific approach meaning that a different selection index should be used depending on breeding goals and selection criteria.

Genomic prediction ability and genetic parameters for residual feed intake calculated using different approaches and their associations with growth, reproductive, and carcass traits in Nellore cattle.

This study aimed to estimate prediction ability and genetic parameters for residual feed intake (RFI) calculated using a regression equation for each test (RFItest) and for the whole population (RFIpop) in Nellore beef cattle. It also aimed to evaluate the correlations between RFIpop and RFItest with growth, reproductive, and carcass traits. Genotypic and phenotypic records from 8354 animals were used. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to verify the adequacy of the regression equations applied to estimate the RFItest and RFIpop. The (co)variance components were obtained using the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction under single and two-trait animal model analyses. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between RFItest and RFIpop with dry matter intake, frame, growth, reproduction, and carcass-related traits were evaluated. The prediction ability and bias were estimated to compare the RFItest and RFIpop genomic breeding values (GEBV). The RFIpop ANOVA showed a higher significance level (p < 0.0001) than did the RFItest for the fixed effects. The RFIpop displayed higher additive genetic variance estimated than the RFItest, although the RFIpop and RFItest displayed similar heritabilities. Overall, the RFItest showed higher residual correlations with growth, reproductive, and carcass traits, while the RFIpop displayed higher genetic correlations with such traits. The GEBV for the RFItest was slightly biased than GEBV RFIpop. The approach to calculate the RFI influenced the decomposition and estimation of variance components and genomic prediction for RFI. The application of RFIpop would be more appropriate for genetic evaluation purpose to adjust or correct for non-genetic effects and to decrease the prediction bias for RFI.

A proposed new frame score system for Nellore cattle / Proposta de novo sistema de escore de estrutura corporal para bovinos Nelore

A new frame score system was developed for Nellore cattle, based upon ideal slaughter weights to achieve desired degrees of carcass fat cover. Data consisting of 688 complete records including sex, age, weight, hip height, and subcutaneous fat on growing Nellore cattle (190 males and 498 females) were obtained from the National Association of Breeders and Researchers (ANCP), Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil. Weight data were regressed on sex, age, hip height, and fat cover as covariates. Age was then fixed at 550 days and fat cover was set to 6 mm, and new equations for frame scores (1 to 11) in Nellore cattle were developed: FrameNellore (males) = -42.43 + 0.04919 × Age + 0.3368 × Height - 0.0003369 × Age × Height and FrameNellore (females) = -41.76 + 0.04919 × Age + 0.3368 × Height - 0.0003369 × Age × Height (Age and Height in days and cm, respectively). The Nellore equations resulted in average frame of 5.3, ranging from 2.3 to 7.7. Values were similar for males (5.4) and females (5.3). By contrast, previous equations gave higher values, that were very different between males and females. The new Nellore frame scores appear reasonable, particularly regarding body composition.(AU)

Um novo sistema de escore para estrutura corporal foi desenvolvido para bovinos Nelore, baseado em pesos de abate ideais para atingir os graus desejados de cobertura de gordura da carcaça. Dados de 688 registros completos incluindo sexo, idade, peso, altura do quadril e gordura subcutânea de bovinos Nelore em crescimento (190 machos e 498 fêmeas) foram obtidos da Associação Nacional de Criadores e Pesquisadores (ANCP), Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil. Os dados de peso foram regredidos por sexo, idade, altura do quadril e cobertura de gordura como covariáveis. A idade foi então fixada em 550 dias e a cobertura de gordura foi fixada em 6 mm, e novas equações para escores de estrutura corporal (1 a 11) em bovinos Nelore foram desenvolvidas: FrameNelore (machos) = -42,43 + 0,04919 × Idade + 0,3368 × Altura - 0,0003369 × Idade × Altura e FrameNellore (fêmeas) = -41,76 + 0,04919 × Idade + 0,3368 × Altura - 0,0003369 × Idade × Altura (Idade e Altura em dias e cm, respectivamente). As equações de Nelore resultaram em estrutura corporal médio de 5,3, variando de 2,3 a 7,7. Os valores foram semelhantes para machos (5,4) e fêmeas (5,3). Por outro lado, as equações anteriores deram valores mais altos, que eram muito diferentes entre machos e fêmeas. As novas pontuações de estruturacorporal no Nelore parecem razoáveis, principalmente em relação à composição corporal.(AU)

Association of visual scores with reproductive traits in Nelore cattle using Bayesian Inference / Associação de escores visuais com características reprodutivas em bovinos Nelore utilizando Inferência Bayesiana

The use of morphological traits assessed using visual scores as indirect selection criteria in cattle has the advantage of evaluating young animals regarding potential productive and reproductive performance. This enables breeders to make earlier decisions compared to later measurements, such as scrotal circumference at 450 days (SC450) and stayability (STAY). The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for visual score traits and their associations with reproductive traits: scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365), SC450, STAY, probability of precocious calving (PPC30) and age at first calving (AFC) in Nellore cattle. Visual score data from 4,175 Nellore cattle, with an average age of 22 months, and reproductive data from 3,075 cattle belonging to the HoRa Genetics Provada herd were used. The morphological traits were evaluated by the MERCOS methodology. The heritability estimates obtained ranged from 0.15 to 0.28 for visual scores and 0.10 to 0.54 for reproductive traits. Genetic correlations between visual scores and reproductive traits were generally low, except between: muscularity and PPC30; structure and STAY; racial and SC450; conformation and SC365, SC450, STAY, and AFC; navel and STAY and AFC; and sacrum and SC365, STAY, and AFC, which were moderate to high. The identification of animals with flat sacral bone (not protruding or sloping) can also be an efficient characteristic in the identification for early pregnancy, and together with the musculature score, they can be related to animals with lower age at the first calving.(AU)

A utilização de características morfológicas de bovinos, pelo uso de escores visuais como critério de seleção indireta tem como vantagem a avaliação em animais jovens quanto ao potencial desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo, antecipando a tomada de decisão em comparação a medidas tomadas de forma tardia, como perímetro escrotal aos 450 dias (PE450) e stayability (STAY). Objetivou-se estimar os parâmetros genéticos para características de escores visuais e a associação dessas com características reprodutivas, perímetro escrotal aos 365 (PE365) dias de idade, PE450, STAY, probabilidade de parto precoce (3P) e idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) em bovinos Nelore. Foram utilizadas informações de escores visuais e de reprodução de 4.175 e 3.075 bovinos, respectivamente, com idade média de 22 meses, pertencentes a fazenda HoRa Genética Provada. As características morfológicas foram avaliadas pela metodologia MERCOS. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas apresentam grande amplitude, variando de 0,15 a 0,28 para escores visuais e 0,10 a 0,54 para características reprodutivas. As correlações genéticas entre característica de escores visuais e reprodução foram, de maneira geral baixas (0.03-0.66), com exceção entre a musculosidade e 3P, estrutura e STAY, racial e PE450, conformação com PE365, PE450, STAY e IPP, ônfalo com STAY e IPP, e sacro com PE365, STAY e IPP, que foram moderadas a altas. A identificação de animais com melhor osso sacro (mesmo nível das ancas), ou seja, não saliente ou inclinado pode ser uma característica eficiente na identificação para prenhez precoce, e juntamente ao escore de musculatura poderão ser relacionados a animais com menor idade ao primeiro parto.(AU)

Selection Indices and Multivariate Analysis Show Similar Results in the Evaluation of Growth and Carcass Traits in Beef Cattle.

This research evaluated a multivariate approach as an alternative tool for the purpose of selection regarding expected progeny differences (EPDs). Data were fitted using a multi-trait model and consisted of growth traits (birth weight and weights at 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age) and carcass traits (longissimus muscle area (LMA), back-fat thickness (BF), and rump fat thickness (RF)), registered over 21 years in extensive breeding systems of Polled Nellore cattle in Brazil. Multivariate analyses were performed using standardized (zero mean and unit variance) EPDs. The k mean method revealed that the best fit of data occurred using three clusters (k = 3) (P < 0.001). Estimates of genetic correlation among growth and carcass traits and the estimates of heritability were moderate to high, suggesting that a correlated response approach is suitable for practical decision making. Estimates of correlation between selection indices and the multivariate index (LD1) were moderate to high, ranging from 0.48 to 0.97. This reveals that both types of indices give similar results and that the multivariate approach is reliable for the purpose of selection. The alternative tool seems very handy when economic weights are not available or in cases where more rapid identification of the best animals is desired. Interestingly, multivariate analysis allowed forecasting information based on the relationships among breeding values (EPDs). Also, it enabled fine discrimination, rapid data summarization after genetic evaluation, and permitted accounting for maternal ability and the genetic direct potential of the animals. In addition, we recommend the use of longissimus muscle area and subcutaneous fat thickness as selection criteria, to allow estimation of breeding values before the first mating season in order to accelerate the response to individual selection.

Genetic analysis of growth traits in Polled Nellore cattle raised on pasture in tropical region using Bayesian approaches.

Components of (co)variance and genetic parameters were estimated for adjusted weights at ages 120 (W120), 240 (W240), 365 (W365) and 450 (W450) days of Polled Nellore cattle raised on pasture and born between 1987 and 2010. Analyses were performed using an animal model, considering fixed effects: herd-year-season of birth and calf sex as contemporary groups and the age of cow as a covariate. Gibbs Samplers were used to estimate (co)variance components, genetic parameters and additive genetic effects, which accounted for great proportion of total variation in these traits. High direct heritability estimates for the growth traits were revealed and presented mean 0.43, 0.61, 0.72 and 0.67 for W120, W240, W365 and W450, respectively. Maternal heritabilities were 0.07 and 0.08 for W120 and W240, respectively. Direct additive genetic correlations between the weight at 120, 240, 365 and 450 days old were strong and positive. These estimates ranged from 0.68 to 0.98. Direct-maternal genetic correlations were negative for W120 and W240. The estimates ranged from -0.31 to -0.54. Estimates of maternal heritability ranged from 0.056 to 0.092 for W120 and from 0.064 to 0.096 for W240. This study showed that genetic progress is possible for the growth traits we studied, which is a novel and favorable indicator for an upcoming and promising Polled Zebu breed in Tropical regions. Maternal effects influenced the performance of weight at 120 and 240 days old. These effects should be taken into account in genetic analyses of growth traits by fitting them as a genetic or a permanent environmental effect, or even both. In general, due to a medium-high estimate of environmental (co)variance components, management and feeding conditions for Polled Nellore raised at pasture in tropical regions of Brazil needs improvement and growth performance can be enhanced.

Analysis of longitudinal data of Nellore cattle from performance test at pasture using random regression model.

This study was carried out to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for live weight of Nellore cattle from Performance Test of Young Bulls using random regression models. Data of weights and ages of 925 weaned males was used. The animal model included the fixed effect of contemporary group, age of the animal at weighing as a covariate and as random effects it was considered the effect of additive genetic and permanent environment of the animal. The residue was modeled considering four classes of variances. The models were compared based on the Bayesian information criteria of Akaike and Schwartz. The model polynomial of fourth and sixth order for the direct additive genetic effects and permanent environment of the animal, respectively was the most appropriate to describe the changes in the variances of the weights during the period in which the animals participating in the performance test young bulls. Heritability estimates showed moderate magnitudes and indicated that direct selection will promote improvement of selection criteria adopted. Furthermore, due to high positive correlation between the estimated weights, it was suggested selecting the best animals before at 365 days of age, because it is the period in which the animals have a higher growth rate and thus you can select animals heavier and less delayed.

AVALIAÇÃO DO COMPONENTE GENÉTICO NA EXPRESSÃO FENOTÍPICA DE CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUTIVAS DE BOVINOS NELORE SUBMETIDOS À PROVA DE DESEMPENHO

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the genetic component on the phenotypic expression of productive traits of Nellore cattle submitted to the individual performance test. The data used came from 51 young bulls participating in the individual performance test of Nelore bulls held at the Capim Branco experimental farm of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The evaluated traits were weight and scrotal circumference standardized at 365 and at 450 days of age, the longissimus muscle area, and the backfat thickness. The expected progeny differences of the animals and the sires were considered to evaluate the contribution of the genetic component. Variance analysis was performed through the General Linear Model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System to verify the effects of the genetic groups on the productive performance. The progenies of bulls with greater genetic potential tend to present better productive performance. In conclusion, the use of genetically superior animals allows better zootechnical indexes to be obtained, reflecting higher gains in herd productivity.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do componente genético na expressão fenotípica de características produtivas de bovinos da raça Nelore submetidos à prova de desempenho individual. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de 51 touros jovens participantes da Prova de Desempenho Individual de Touros Nelore realizada na fazenda experimental Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. As características avaliadas foram peso e perímetro escrotal padronizado aos 365 e aos 450 dias de idade, área de olho de lombo e acabamento de carcaça. Com o intuito de avaliar a contribuição do componente genético no desempenho produtivo dos animais foram consideradas as predições das diferenças esperada na progênie dos animais e dos touros (pais dos animais). Para verificar os efeitos dos grupos genéticos sobre o desempenho produtivo foram realizadas análises de variância por meio do procedimento General Linear Model do aplicativo Statistical Analysis System. Verificou-se que os filhos de touros com maior potencial genético tendem a apresentar melhor desempenho produtivo. Concluiu-se que o uso de animais geneticamente superiores permite a obtenção de melhores índices zootécnicos refletindo em maiores ganhos em produtividade do rebanho.

Avaliação do componente genético na expressão fenotípica de características produtivas de bovinos nelore submetidos à prova de desempenho / Evaluation of the genetic component on the phenotypic expression of production traits in nellore cattle submitted to performance test

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the genetic component on the phenotypic expression of productive traits of Nellore cattle submitted to the individual performance test. The data used came from 51 young bulls participating in the individual performance test of Nellore bulls held at the Capim Branco experimental farm of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The evaluated traits were weight and scrotal circumference standardized at 365 and at 450 days of age, the longissimus muscle area, and the backfat thickness. The expected progeny differences of the animals and the sires were considered to evaluate the contribution of the genetic component. Variance analysis was performed through the General Linear Model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System to verify the effects of the genetic groups on the productive performance. The progenies of bulls with greater genetic potential tend to present better productive performance. In conclusion, the use of genetically superior animals allows better zootechnical indexes to be obtained, reflecting higher gains in herd productivity.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do componente genético na expressão fenotípica de características produtivas de bovinos da raça Nelore submetidos à prova de desempenho individual. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de 51 touros jovens participantes da Prova de Desempenho Individual de Touros Nelore realizada na fazenda experimental Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. As características avaliadas foram peso e perímetro escrotal padronizado aos 365 e aos 450 dias de idade, área de olho de lombo e acabamento de carcaça. Com o intuito de avaliar a contribuição do componente genético no desempenho produtivo dos animais foram consideradas as predições das diferenças esperadas na progênie dos animais e dos touros (pais dos animais). Para verificar os efeitos dos grupos genéticos sobre o desempenho produtivo foram realizadas análises de variância por meio do procedimento General Linear Model do aplicativo Statistical Analysis System. Verificou-se que os filhos de touros com maior potencial genético tendem a apresentar melhor desempenho produtivo. Concluiu-se que o uso de animais geneticamente superiores permite a obtenção de melhores índices zootécnicos refletindo em maiores ganhos em produtividade do rebanho.(AU)

Avaliação do componente genético na expressão fenotípica de características produtivas de bovinos nelore submetidos à prova de desempenho / Evaluation of the genetic component on the phenotypic expression of production traits in nellore cattle submitted to performance test

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the genetic component on the phenotypic expression of productive traits of Nellore cattle submitted to the individual performance test. The data used came from 51 young bulls participating in the individual performance test of Nellore bulls held at the Capim Branco experimental farm of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The evaluated traits were weight and scrotal circumference standardized at 365 and at 450 days of age, the longissimus muscle area, and the backfat thickness. The expected progeny differences of the animals and the sires were considered to evaluate the contribution of the genetic component. Variance analysis was performed through the General Linear Model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System to verify the effects of the genetic groups on the productive performance. The progenies of bulls with greater genetic potential tend to present better productive performance. In conclusion, the use of genetically superior animals allows better zootechnical indexes to be obtained, reflecting higher gains in herd productivity.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do componente genético na expressão fenotípica de características produtivas de bovinos da raça Nelore submetidos à prova de desempenho individual. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de 51 touros jovens participantes da Prova de Desempenho Individual de Touros Nelore realizada na fazenda experimental Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. As características avaliadas foram peso e perímetro escrotal padronizado aos 365 e aos 450 dias de idade, área de olho de lombo e acabamento de carcaça. Com o intuito de avaliar a contribuição do componente genético no desempenho produtivo dos animais foram consideradas as predições das diferenças esperadas na progênie dos animais e dos touros (pais dos animais). Para verificar os efeitos dos grupos genéticos sobre o desempenho produtivo foram realizadas análises de variância por meio do procedimento General Linear Model do aplicativo Statistical Analysis System. Verificou-se que os filhos de touros com maior potencial genético tendem a apresentar melhor desempenho produtivo. Concluiu-se que o uso de animais geneticamente superiores permite a obtenção de melhores índices zootécnicos refletindo em maiores ganhos em produtividade do rebanho.

Introduction of forage legumes, liming and phosphorus in degraded Brachiaria brizantha pastures / Introdução de leguminosas forrageiras, calagem e fosfatagem em pastagem degradada de "Brachiaria brizantha"

There is a need to intensify livestock productivity to feed the growing world population. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the intercropping of Brachiaria pastures with Estilosantes and Calopogonio under application of lime and phosphate. Thus, was evaluated the organic and dry matter production, tiller density, dry matter and mineral content  in degraded Brachiaria brizantha pastures, applying lime and phosphate and introducing legumes. The entirely randomized experimental design was used and a split plot scheme, with two types of legumes (Estilosantes Campo Grande and Calopogonio) and three strategies of fertilization (Control, CaCO3, CaCO3 + P). The lime and phosphate were performed on the pasture surface without incorporation. The introduction of legumes was carried by no-tillage practices after overgrazing. The evaluations were performed when the dossal reached 25 cm height with the assistance of a 0.25 m2 square. Legumes did not differ for the natural and dry matters production of Brachiaria brizantha (P > 0.05), but the correction and fertilization factors (CaCO3 + P) improved significantly (P 0.05) the pastures mass production when the Estilosantes Campo Grande were usedin intercropping. The results show that is possible to intensify livestock productivity using forage legumes, associated with CaCO3 + P fertilization, to improve and recovery productivity

Existe a necessidade de intensificar a produtividade pecuária para alimentar a crescente população mundial. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar a consorciação de pastagens Brachiaria com Estilosantes e Calopogônio sob aplicação de calagem e fosfatagem. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria orgânica e seca, densidade de perfilhos, teor de matéria seca e matéria mineral em pastagens degradadas de Brachiaria brizantha, com aplicação de calagem, fosfatagem e introdução de leguminosas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdividida, em que foram avaliados dois tipos de leguminosas (Estilosantes Campo Grande e Calopogônio) e três tipos de adubação (Controle, CaCo3, CaCo3 + P). A calagem e fosfatagem foram realizadas na superfície da pastagem sem incorporação. A introdução das leguminosas foi feita em plantio direto após superpastejo. As avaliações foram realizadas quando o dossel atingiu 25 cm de altura com auxílio de um quadrado de 0,25 m2. As leguminosas não diferiram para produção de matéria natural e seca das pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha (P > 0,05), mas os fatores de correção e adubação (CaCo3 + P) melhoraram significativamente (P 0,05) a produção de massa das pastagens quando utilizou-se o Estilosantes Campo Grande em consorciação. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de intensificar a produtividade pecuária usando leguminosa

Introduction of forage legumes, liming and phosphorus in degraded Brachiaria brizantha pastures / Introdução de leguminosas forrageiras, calagem e fosfatagem em pastagem degradada de "Brachiaria brizantha"

There is a need to intensify livestock productivity to feed the growing world population. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the intercropping of Brachiaria pastures with Estilosantes and Calopogonio under application of lime and phosphate. Thus, was evaluated the organic and dry matter production, tiller density, dry matter and mineral content  in degraded Brachiaria brizantha pastures, applying lime and phosphate and introducing legumes. The entirely randomized experimental design was used and a split plot scheme, with two types of legumes (Estilosantes Campo Grande and Calopogonio) and three strategies of fertilization (Control, CaCO3, CaCO3 + P). The lime and phosphate were performed on the pasture surface without incorporation. The introduction of legumes was carried by no-tillage practices after overgrazing. The evaluations were performed when the dossal reached 25 cm height with the assistance of a 0.25 m2 square. Legumes did not differ for the natural and dry matters production of Brachiaria brizantha (P > 0.05), but the correction and fertilization factors (CaCO3 + P) improved significantly (P 0.05) the pastures mass production when the Estilosantes Campo Grande were usedin intercropping. The results show that is possible to intensify livestock productivity using forage legumes, associated with CaCO3 + P fertilization, to improve and recovery productivity(AU)

Existe a necessidade de intensificar a produtividade pecuária para alimentar a crescente população mundial. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar a consorciação de pastagens Brachiaria com Estilosantes e Calopogônio sob aplicação de calagem e fosfatagem. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria orgânica e seca, densidade de perfilhos, teor de matéria seca e matéria mineral em pastagens degradadas de Brachiaria brizantha, com aplicação de calagem, fosfatagem e introdução de leguminosas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdividida, em que foram avaliados dois tipos de leguminosas (Estilosantes Campo Grande e Calopogônio) e três tipos de adubação (Controle, CaCo3, CaCo3 + P). A calagem e fosfatagem foram realizadas na superfície da pastagem sem incorporação. A introdução das leguminosas foi feita em plantio direto após superpastejo. As avaliações foram realizadas quando o dossel atingiu 25 cm de altura com auxílio de um quadrado de 0,25 m2. As leguminosas não diferiram para produção de matéria natural e seca das pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha (P > 0,05), mas os fatores de correção e adubação (CaCo3 + P) melhoraram significativamente (P 0,05) a produção de massa das pastagens quando utilizou-se o Estilosantes Campo Grande em consorciação. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de intensificar a produtividade pecuária usando leguminosa(AU)

Bayesian inference in genetic parameter estimation of visual scores in Nellore beef-cattle.

The aim of this study was to estimate the components of variance and genetic parameters for the visual scores which constitute the Morphological Evaluation System (MES), such as body structure (S), precocity (P) and musculature (M) in Nellore beef-cattle at the weaning and yearling stages, by using threshold Bayesian models. The information used for this was gleaned from visual scores of 5,407 animals evaluated at the weaning and 2,649 at the yearling stages. The genetic parameters for visual score traits were estimated through two-trait analysis, using the threshold animal model, with Bayesian statistics methodology and MTGSAM (Multiple Trait Gibbs Sampler for Animal Models) threshold software. Heritability estimates for S, P and M were 0.68, 0.65 and 0.62 (at weaning) and 0.44, 0.38 and 0.32 (at the yearling stage), respectively. Heritability estimates for S, P and M were found to be high, and so it is expected that these traits should respond favorably to direct selection. The visual scores evaluated at the weaning and yearling stages might be used in the composition of new selection indexes, as they presented sufficient genetic variability to promote genetic progress in such morphological traits.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos de características de crescimento, carcaça e perímetro escrotal de animais da raça nelore avaliados em provas de ganho em peso em confinamento / Estimate the genetic parameters of growth characteristics, carcass and scrotal perimeter in nellore evaluated in weight gain performance tests in feedlot

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos das características avaliadas nas provas de ganho em peso, de bovinos da raça Nelore, realizadas pela Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Zebu - ABCZ. Foram estudados peso final, ganho médio diário, perímetro escrotal, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e as características morfológicas de musculosidade, estrutura física e precocidade. Os componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos foram estimados usando modelos animais comumente aplicados no método de Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML). As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas para todas as características apresentaram valores medianos a altos. As estimativas de correlações genéticas (gr) das características peso final e ganho médio diário, perímetro escrotal e características de carcaça foram de baixa magnitude. As estimativas de gr entre peso final e área de olho de lombo, e ganho médio diário e espessura de gordura foram consideradas medianas. Os resultados indicam que as características avaliadas nas provas de ganho em peso podem ser usadas como critérios de seleção no intuito de obter progresso genético para tais características.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of several phenotypical traits evaluated during weight gain performance tests by the Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu ­ ABCZ. Final body weight, average daily weight gain, scrotal circumference, ribeye area, subcutaneous fat thickness and muscularity, physical stature and precociousness were assessed. Covariance components and genetic parameters were estimated by the animal models, commonly applied in the Restricted Maximum Likelihood Model (REML). Heritability estimates for all traits were medium to high. Genetic correlation estimates were low among final weight and average daily weight gain, scrotal perimeter and carcass traits. Estimates among final weight, ribeye area, average daily weight gain and fat thickness were considered medium. The results reveal that the traits used in weight gain performance tests are an important selection criteria to obtain genetic progress for such traits.