An experimental hut evaluation of Olyset nets against anopheline mosquitoes after seven years use in Tanzanian villages.

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are advocated by WHO for protection against malaria. Of the three brands of LLINs currently approved by WHO, Olyset(R) is the only one currently granted full recommendation. With this type of LLIN, the insecticide (permethrin) is incorporated into the polyethylene fibre during manufacture and diffuses from the core to the surface, thereby maintaining surface concentrations. It has not been determined for how long Olyset nets remain protective against mosquitoes in household use. METHODS: Examples of Olyset nets, which had been in use in Tanzanian villages for seven years, were tested in experimental huts against naturally entering Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. Performance was compared with new Olyset nets, conventionally treated ITNs (either newly treated with alphacypermethrin or taken from local villages after 1.5 years of use) and untreated nets. All nets were artificially holed except for the seven-year Olyset nets, which had developed holes during prolonged domestic use. RESULTS: Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae in NE Tanzania are susceptible to pyrethroids. The new Olyset nets caused high mortality against An. funestus (73.9%) and An. gambiae (62.7%) in experimental huts. The seven-year Olyset nets caused 58.9% mortality against An. funestus and 40.0% mortality against An. gambiae. The freshly treated alphacypermethrin nets also caused high mortality against An. funestus (70.6%) and An. gambiae (72.0%); this decreased to 58.4% and 69.6% respectively after 1.5 years of use. The new Olyset nets inhibited blood-feeding by 40-50%. The 7 year Olyset nets showed no feeding inhibition over that shown by the untreated nets. The alphacypermethrin treated nets failed to inhibit blood-feeding after 1.5 years of use. However iHhhdn laboratory tunnel tests samples of all types of treated net including the 7 year Olyset inhibited blood-feeding by more than 95%. CONCLUSION: After seven years of use Olyset nets were still strongly insecticidal. Mosquito mortality decreased by only 20-35% over this period. However, Olyset would not provide personal protection after seven years unless it was in good condition and all holes fully repaired.

Variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in Tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets.

BACKGROUND: Highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. It has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission. METHODS: Mosquitoes were sampled with light traps, pyrethrum spray and window exit traps. They were tested by ELISA for sporozoites. Incidence of malaria infection was measured by clearing existing infections from children with chlorproguanil-dapsone and then taking weekly blood samples. Prevalence of malaria infection and fever, anaemia and splenomegaly were measured in children of different age groups. All these measurements were made in highland and lowland areas of Tanzania before and after provision of bednets treated with alphacypermethrin. RESULTS: Entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were about 17 times greater in a lowland than a highland area, but incidence of infection only differed by about 2.5 times. Malaria morbidity was significantly less prevalent in the highlands than the lowlands. Treated nets in the highlands and lowlands led to 69-75% reduction in EIR. Malaria morbidity showed significant decline in younger children at both altitudes after introduction of treated nets. In children aged 6-12 the decline was only significant in the highlands CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that the health benefits to young children due to the nets in the lowlands were "paid for" by poorer health later in life. Our data support the idea of universal provision of treated nets, not a focus on areas of natural hypo-endemicity.

Bioprospection for Repellent Effect of Natural Volatiles from Ocimum suave Willd Growing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania against Anopheles Mosquitoes.

Essential oil was extracted from Ocimum suave Willd leaves by water distillation and tested for repellency effectiveness against Anopheles gambiae adult mosquitoes. The percentage yield of the essential oil was 0.2%. Six concentrations of O. suave essential oil were applied on human skin of four volunteers, and the repellency effectiveness which was analyzed by PoloPlus (LeOra software version 1.0, 2002-2014), revealed promising RC50, RC75, RC90 and RC99 with their confidence limits as 0.1161 mg/cm2 (0.02067 - 0.1767 mg/cm2), 0.2823 mg/cm2 (0.22328 - 0.3654 mg/cm2), 0.4319 mg/cm2 (0.35226 - 0.58862 mg/cm2) and 0.98934 mg/cm2 (0.54731 - 0.99972 mg/cm2), respectively. O. suave essential oil exhibited high Anopheles mosquitos’ repellency effectiveness which merits further scientific attention for the development of natural repellents for the control of malaria and other mosquito borne diseases. These findings provides a scientific evidence and base for formulation for further mosquito repellency semi-field and field trials for the development of cheaper and affordable new mosquito repellent product(s) to meet human healthcare needs in the prevention and control of malaria and other mosquito transmitted infections.