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1.
J Head Trauma Rehabil ; 28(4): 284-92, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23249772

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To assess the time course changes in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) levels in the brain of athletes who suffered a sport-related concussion. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven nonconsecutive athletes with concussive head injury and 11 sex- and age-matched control volunteers MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: : At 3, 15, 30, and 45 days postinjury, athletes were examined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of NAA, Cr, and choline (Cho) levels. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic data recorded for the control group were used for comparison. RESULTS: Compared with controls (2.18 ± 0.19), athletes showed an increase in the NAA/Cr ratio at 3 (2.71 ± 0.16; P < .01) and 15 (2.54 ± 0.21; P < .01) days postconcussion, followed by a decrease and subsequent normalization at 30 (1.95 ± 0.16, P < .05) and 45 (2.17 ± 0.20; P < .05) days postconcussion. The NAA/Cho ratio decreased at 3, 15, and 30 days postinjury (P < .01 compared with controls), with no differences observed in controls at 45 days postconcussion. Compared with controls, significant increase in the Cho/Cr ratio after 3 (+33%, P < .01) and 15 (+31.5%, P < .01) days postinjury was observed whereas no differences were recorded at 30 and 45 days postinjury. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of athletes indicates that concussion may cause concomitant decrease in cerebral NAA and Cr levels. This provokes longer time for normalization of metabolism, as well as longer time for resolution of concussion-associated clinical symptoms.


Assuntos
Ácido Aspártico/análogos & derivados , Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico , Concussão Encefálica/metabolismo , Colina/metabolismo , Creatina/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Ácido Aspártico/análise , Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Traumatismos em Atletas/diagnóstico , Traumatismos em Atletas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colina/análise , Estudos de Coortes , Creatina/análise , Feminino , Seguimentos , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Esportes , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
2.
Nutrients ; 15(19)2023 Sep 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37836487

RESUMO

Gut barrier disruption can lead to enhanced intestinal permeability, which allows endotoxins, pathogens, and other proinflammatory substances to move through the intestinal barrier into circulation. Intense exercise over a prolonged period increases intestinal permeability, which can be further worsened by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of intestinal permeability in elite football players and to exploit the effect of cocoa polyphenols on intestinal permeability induced by intensive physical exercise. Biomarkers of intestinal permeability, such as circulating levels of zonulin, a modulator of tight junctions, occludin, a tight junction protein, and LPS translocation, were evaluated in 24 elite football players and 23 amateur athletes. Moreover, 24 elite football players were randomly assigned to either a dark chocolate (>85% cocoa) intake (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12) for 30 days in a randomized controlled trial. Biochemical analyses were performed at baseline and after 30 days of chocolate intake. Compared to amateur athletes, elite football players showed increased intestinal permeability as indicated by higher levels of zonulin, occludin, and LPS. After 30 days of dark chocolate intake, decreased intestinal permeability was found in elite athletes consuming dark chocolate. In the control group, no changes were observed. In vitro, polyphenol extracts significantly improved intestinal damage in the human intestinal mucosa cell line Caco-2. These results indicate that chronic supplementation with dark chocolate as a rich source of polyphenols positively modulates exercise-induced intestinal damage in elite football athletes.


Assuntos
Cacau , Chocolate , Futebol Americano , Humanos , Células CACO-2 , Ocludina/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Atletas , Permeabilidade , Junções Íntimas/metabolismo
3.
Panminerva Med ; 64(4): 497-505, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33565761

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic with the stay-at-home orders and lockdown has dramatically forced athletes to stop team training and competitions, causing deep changes in habits and lifestyle. Aim of this study was to evaluate in a retrospective single center study the cardiovascular (CV) health and fitness of elite football player after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy and to compare such findings with the 2019 off-season period, in order to identify potential differences in the CV features and outcomes. METHODS: All 29 professional football players of the first male team were enrolled before resuming training and competition after COVID-19 lockdown and underwent several exams including physical examination, resting and stress electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, spirometry and blood tests. RESULTS: Median age was 27 years (23; 31), with no athlete being COVID-19 positive at the time of the evaluation. In comparison with the usual off-season 2-month detraining, significant differences were found for left ventricular (LV) mass (189 g [172; 212] vs. 181 g [167; 206], P=0.024) and LV Mass Index for body surface area (94 g/m2 [85; 104] vs. 88 g/m2 [79.5; 101.5], P=0.017), while LV mass/fat free mass remained unchanged (2.8 g/kg [2.6; 2.9] vs. 2.9 g/kg [2.6; 3.2], P=0.222). Respiratory function and metabolic profile were improved, while no significant changes were found in ECG findings, at rest and during exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged abstinence from training and competitions induced by lockdown elicited significant changes in comparison with off-season in parameters ascribable to detraining, as the changes in LV mass, in respiratory function and in metabolic profile.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Futebol
4.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr ; 17(3): 205-11, 2004 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14981416

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Changes induced by intensive training in the morphology and kinetics of both ventricles in athletes (soccer players) were assessed by 2-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler tissue echocardiography (DTE). DTE has yet to find widespread application in sports medicine, and the right ventricle (RV) is often neglected in the examination of athletes. DTE-determined velocities were measured along the short and long axis in the left ventricle (LV) and over the long axis in the RV. Wall displacements (systolic shortenings and diastolic elongations) were computed at each site as time-velocity integrals. Normalized velocities and excursions were calculated with reference to the long and short diastolic dimensions. METHODS: A total of 20 athletes and 15 age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent history screening, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood analysis. RESULTS: The athletes had significantly greater RV long-axis dimension and LV short-axis dimension than control subjects. LV ejection fraction was similar in the 2 groups. In athletes, peak systolic velocities were significantly increased along the LV short axis and the RV long axis. Early diastolic velocities were significantly increased for the LV short axis and nonsignificantly increased at all other sites. The ratio of these peak velocities to the proper diastolic dimension (fractional or normalized velocities) did not significantly differ between the groups. Time-velocity integrals (ie, wall tissue displacements) were increased in all directions examined in both ventricles, both in systole and early diastole. However, normalized or percent shortenings and elongations were similar in athletes and control subjects. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that an increase in RV and LV cavity size is associated with higher DTE-reported velocities in athletes. These higher velocities correspond to greater excursions of the muscle segments involved. Normalized velocities and excursions, however, indicate an unchanged fractional shortening, so that contractility has to be considered unaffected in these athletes. We suggest that DTE is instructive in unveiling functional adaptations of the heart in athletes, but questions of data interpretation have to be settled. For example, one should be cautious in comparing absolute velocities between chambers of different size. Nonnormalized velocities may be an objectionable index in the presence of cardiac enlargement.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Esportes/fisiologia , Adulto , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Contração Miocárdica/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Estatística como Assunto , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia
5.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 41(5): 1034-41, 2009 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19346984

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Despite the high and increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in athletes, allergy diagnostics is not part of the routine medical examination in sports medicine. This study reports the development and validation of an easy and reliable questionnaire for screening allergy in athletes. METHODS: AQUA was derived from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey Questionnaire. On the basis of open interviews with team doctors, coaches, and athletes, questions were added about: the type, duration, and intensity of training; exercise-related allergic and infectious symptoms; social habits (smoking); drug and food supplements intake; antidoping regulations. The final version of the questionnaire, made of 25 selected questions, was validated in 128 professional soccer players who underwent accurate history taking, medical examination, skin prick testing, and/or specific IgE determination. On the basis of the correlation with objective allergy (positive skin tests to at least one allergen), questions were scored from 1 to 5 according to their positive likelihood ratio. RESULTS: Skin tests (gold standard for validation) were positive in 46.8% of soccer players. Mean total AQUA score was 9.4 +/- 7.8 in allergic athletes versus 1.3 +/- 2.3 in nonallergic athletes. A total AQUA score of >or=5 was shown to have the best positive predictive value for allergy (0.94) with a specificity of 97.1% and a sensitivity of 58.3%. CONCLUSIONS: AQUA, produced in 10 European languages, is a validated, easy, and reliable tool for calling attention on the high prevalence of allergy in athletes.


Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento/instrumentação , Futebol , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma Induzida por Exercício/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/diagnóstico , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
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