Cellulose mini-membranes modified with TiO2 for separation, determination, and speciation of arsenates and selenites.

Sorptive and selective mini-membranes based on TiO2 directly synthesized onto cellulose filters (TiO2@cellulose) have been developed. The in situ synthesis of TiO2@cellulose applied is simple and economically advantageous. The obtained membranes can be useful for (1) separating arsenic(V) and selenium(IV) from other ions and organic matter, (2) speciation of arsenic and selenium, and (3) determining ulratraces of these ions in water samples. The membranes exhibit good stability and high maximum adsorption capacities for Se(IV) (71 mg g-1) and As(V) (41 mg g-1). A monolayer chemical adsorption of analytes on the membranes was confirmed. The structure of membranes was examined with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and micro energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-EDXRF). The membranes were characterized by homogenous distribution of TiO2 onto cellulose. The TiO2@cellulose was used as a new sorbent in micro-solid phase extraction for determination of Se(IV) and As(V) by EDXRF. Using direct analysis of mini-membranes after sorption of analytes avoids the elution step. Thus, the proposed procedure is an attractive and solvent-free option for quantitative monitoring of Se(IV) and As(V) in different materials. Both analytes were quantitatively and simultaneously separated/determined from samples at pH 2 with very good recovery (close to 100%), precision (4.5%), and detection limits (0.4 ng mL-1 Se and 0.25 ng mL-1 As). TiO2@cellulose membranes were applied to water analysis. Graphical-abstract Effective method for determination of ultra trace arsenates and selenites using cellulose-based sorbent.

Comparison of Maceration and Ultrasonication for Green Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Echinacea purpurea Aerial Parts.

Echinacea purpurea is used in herbal medicinal products for the prevention and treatment of the common cold, as well as for skin disorders and minor wounds. In this study, the efficiency of traditional maceration using water and ethanol was compared with the maceration using mixtures of water and glycerol, a non-toxic, biodegradable solvent from renewable sources. It was found that the glycerol-water mixtures were as effective as ethanol/water mixtures for the extraction of caffeic acid derivatives. All the prepared extracts demonstrated notable antiradical properties. Furthermore, an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction using glycerol-water mixtures was developed using six independent variables. Their levels needed for the maximum extraction of caffeic acid derivatives were as follows: glycerol 90% (m/m), temperature 70 °C, ultrasound power 72 W, time 40 min, and ascorbic acid 0 mg/mL. Under the optimized conditions, ultrasound-assisted extraction was superior to maceration. It achieved significantly higher yields of phenolic acids in shorter extraction time. The presence of zinc in plant material may contribute to the beneficial effects of E. purpurea preparations. Since glycerol is a non-toxic solvent with humectant properties, the prepared extracts can be directly used for the preparation of cosmetics or oral pharmaceutical formulations without the need for solvent removal.

Combination of cloud point extraction with single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to characterize silver nanoparticles in soil leachates.

The expansion of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) applications in industry as antibacterial agents has generated an increment of their presence in the environment. Once there, their behavior is not clear because they can undergo different transformation processes that affect their transport, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. Therefore, the characterization and quantification of these emerging contaminants are important to understand their behavior and the toxicity effects that can be exerted on living beings. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICPMS) has demonstrated its ability to characterize and give quantitative information on AgNPs in aqueous samples. However, sometimes, the discrimination of the signal corresponding to AgNPs from the signal of dissolved species (Ag(I)) is a challenge. In the present contribution, it is shown that the presence of high amounts of Ag(I) hamper silver nanoparticle size and nanoparticle concentration determination in aqueous samples by SP-ICPMS. To facilitate signal discrimination of both chemical forms, the combination of cloud point extraction (CPE) with SP-ICPMS was studied. CPE experimental conditions to separate AgNPs from Ag(I) were assessed and adapted taking into account the characteristics of the SP-ICPMS technique. CPE and soil matrix effects on particle size were evaluated, showing that particle size was not modified after being in contact with soil matrix and after being separated by CPE. Additionally, frequently used calculation methods for SP-ICPMS data treatment were assessed. Finally, the potential of the developed methodology CPE-SP-ICPMS was evaluated in aqueous soil leachates contaminated with mixtures of AgNPs/Ag(I).

Critical evaluation of the use of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the analysis of whole blood samples: application to patients with thyroid gland diseases.

Multielemental analysis of whole blood can provide significant information for the evaluation of nutritional status and diagnosis of certain diseases as well as for the assessment of exposure to potentially toxic metals. However, the quantification of multiple elements in whole blood is not easy partly because of the wide variation in element concentrations (from ng L-1 to g L-1) and the complex matrix. The aim of this work was to develop a fast, sustainable, and reliable analytical method, in combination with low-power TXRF, for multielemental analysis of blood samples. Firstly, a set of experiments were carried out to select the best diluent type and dilution factor using the control material SeronormTM Trace Elements Whole Blood L-1. A critical evaluation of the parameters affecting the sample deposition on the reflector was also carried out including a study of the shape and element distribution of the deposited residue on the reflector by micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Using the best analytical conditions, limits of detection estimated were in the low milligrams per kilogram range and similar to those obtained using more complex sample treatments such as digestion. Accuracy and precision of the results were in most cases acceptable (recoveries 89-102%, RSD 6-8%, n = 5). Only underestimated values were obtained for light elements such as potassium. To prove the applicability of the method, several blood samples from control and thyroid disease patients were analyzed. Despite the fact that more samples need to be analyzed, it seems that Zn and Br contents in some of the patients are significantly higher compared to control samples. Graphical abstract.

Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies.

The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200 nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100 nm PEG-AgNPs and 40 nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates.

Ligandless Surfactant-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Ionic Gold Traces Quantification in Aqueous Samples and Extracts Containing Gold Nanoparticles.

Due to the current use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in many fields and their potential dissolution/transformation into ionic gold (Au3+), there is an increasing interest in methods enabling the discrimination of Au3+ from AuNPs in environmental samples. In this contribution, the combination of a novel ligandless surfactant-assisted emulsification microextraction procedure (LL-SAEME) with total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is proposed for the isolation and preconcentration of Au3+ in aqueous extracts containing AuNPs. The method is fast, simple, and involves low operating costs and low consumption of reagents in comparison with other spectroscopic methods. It is based on the formation of a gold hydrophobic compound with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) which is extracted in a few microliters of 1,2-dichloroethane. After shaking the solution by hand for 5 s, the mixture is centrifuged for 3 min at 2000 rpm and 5 µL of the organic phase containing the gold ions are deposited on a quartz reflector to carry out the TXRF analysis. Using this approach, the limit of detection for gold was 0.05 µg/L and a good linearity ( R2 > 0.99) was assessed in the range of 1-500 µg/L. Moreover, no matrix effects were observed when ionic gold was extracted from different types of water such as river, mineral, and tap waters as well as in synthetic aqueous solutions containing other ions, AuNPs, and dissolved organic matter. As a study case, the developed LL-SAEME-TXRF method was applied to monitor AuNPs stability in soils in laboratory-controlled experiments by means of Au3+ monitoring over time.

Polymer Inclusion Membrane as an Effective Sorbent To Facilitate Mercury Storage and Detection by X-ray Fluorescence in Natural Waters.

A novel and simple method is presented for the preconcentration and determination of mercury (Hg) from natural waters through its extraction into a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing the task-specific ionic liquid trioctylmethylammonium thiosalicylate (TOMATS) followed by Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis. The determination was made directly on the membrane without any treatment or elution step, and due to the characteristics of the PIM no matrix or thickness corrections were required in EDXRF analysis. Under the best extracting and EDXRF operating conditions, a Hg limit of detection of 0.2 µg Hg L-1 was obtained. Moreover, no water matrix effect was observed when Hg was extracted from different types of water such as river, seawater, groundwater, and tap water, showing this extraction system as a global solution when dealing with natural waters. Interestingly, this Hg collected in the PIM has shown to be stable for at least 6 months without the use of any preservative. This fact is of prime importance taking into account the usual stability problems of Hg during sample storage.

Usefulness of a Dual Macro- and Micro-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer to Develop Quantitative Methodologies for Historic Mortar and Related Materials Characterization.

Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometry has been widely used for elemental quantification of mortars and cements. In this kind of instrument, samples are usually prepared as pellets or fused beads and the whole volume of sample is measured at once. In this work, the usefulness of a dual energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF), working at two lateral resolutions (1 mm and 25 µm) for macro and microanalysis respectively, to develop quantitative methods for the elemental characterization of mortars and concretes is demonstrated. A crucial step before developing any quantitative method with this kind of spectrometers is to verify the homogeneity of the standards at these two lateral resolutions. This new ED-XRF quantitative method also demonstrated the importance of matrix effects in the accuracy of the results being necessary to use Certified Reference Materials as standards. The results obtained with the ED-XRF quantitative method were compared with the ones obtained with two WD-XRF quantitative methods employing two different sample preparation strategies (pellets and fused beads). The selected ED-XRF and both WD-XRF quantitative methods were applied to the analysis of real mortars. The accuracy of the ED-XRF results turn out to be similar to the one achieved by WD-XRF, except for the lightest elements (Na and Mg). The results described in this work proved that µ-ED-XRF spectrometers can be used not only for acquiring high resolution elemental map distributions, but also to perform accurate quantitative studies avoiding the use of more sophisticated WD-XRF systems or the acid extraction/alkaline fusion required as destructive pretreatment in Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based procedures.

Graphene Oxide Decorated with Cerium(IV) Oxide in Determination of Ultratrace Metal Ions and Speciation of Selenium.

Graphene oxide decorated with cerium(IV) oxide (GO/CeO2) was synthesized and applied in adsorption of several metal ions such as As(III), As(V), Se(IV), Cu(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous samples. The important feature of GO/CeO2 nanocomposite is also its selectivity toward selenite in the presence of selenate. The structure of GO/CeO2 has been proven by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The maximum adsorption capacities of GO/CeO2 calculated by Langmuir model toward arsenic, selenium, copper, and lead ions are between 6 and 30 mg g-1. An interesting feature of this adsorbent is its excellent dispersibility in water. Thus, GO/CeO2 nanocomposite is ideal for fast and simple determination of heavy metal ions using dispersive microsolid phase extraction (DMSPE). Moreover, coupling DMSPE with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) is extremely beneficial because it allows direct analysis of adsorbent. Thus, the analyte elution step, as needed in many analytical techniques, was obviated. The influence of sample volume and the sorption time as well as the influence of foreign ions and humic acid on the recovery of determined elements are discussed in the paper. The results showed that developed methodology provided low limits of detection (0.07-0.17 µg/L) and good precision (RSD < 4%). The GO/CeO2 nanocomposite was applied to analysis of real water samples and certified reference materials (CRM) groundwater (BCR-610) and pig kidney (ERM-BB186).

Ceria nanoparticles deposited on graphene nanosheets for adsorption of copper(II) and lead(II) ions and of anionic species of arsenic and selenium.

A nanocomposite prepared from graphene nanosheets and cerium nanoparticles (G/CeO2) was applied to the extraction of Se(IV), As(V), As(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II). The structure of G/CeO2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The optimal pH values for extraction are 4.0 for As(V), 3.0 for Se(IV), and 6.0 for both Cu(II) and Pb(II). The maximum adsorption capacity of G/CeO2 (expressed as mg·g-1) were calculated by the Langmuir model and are found to be 8.4 for As(V), 14.1 for Se(IV), 50.0 for Cu(II) and 75.6 for Pb(II). The sorbent was applied to dispersive solid phase microextraction prior to direct quantitation by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry without the need for prior elution. The limits of detection (in ng·mL-1 units) are 0.10 for As(V), 0.11 for Se(IV), 0.19 for Cu(II) and 0.21 for Pb(II). The precisions (RSDs) are <4.5%. The accuracy of the method (1 - 4%) was verified by analysis of the certified reference material (CRM 1640a - natural water). The method was successfully applied in ultratrace element determination and to the speciation of selenium in environmental waters. Graphical abstract The method gives possibility of simultaneous preconcentration and determination in environmental waters of both anionic (As(V) and Se(IV)) and cationic (Cu(II) and Pb(II)) forms of selected metals using graphene nanosheets and cerium nanoparticles. Se(IV) can be selective determined in the presence of Se(VI).

Development of X-ray Fluorescence Quantitative Methodologies To Analyze Aqueous and Acid Extracts from Building Materials Belonging to Cultural Heritage.

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) is widely used in art and cultural heritage for direct measurements and elemental quantification of solid samples. However, in the literature there are not works dealing with the quantitative application of ED-XRF to liquid extracts coming from samples belonging to cultural heritage. In this work, a novel methodology based on the use of ED-XRF spectrometry after thin film deposition on special sample retainers and a subsequent evaporation was developed to quantify light elements (Z ≤ 20) in aqueous extracts and heavy elements (Z > 20) in acid extracts, coming from materials and degradation products belonging to built heritage (mortars, black crusts, and calcium carbonate formations). For this purpose, special sample retainers were used instead of more common adsorbent filter papers. Three different ED-XRF calibration methodologies were designed as elemental quantification tools and "green chemistry" alternatives to conventional techniques. On the one hand, the developed external ED-XRF calibration methodology for elements with Z ≤ 20 was proposed as an alternative to ion chromatography to obtain information about the degradation processes that the building materials suffered. On the other hand, the external ED-XRF calibration for elements with Z > 20 in acid extracts was optimized as a faster and cleaner quantification alternative to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Finally, with the aim to reduce the matrix effect and to improve the quantitative results for elements with Z > 20 in acid extracts, a novel ED-XRF calibration methodology based on standard additions was successfully designed and applied to real samples belonging to built heritage.

Green approach for ultratrace determination of divalent metal ions and arsenic species using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and mercapto-modified graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel adsorbent.

A new method based on dispersive microsolid phase extraction (DMSPE) and total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is proposed for multielemental ultratrace determination of heavy metal ions and arsenic species. In the developed methodology, the crucial issue is a novel adsorbent synthesized by grafting 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane on a graphene oxide (GO) surface. Mercapto-modified graphene oxide (GO-SH) can be applied in quantitative adsorption of cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, and lead ions. Moreover, GO-SH demonstrates selectivity toward arsenite in the presence of arsenate. Due to such features of GO-SH nanosheets as wrinkled structure and excellent dispersibility in water, GO-SH seems to be ideal for fast and simple preconcentration and determination of heavy metal ions using methodology based on DMSPE and TXRF measurement. The suspension of GO-SH was injected into an analyzed water sample; after filtration, the GO-SH nanosheets with adsorbed metal ions were redispersed in a small volume of internal standard solution and deposited onto a quartz reflector. The high enrichment factor of 150 allows obtaining detection limits of 0.11, 0.078, 0.079, 0.064, 0.054, and 0.083 ng mL(-1) for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), As(III), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. Such low detection limits can be obtained using a benchtop TXRF system without cooling media and gas consumption. The method is suitable for the analysis of water, including high salinity samples difficult to analyze using other spectroscopy techniques. Moreover, GO-SH can be applied to the arsenic speciation due to its selectivity toward arsenite.

Facilitating inorganic arsenic speciation and quantification in waters: Polymer inclusion membrane preconcentration and X-ray fluorescence detection.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic, classified as a priority pollutant and human carcinogen by the IARC, is subject to stringent regulatory limits in food and water. Among various arsenic species found in water samples, arsenite (As(III)) is identified as the most toxic form. Given the limitations of conventional spectroscopic techniques in speciation analysis, there is a crucial need for innovative and sustainable methodologies that enable arsenic speciation. Simplifying these methodologies is essential for widespread applicability and effective environmental monitoring. RESULTS: This study proposes a simple and cost-effective analytical methodology for speciating inorganic arsenic in water samples. The method involves extracting As(III) into a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing the extractant Cyanex 301 (bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid), followed by analysis using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. The concentration of arsenate was measured after a reduction step using a thiosulfate/iodide mixture. This simple methodology allows a limit of quantification for trivalent arsenic (2 µg L-1), which is well below the World Health Organization's recommended maximum permissible level of As in drinking water (10 µg L-1). The method that is developed allows the determination of As at trace levels in waters with naturally occurring arsenic. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: This study represents a significant advance in the field, providing a novel and efficient methodology for arsenic speciation analysis in water samples. By combining the advantages of polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) extraction with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry, this study offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to address the critical issue of arsenic contamination in water sources, thereby contributing to enhanced environmental monitoring and public health protection.

Glioblastoma multiforme influence on the elemental homeostasis of the distant organs: the results of inter-comparison study carried out with TXRF method.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fast-growing and aggressive brain tumor which invades the nearby brain tissue but generally does not spread to the distant organs. Nonetheless, if untreated, GBM can result in patient death in time even less than few months from the diagnosis. The influence of the tumor progress on organs other than brain is obvious but still not well described. Therefore, we examined the elemental abnormalities appearing in selected body organs (kidney, heart, spleen, lung) in two rat models of GBM. The animals used for the study were subjected to the implantation of human GBM cell lines (U87MG and T98G) characterized by different levels of invasiveness. The elemental analysis of digested organ samples was carried out using the total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) method, independently, in three European laboratories utilizing various commercially available TXRF spectrometers. The comparison of the data obtained for animals subjected to T98G and U87MG cells implantation showed a number of elemental anomalies in the examined organs. What is more, the abnormalities were found for rats even if neoplastic tumor did not develop in their brains. The most of alterations for both experimental groups were noted in the spleen and lungs, with the direction of the found element changes in these organs being the opposite. The observed disorders of element homeostasis may result from many processes occurring in the animal body as a result of implantation of cancer cells or the development of GBM, including inflammation, anemia of chronic disease or changes in iron metabolism. Tumor induced changes in organ elemental composition detected in cooperating laboratories were usually in a good agreement. In case of elements with higher atomic numbers (Fe, Cu, Zn and Se), 88% of the results were classified as fully compliant. Some discrepancies between the laboratories were found for lighter elements (P, S, K and Ca). However, also in this case, the obtained results fulfilled the requirements of full (the results from three laboratories were in agreement) or partial agreement (the results from two laboratories were in agreement).

Hydroxypropyl-ß-Cyclodextrin-Based Helichrysum italicum Extracts: Antioxidant and Cosmeceutical Activity and Biocompatibility.

Two Helichrysum italicum extracts, OPT-1 (rich in phenolic acids) and OPT-2 (rich in total phenols and flavonoids), were prepared using hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD)-assisted extraction. The prepared extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. GC-MS analysis of the extracts identified neryl acetate, neo-intermedeol, ß-selinene, γ-curcumene, italidione I, and nerol as the main volatile components of the extracts, as well as plant sterols, γ-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. The antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and a carotene linoleic acid assay) and cosmeceutical (anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipoxygenase, ovalbumin anti-coagulation, and a UV-absorption assay) activity of the extracts in most of the assays was better than the activity of the applied positive controls. Especially low were the IC50 values of the extracts in the anti-hyaluronidase (14.31 ± 0.29 µL extract/mL and 19.82 ± 1.53 µL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) and the anti-lipoxygenase (0.96 ± 0.11 µL extract/mL and 1.07 ± 0.01 µL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) assays. The extracts were non-toxic to HaCaT cells in concentrations of up to 62.5 µL extract/mL assuring their status as excellent candidates for cosmeceutical product development appropriate for direct use in cosmetic products without solvent evaporation.

Simple and reliable determination of Zn and some additional elements in seminal plasma samples by using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Trace elements are essential for the normal spermatogenesis of mammals and play a critical role in sperm quality and pathological processes e.g. inflammation. Consequently, multi-elemental analysis of seminal plasma (SP) may provide significant information on physiological and pathophysiological processes occurring in the male reproductive tract. Therefore, the development of a simple, fast and reliable method for seminal plasma (SP) analysis by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) could be useful for both, scientific and clinical studies. In this study, a detailed assessment of the sample preparation parameters and measurement conditions, including analysis of the shape and element distribution of the deposited residue on the reflector by micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, was carried out. Using the best analytical conditions, limits of detection for trace elements were found to be in the range of 0.04-0.3 mg kg-1. Trueness and precision of the results, evaluated by spiked SP sample analysis, were in most cases acceptable with recovery values in the range of 87-109% and relative standard deviations 3-12% (n = 5). The developed TXRF method was applied for the analysis of several SP samples from patients with different diagnoses and the results were compared with those obtained by ICP-OES. Among the studied trace elements with a role in the antioxidant defence system only Zn could be quantified and some differences in Zn concentrations among studied groups were observed. However, further studies on a large number of samples are required to define the exact relationship between the element composition and semen quality.

Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of trace level inorganic arsenic species in waters.

In the present study, we investigated the possibilities and drawbacks of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) combined with total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry for the determination of low amounts of inorganic arsenic (As) species in water samples. The obtained results showed that a three-phase HF-LPME system was more suitable to be used in combination with TXRF than the two phase configuration, since lower detection limit and better precision for As determination can be attained. Relevant experimental parameters affecting As extraction (i.e. types of extractant, organic solvent, agitation speed, pH and extraction time) and TXRF analysis (deposition volume and drying mode) were systematically evaluated. It was found that As(III) was more efficiently extracted at pH 13, whereas, optimum pH for As(V) extraction was at pH 8.5. Limits of detection (LOD) achieved using the best analytical conditions meet the requirements of current legislation and allow the determination of inorganic As(V) and As(III) in water. The proposed method was also applied to different spiked environmental water samples for the preconcentration and subsequent determination of trace inorganic As species.

Uptake, translocation and ligand of silver in Lactuca sativa exposed to silver nanoparticles of different size, coatings and concentration.

The broad use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in daily life products enhances their possibilities to reach the environment. Therefore, it is important to understand the uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants and the toxicological impacts derived from these biological processes. In this work, Lactuca sativa (lettuce) was exposed during 9 days to different coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol) and sized (60, 75, 100 nm) AgNPs at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 mg L-1). Total silver measurements in lettuce roots indicated that accumulation of AgNPs is influenced by size and concentration, but not by nanoparticle coating. On the other hand, nanosilver translocation to shoots was more pronounced for neutral charged and large sized NPs at higher NP concentrations. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, after an enzymatic digestion of lettuce tissues indicated the dissolution of some NPs. Ag K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis corroborated the AgNPs dissolution due to the presence of less Ag-Ag bonds and appearance of Ag-O and/or Ag-S bonds in lettuce roots. Toxicological effects on lettuces were observed after exposure to nanosilver, especially for transpiration and stomatal conductance. These findings indicated that AgNPs can enter to edible plants, exerting toxicological effects on them.

Effect of potential of ion optic system and gas-filled octapole collision cell on mass discrimination in lead isotopic measurements ((206)Pb/(207)Pb, (208)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/2(208)Pb) by quadrupole-based inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

The accuracy and precision of lead isotope ratio measurements by quadrupole-based inductively-coupled plalsma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be limited by any of a number of instrumental factors being mass bias one of the most relevant. Mass bias can be defined as the deviation of measured isotope ratios from the "true value" due to the different transmission of ions according to their masses before the final detection. In the present research, a systematic study aimed at obtaining a more profound insight into to what extent the potential of the ion optic system and gas-filled octapole collision cell influence the mass discrimination in lead isotopic measurements ((206)Pb/(207)Pb, (208)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(208)Pb) using ICP-QMS instrumentation was carried out. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that, in most cases, the effect of ion lens potential variation in mass discrimination is not really significant when working in maximum ion intensity regions. On the other hand, the application of pressurized conditions in the octapole collision/reaction cell using He and H(2) as target gases does not lead to an improvement in ion sensitivity but, instead, introduces a significant mass bias effect, particularly when using high He flow rates (6-8 mL min(-1)). In this latter case, the use of Tl as the internal standard ((203)Tl/(205)Tl) proved to be suitable to correct the mass bias drift and the calculated mass discrimination percentage values decreased from 3.61% to 0.33%. The use of the gas-filled octapole collision cell does not lead to an improvement in lead isotope ratio precision compared to vented conditions.

Comprehensive analysis of renal arsenic accumulation using images based on X-ray fluorescence at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels.

Exposure to arsenic (As) through drinking water results in accumulation of As and its methylated metabolites in several organs, promoting adverse health effects, particularly potential development of cancer. Arsenic toxicity is a serious global health concern since over 200 million people are chronically exposed worldwide. Abundant biochemical and epidemiological evidence indicates that the kidney is an important site of uptake and accumulation of As, and mitochondrial damage plays a crucial role in arsenic toxicity. However, non-destructive analyses and in situ images revealing As fate in renal cells and tissue are scarce or almost non-existent. In this work, kidney tissue from exposed rats was analyzed by EDXRF (Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence), micro-SRXRF (micro X-ray Fluorescence using Synchrotron Radiation), SRTXRF (SRXRF in total reflection condition), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope in combination with EDXRF) and SRXRF-XANES (SRXRF in combination with X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy). Our results provide evidence of renal cortex distribution of As with periglomerular localization, co-localization of S, Cu and As in subcellular compartment of proximal tubule cells, mono-methylarsonous acid accumulation in renal cortex mitochondria, and altered subcellular concentration and distribution of other elements.