The V-type H+-ATPase is targeted in antidiuretic hormone control of the Malpighian "renal" tubules.

Like other insects, secretion by mosquito Malpighian tubules (MTs) is driven by the V-type H+-ATPase (VA) localized in the apical membrane of principal cells. In Aedes aegypti, the antidiuretic neurohormone CAPA inhibits secretion by MTs stimulated by select diuretic hormones; however, the cellular effectors of this inhibitory signaling cascade remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that the VA inhibitor bafilomycin selectively inhibits serotonin (5HT)- and calcitonin-related diuretic hormone (DH31)-stimulated secretion. VA activity increases in DH31-treated MTs, whereas CAPA abolishes this increase through a NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway. A critical feature of VA activation involves the reversible association of the cytosolic (V1) and membrane (Vo) complexes. Indeed, higher V1 protein abundance was found in membrane fractions of DH31-treated MTs, whereas CAPA significantly decreased V1 abundance in membrane fractions while increasing it in cytosolic fractions. V1 immunolocalization was observed strictly in the apical membrane of DH31-treated MTs, whereas immunoreactivity was dispersed following CAPA treatment. VA complexes colocalized apically in female MTs shortly after a blood meal consistent with the peak and postpeak phases of diuresis. Comparatively, V1 immunoreactivity in MTs was more dispersed and did not colocalize with the Vo complex in the apical membrane at 3 h post blood meal, representing a time point after the late phase of diuresis has concluded. Therefore, CAPA inhibition of MTs involves reducing VA activity and promotes complex dissociation hindering secretion. Collectively, these findings reveal a key target in hormone-mediated inhibition of MTs countering diuresis that provides a deeper understanding of this critical physiological process necessary for hydromineral balance.

A Comprehensive Approach to Parkinson's Disease: Addressing Its Molecular, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative disorder affecting the nervous system, marked by a slow progression and varied symptoms. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting over six million people in the world. Its multifactorial etiology includes environmental, genomic, and epigenetic factors. Clinical symptoms consist of non-motor and motor symptoms, with motor symptoms being the classic presentation. Therapeutic approaches encompass pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Traditional pharmacological treatment consists of administering drugs (MAOIs, DA, and levodopa), while emerging evidence explores the potential of antidiabetic agents for neuroprotection and gene therapy for attenuating parkinsonian symptoms. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as exercise, a calcium-rich diet, and adequate vitamin D supplementation, aim to slow disease progression and prevent complications. For those patients who have medically induced side effects and/or refractory symptoms, surgery is a therapeutic option. Deep brain stimulation is the primary surgical option, associated with motor symptom improvement. Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion through percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy and a portable infusion pump succeeded in reducing "off" time, where non-motor and motor symptoms occur, and increasing "on" time. This article aims to address the general aspects of PD and to provide a comparative comprehensive review of the conventional and the latest therapeutic advancements and emerging treatments for PD. Nevertheless, further studies are required to optimize treatment and provide suitable alternatives.

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis: rectal prolapse as an atypical presentation of the disease.

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis is a rare entity that can involve different types of both B-cell and T-cell lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma. A 57-year-old male patient is presented with prolapse of the rectal canal associated with data of lower digestive tract bleeding. A colonoscopy and subsequent upper endoscopy were performed with findings compatible with lymphomatous polyposis. After a biopsy study, mantle cell lymphoma was diagnosed and chemotherapy treatment was started. The endoscopic finding of multiple lymphomatous polypoposis associated with an adequate histopathological diagnosis improves the treatment success rate in patients with different types of gastrointestinal lymphomas.

Pyogenic granuloma of the terminal ileum diagnosed by colonoscopy: the relevance of ileocecal valve intubation.

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular lesion that is most frequently found in the epidermis or mucosa of the oral cavity. Its finding in the ileum is rare, there are only a few case reports. In most reported cases, diagnosis is made with capsule endoscopy or double-balloon enteroscopy. We present a case of a lesion in the ileum, approximately 15 cm from the ileocecal valve, documented by colonoscopy.

Endometriosis: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects, and Its Repercussions on the Quality of Life of Patients.

Endometriosis is a chronic proinflammatory pathology characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the endometrium outside the uterus, affecting approximately 5 to 15% of women worldwide. Suffering from endometriosis entails a complex pathophysiological process, significantly impacting the quality of life and reproductive function of affected women; therefore, it must be addressed in a personalized and comprehensive manner, as its management requires a multidisciplinary approach. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review of endometriosis, not only as a pathophysiological condition but also as a significant factor impacting the social, nutritional, and mental well-being of those who experience it. Emphasis is placed on the importance of understanding and assessing the impact of the pathology to provide a better and more comprehensive approach, integrating various alternatives and strategic treatments for the factors involved in its development. The aim is to provide a complete overview of endometriosis, from its pathophysiology to its impact on the quality of life of patients, as well as a review of current treatment options, both pharmacological and alternative, in order to broaden the perspective on the pathology to improve the care of patients with this disease.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor on a patient with a maternally inherited novel NF1 gene pathogenic germline variant: Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in NF1, which negatively regulates the RAS pathway. Knowledge of the genotype-phenotype correlation in this disease is an important tool for prognostic evaluation and early detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), present in approximately 10% of these patients. We present the case of a teenager with a left jaw MPNST and a previously unreported germline pathogenic variant on NF1. CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old female with a NF1 clinical diagnosis was referred to our hospital with a MPNST in an advanced state. A previously unreported NF1 pathogenic variant was obtained (GRCh37: NM_182493.2 c.3299C>G, p.Ser1100*). Despite great efforts from the surgical and medical teams, the tumor progression couldn't be halted, resulting in the patient's death. DISCUSSION: As MPNSTs are refractory to current treatment regimens, early diagnosis, and development of new therapies, such as MEK inhibitors, is necessary for reducing morbidity and mortality within NF1 patients. This increases the importance of a more widespread genetic testing strategy. CONCLUSION: The report of a novel NF1 pathogenic variant in a patient with maternally inherited neurofibromatosis type 1 and a MPNST increases the knowledge of the genotype-phenotype correlation in the disease.

Interrogating the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida, Trypanosomatidae) by Triatoma venosa (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after the elimination of vector transmission by Rhodnius prolixus in Boyacá eastern Colombia.

Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic zoonosis (Trypanosoma cruzi) that is endemic in Colombia. Vector control of Rhodnius prolixus, the main domestic T. cruzi vector, has been achieved in a large part of the area with historically vector transmission of CD. It is necessary to understand the ecological behavior characteristics of local native vectors to ensure sustainability of the vector control programs. To evaluate the long-term success of a recent vector control campaign in the Boyacá department (Colombia), we used a combined strategy of entomological surveillance with co-existing canine surveillance from ten rural villages within six municipalities of the Tenza valley region (Boyacá, Colombia): Chinavita, Garagoa, Guateque, Somondoco, Sutatenza and Tenza, with historical reports of R. prolixus and secondary vectors. Collected triatomines and canine whole blood were analyzed for T. cruzi infection and genotyping. Triatomine bugs specimens were evaluated for blood meal source. Canine serology was performed using two distinct antibody assays. In total, 101 Triatoma venosa were collected by active search in domestic and peridomestic habitats. A natural infection prevalence of 13.9% (14/101) and four feeding sources were identified: human, dog, rat, and hen. A frequency infection of 46.5% (40/87) was observed from two independent serological tests and T. cruzi DNA was detected in 14 dogs (16.4%). Only TcIsylvatic DTU was detected. The results suggest that T. venosa present eco-epidemiological characteristics to maintain the transmission of T. cruzi in Tenza valley. This species has reinfested the intervened households and it has an active role in domestic and peridomestic transmission of T. cruzi due to their infection rates and feeding behavior. Therefore, this species should be considered as epidemiologically relevant for vector control strategies. Moreover, there is a need for human serological studies to have a close up of risk they are exposed to.

18F-FDG PET/CT Assessment of Malignant Granular Cell Tumor of the Soft Tissue.

ABSTRACT: Malignant granular cell tumor variant is rare and even more if lower extremities are involved. We present a rare case with images of 18F-FDG PET/CT showing 2 hypermetabolic lesions on the right tight with an elevated SUVmax value of 7.50 and 2 adenopathies with an SUVmax almost as high as the lesions. Histopathologic sample after complete excision confirmed malignant granular cell tumor with lymph node metastases.

Vagino-rectal colonization prevalence by Streptococcus agalactiae and its susceptibility profile in pregnant women attending a third-level hospital / Prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por Streptococcus agalactiae y su perfil de sensibilidad en mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital de tercer nivel

Introduction: Streptococcus agalactiae is the main etiological agent causing invasive infection of the newborn with symptoms that may be associated with septicemia, pneumonia or meningitis and prevalences up to 50% worldwide where there is an increase in antibiotic resistance. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vagino-rectal colonization by S. agalactiae and its sensitivity profile in pregnant women attending a third-level hospital. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty one pregnant women were sampled by vaginal and rectal swabs. The cultures were carried out following the methodology recommended by the CDC, and chromID Strepto B agar was added. The suggestive colonies were identified biochemically and the sensitivity profiles according to CLSI were determined. As control, S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and S. agalactiae ATCC 12403 were used. Results: Pregnant colonization prevalence by S. agalactiae was 20.66%, with a total of 40 isolates of which 12.5% were non-sensitivity to penicillin. Sensitivity to levofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin was 100%, 92.5% y 87.5%, respectively, with the phenotypes iMLSB (3/40) and M (2/40). No sensitivity to tetracycline was found. Conclusions: The prevalence of vagino-rectal colonization by S. agalactiae in the study population was 20.66%, obtaining isolates not sensitive to penicillin and resistance to macrolides and lincosamidas by the Kirby-Bauer technique, so the importance of carrying out active active in pregnant women colonized by Streptococcus agalactiae and to perform constant epidemiological surveillance to detect changes in the sensitivity profiles of the isolates.

Introducción. Streptococcus agalactiae es el principal agente etiológico causante de infección invasiva del recién nacido con cuadros clínicos que pueden cursar con septicemia, neumonía o meningitis con prevalencias hasta del 50 % a nivel mundial, donde se viene presentando un incremento en su resistencia antibiótica. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por S. agalactiae y su perfil de sensibilidad, en mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital de tercer nivel. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon 121 mujeres gestantes mediante hisopado vaginal y rectal. Los cultivos se desarrollaron siguiendo la metodología recomendada por los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) y se agregó el agar chromID Strepto B. Las colonias sugestivas se identificaron bioquímicamente y se determinaron los perfiles de sensibilidad según el Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados. La prevalencia de colonización por S. agalactiae en las mujeres gestantes fue del 20,66 %. Se obtuvieron 40 aislamientos del total de muestras analizadas, de los cuales, el 12,5 % no presentó sensibilidad a la penicilina. La sensibilidad a la levofloxacina, la clindamicina y la eritromicina fue de 100 %, 92,5 % y 87,5 %, respectivamente; no se encontró sensibilidad a la tetraciclina. El fenotipo iMLSB se encontró en tres y, el M, en dos de los 40 aislamientos. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por S. agalactiae en la población de estudio, fue de 20,66 %. Se obtuvieron aislamientos no sensibles a la penicilina, y con resistencia a los macrólidos y las lincosamidas mediante el método de Kirby-Bauer. Por ello, es importante la búsqueda activa en las mujeres gestantes colonizadas por estreptococos del grupo B y la vigilancia epidemiológica constante para detectar cambios en los perfiles de sensibilidad de los aislamientos.

Immunohistochemical Study of Antioxidant Enzymes Regulated by Nrf2 in the Models of Epileptic Seizures (KA and PTZ).

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to an imbalance between cerebral excitability and inhibition, with a tendency towards uncontrolled excitability. Epilepsy has been associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress due to prolonged neuronal hyperexcitation and loss neurons during seizures. The experimental animal models report level of ATP diminished and increase in lipid peroxidation, catalase, and glutathione altered activity in the brain. We studied the immunohistochemical expression and localization of antioxidant enzymes GPx, SOD, and CAT in the rat brains treated with KA and PTZ. A significant decrease was observed in the number of immunoreactive cells to GPx, without significant changes for SOD and CAT in KA-treated rats, and decrease in the number of immunoreactive cells to SOD, without significant changes for GPx and only CAT in PTZ-treated rats. Evident immunoreactivity of GPx, SOD, and CAT was observed mainly in astrocytes and neurons of the hippocampal brain region in rats exposed at KA; similar results were observed in rats treated with PTZ at the first hours. These results provide evidence supporting the role of activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant system pathway against oxidative stress effects in the experimental models of epileptic seizures.

Assessing value-based health care delivery for haemodialysis.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Disparities in haemodialysis outcomes among centres have been well-documented. Besides, attempts to assess haemodialysis results have been based on non-comprehensive methodologies. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing haemodialysis centres, based on the value of health care. The value of health care is defined as the patient benefit from a specific medical intervention per monetary unit invested (Value = Patient Benefit/Cost). This study assessed the value of health care and ranked different haemodialysis centres. METHOD: A nephrology quality management group identified the criteria for the assessment. An expert group composed of stakeholders (patients, clinicians and managers) agreed on the weighting of each variable, considering values and preferences. Multi-criteria methodology was used to analyse the data. Four criteria and their weights were identified: evidence-based clinical performance measures = 43 points; yearly mortality = 27 points; patient satisfaction = 13 points; and health-related quality of life = 17 points (100-point scale). Evidence-based clinical performance measures included five sub-criteria, with respective weights, including: dialysis adequacy; haemoglobin concentration; mineral and bone disorders; type of vascular access; and hospitalization rate. The patient benefit was determined from co-morbidity-adjusted results and corresponding weights. The cost of each centre was calculated as the average amount expended per patient per year. RESULTS: The study was conducted in five centres (1-5). After adjusting for co-morbidity, value of health care was calculated, and the centres were ranked. A multi-way sensitivity analysis that considered different weights (10-60% changes) and costs (changes of 10% in direct and 30% in allocated costs) showed that the methodology was robust. The rankings: 4-5-3-2-1 and 4-3-5-2-1 were observed in 62.21% and 21.55%, respectively, of simulations, when weights were varied by 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Value assessments may integrate divergent stakeholder perceptions, create a context for improvement and aid in policy-making decisions.

Enrichment of diluted cell populations from large sample volumes using 3D carbon-electrode dielectrophoresis.

Here, we report on an enrichment protocol using carbon electrode dielectrophoresis to isolate and purify a targeted cell population from sample volumes up to 4 ml. We aim at trapping, washing, and recovering an enriched cell fraction that will facilitate downstream analysis. We used an increasingly diluted sample of yeast, 10(6)-10(2) cells/ml, to demonstrate the isolation and enrichment of few cells at increasing flow rates. A maximum average enrichment of 154.2 ± 23.7 times was achieved when the sample flow rate was 10 µl/min and yeast cells were suspended in low electrically conductive media that maximizes dielectrophoresis trapping. A COMSOL Multiphysics model allowed for the comparison between experimental and simulation results. Discussion is conducted on the discrepancies between such results and how the model can be further improved.

La laparotomía de control de daños en pacientes sin trauma reduce el número de ostomías / Damage control laparotomy in non-trauma patients reduces the number of ostomies

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura y reconstrucción intestinal diferida, en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria a compromiso de víscera hueca, reduce el número de ostomías. Métodos. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que ingresaron a la clínica con sospecha de peritonitis de origen no traumático y que se sometieron a laparotomía entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2018. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, escalas de gravedad fisiológica, técnicas de reconstrucción intestinal y resultados clínicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 306 pacientes, distribuidos en tres grupos: 1) 120 (39,2 %) sometidos a resección y anastomosis, 2) 87 (28,4 %) sometidos a ostomía, y 3) 99 (32,3 %) sometidos inicialmente a ligadura intestinal. Los pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal presentaron mayor compromiso fisiológico al ingreso a la unidad de cuidado intensivo, con puntuación APACHE II: 14 (rango intercuartílico, RIC=10-18) en el grupo 1, 13 (RIC=11-18) en el grupo 2, y 18 (RIC=14-24) en el grupo 3 (p<0,01). Sin embargo, más de la mitad se reconstruyeron en la siguiente laparotomía: anastomosis mecánica (16/99; 16,1 %), anastomosis manual (49/99; 49,5 %), ostomía (34/99; 34,3 %). Además, estos pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal tuvieron un número significativamente mayor de nuevas laparotomías, y de días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, de estancia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo y de estancia hospitalaria. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad entre los subgrupos: (grupo 1=19 (15,8 %), grupo 2=16 (18,4 %), grupo 3=19 (19,2 %) (p=0,79). Conclusión. En este estudio, se logró evitar la ostomía como técnica de reconstrucción definitiva en más de la mitad de los pacientes con peritonitis que se sometieron a laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura intestinal

Introduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the damage control laparotomy with ligation and delayed intestinal reconstruction (DR), in patients with peritonitis secondary to compromised hollow viscera, reduces the number of ostomies.Methods. All patients under 18 years of age who entered the clinic with suspected non-traumatic peritonitis and who underwent laparotomy between January 2003 and December 2018 were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, severity scales physiological, intestinal reconstruction techniques and clinical results were evaluated.Results. A total of 306 patients were included, divided into three groups: 1) 120 (39.2 %) underwent resection and anastomosis, 2) 87 (28.4 %) underwent ostomy, and 3) 99 (32.3 %) underwent initial to intestinal ligation. Patients undergoing intestinal ligation presented greater physiological compromise upon admission to the intensive care unit, with an APACHE II score: 14 (interquartile range, IQR= 10-18) in group 1, 13 (IQR = 11-18) in the group 2, and 18 (IQR = 14-24) in group 3 (p<0.01). However, more than half were reconstructed in the following laparotomy: mechanical anastomosis (16/99; 16.1 %), manual anastomosis (49/99; 49.5 %), ostomy (34/99; 34.3 %). Also, they had a significantly greater number of new laparotomies, and of days of mechanical respiratory assistance, of stay in the intensive care unit and of hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between the subgroups: group 1= 19 (15.8 %), group 2= 16 (18.4 %), group 3= 19 (19.2 %) (p= 0.79). Conclusion. In this study, it was possible to avoid the ostomy as the definitive reconstruction technique in more than half of the patients with peritonitis who underwent damage control laparotomy with intestinal ligation

Los ARNs no codificantes largos y su vinculación con las patologías testiculares / Long non-coding RNAs and their involvement in testicular pathologies / RNAs longos não-codificantes e sua ligação com patologias testiculares

Si bien la porción del genoma destinada a la síntesis de proteínas es muy pequeña, actualmente se sabe que casi todo el genoma se expresa bajo forma de ARNs no codificantes. Entre dichos ARNs se encuentran los ARNs no codificantes largos (lncRNAs). Aunque los lncRNAs han sido muy poco estudiados, recientemente han comenzado a centrar la atención de los investigadores, al descubrirse que los mismos pueden desempeñar diversas funciones en la regulación de la expresión génica. Además, su vinculación con patologías ha comenzado a ser puesta de manifiesto. Curiosamente, la cantidad de lncRNAs presentes en el testículo es abrumadoramente mayor que en cualquier otro órgano o tejido estudiado. Los perfiles de expresión de estos lncRNAs varían significativamente a lo largo de la espermatogénesis, y algunas evidencias sugieren que al menos algunos de ellos podrían participar en el proceso de formación de células germinales masculinas. No obstante, el conocimiento sobre el tema es aún muy escaso. En este trabajo revisamos la información disponible sobre la expresión de lncRNAs en el testículo y sus posibles funciones. Asimismo, analizamos algunos ejemplos que ilustran la participación de lncRNAs en el desarrollo de patologías como la infertilidad y el cáncer testicular.

Although the portion of the genome devoted to protein synthesis is very small, it is now known that almost the entire genome is expressed as non-coding RNAs. Among them, there are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Despite that lncRNAs have been very poorly studied, they have recently started to focus the attention of researchers, as it has been found out that lncRNAs can perform diverse functions in the regulation of gene expression. Besides, their involvement in pathologies is being revealed. Intriguingly, the amount of lncRNAs in the testis is overwhelmingly higher than in any other analyzed organ or tissue. LncRNA expression profiles significantly vary along spermatogenesis, and some evidence suggests that at least some of them could participate in the formation of male germ cells. However, knowledge on the subject is still very scarce. In this work we review the available information on the expression of lncRNAs in testis and their possible roles. We also analyze some examples that illustrate the participation of lncRNAs in the development of pathologies such as infertility and testicular cancer.

Embora a porção do genoma usada para a síntese proteica seja muito pequena, sabe-se agora que quase todo o genoma é expresso na forma de RNAs não-codificantes. Entre esses RNAs estão os longos RNAs não codificantes (lncRNAs). Embora os lncRNAs tenham sido pouco estudados, eles recentemente começaram a focar a atenção dos pesquisadores, ao descobrirem que podem desempenhar diversas funções na regulação da expressão gênica. Além disso, sua ligação com as patologias começou a ser revelada. Curiosamente, a quantidade de lncRNAs presentes nos testículos é esmagadoramente maior do que em qualquer outro órgão ou tecido estudado. Os perfis de expressão destes lncRNAs variam significativamente ao longo da espermatogênese, e algumas evidências sugerem que pelo menos alguns deles poderiam participar no processo de formação de células germinativas masculinas. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre o assunto ainda é muito escasso. Neste trabalho, revisamos as informações disponíveis sobre a expressão de lncRNAs no testículo e suas possíveis funções. Também analisamos alguns exemplos que ilustram a participação dos lncRNAs no desenvolvimento de patologias como infertilidade e câncer testicular.

Prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por Streptococcus agalactiae y su perfil de sensibilidad en mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital de tercer nivel / Vagino-rectal colonization prevalence by Streptococcus agalactiae and its susceptibility profile in pregnant women attending a third-level hospital

Introducción. Streptococcus agalactiae es el principal agente etiológico causante de infección invasiva del recién nacido con cuadros clínicos que pueden cursar con septicemia, neumonía o meningitis con prevalencias hasta del 50 % a nivel mundial, donde se viene presentando un incremento en su resistencia antibiótica. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por S. agalactiae y su perfil de sensibilidad, en mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital de tercer nivel. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon 121 mujeres gestantes mediante hisopado vaginal y rectal. Los cultivos se desarrollaron siguiendo la metodología recomendada por los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) y se agregó el agar chromID Strepto B. Las colonias sugestivas se identificaron bioquímicamente y se determinaron los perfiles de sensibilidad según el Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados. La prevalencia de colonización por S. agalactiae en las mujeres gestantes fue del 20,66 %. Se obtuvieron 40 aislamientos del total de muestras analizadas, de los cuales, el 12,5 % no presentó sensibilidad a la penicilina. La sensibilidad a la levofloxacina, la clindamicina y la eritromicina fue de 100 %, 92,5 % y 87,5 %, respectivamente; no se encontró sensibilidad a la tetraciclina. El fenotipo iMLSB se encontró en tres y, el M, en dos de los 40 aislamientos. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de colonización vaginorrectal por S. agalactiae en la población de estudio, fue de 20,66 %. Se obtuvieron aislamientos no sensibles a la penicilina, y con resistencia a los macrólidos y las lincosamidas mediante el método de Kirby-Bauer. Por ello, es importante la búsqueda activa en las mujeres gestantes colonizadas por estreptococos del grupo B y la vigilancia epidemiológica constante para detectar cambios en los perfiles de sensibilidad de los aislamientos.

Introduction: Streptococcus agalactiae is the main etiological agent causing invasive infection of the newborn with symptoms that may be associated with septicemia, pneumonia or meningitis and prevalences up to 50% worldwide where there is an increase in antibiotic resistance. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vagino-rectal colonization by S. agalactiae and its sensitivity profile in pregnant women attending a third-level hospital. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty one pregnant women were sampled by vaginal and rectal swabs. The cultures were carried out following the methodology recommended by the CDC, and chromID Strepto B agar was added. The suggestive colonies were identified biochemically and the sensitivity profiles according to CLSI were determined. As control, S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and S. agalactiae ATCC 12403 were used. Results: Pregnant colonization prevalence by S. agalactiae was 20.66%, with a total of 40 isolates of which 12.5% were non-sensitivity to penicillin. Sensitivity to levofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin was 100%, 92.5% y 87.5%, respectively, with the phenotypes iMLSB (3/40) and M (2/40). No sensitivity to tetracycline was found. Conclusions: The prevalence of vagino-rectal colonization by S. agalactiae in the study population was 20.66%, obtaining isolates not sensitive to penicillin and resistance to macrolides and lincosamidas by the Kirby-Bauer technique, so the importance of carrying out active active in pregnant women colonized by Streptococcus agalactiae and to perform constant epidemiological surveillance to detect changes in the sensitivity profiles of the isolates.

Effect of solvents on obligately anaerobic bacteria.

Growth of Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium sporogenes was studied in the presence of water-immiscible solvents. Nitrogen purging, vacuum distillation or distillation under nitrogen were all suitable as methods to remove oxygen from the solvents, since growth rates and yields of A. woodii were unaffected in the presence of tetradecane which had been degassed by these methods. Varying the solvent volume from 20% to 80% of the culture volume had little effect on growth rate of A. woodii. A.woodii was relatively sensitive to organic solvents since growth was inhibited by alkanes with logP(octanol/water) values below 7.1. C. sporogenes was less solvent sensitive, since it grew without inhibition when the logP of the solvent was > or = 6.6. Nevertheless, both A. woodii and C. sporogenes were more sensitive to solvent polarity than aerobic bacteria.

Utilidad diagnóstica del marcador tumoral CA 125 en las patologías cervicouterinas / Diagnostic usefulness of CA 125 tumor marker in cervix uteri diseases

El CA 125 es un marcador tumoral útil en el monitoreo del cáncer epitelial del ovario y otras patologías ginecológicas malignas. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue establecer la utilidad clínica del CA 125 en pacientes portadoras de lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (LIE) las cuales pueden implicar un riesgo de malignización. Para ello, fueron estudiados los niveles séricos del CA 125 en 628 mujeres que fueron agrupadas en: A) 172 mujeres sanas, B) 316 pacientes con patologías benignas del tracto genital inferior, C) 116 pacientes con lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (LIE) y D) 24 pacientes con patologías ginecológicas malignas. A su vez cada grupo de pacientes fue dividido de acuerdo a su estado menstrual en no menopáusicas (NM) y menopáusicas (M). La determinación de los niveles séricos de CA 125 fue realizada empleando un test de ELISA con tecnología de estreptavidina. Los valores de referencia normales (VRN) calculados a partir del grupo A (NM) fue de 28,5 U/ml siendo para el grupo A (M) de 18,8 U/ml. Los valores promedio calculados fueron: 12,7 ñ 8,4; 13,9 ñ 9,8; 29,8 ñ 27,8 y 51,1 ñ 60,5 U/ml para los grupos A, B, C y D (NM) y 8,4 ñ 5,5; 9,8 ñ 6,5; 7,8 ñ 5,5 y 79,6 ñ 115 U/ml para los grupos A, B, C y D (M), respectivamente. El grupo C (NM) presentó niveles superiores al VRN en el 32 por ciento de los casos no habiéndose observado valores elevados en ninguna de las pacientes del grupo C (M). Las diferencias encontradas en los niveles de CA 125 entre las pacientes NM y M portadoras de LIE permitirían sugerir la existencia de lesiones cervicales más agresivas en las mujeres jóvenes que en aquellas que ya alcanzaron la menopausia, lo cual podría implicar un mayor riesgo de malignización de las mismas. Asimismo, sería importante profundizar el estudio de los factores de riesgo asociados a las pacientes con niveles elevados de CA 125 ya que ello permitiría ejercer acciones preventivas sobre las mismas (AU)

Utilidad diagnóstica del marcador tumoral CA 125 en las patologías cervicouterinas / Diagnostic usefulness of CA 125 tumor marker in cervix uteri diseases

El CA 125 es un marcador tumoral útil en el monitoreo del cáncer epitelial del ovario y otras patologías ginecológicas malignas. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue establecer la utilidad clínica del CA 125 en pacientes portadoras de lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (LIE) las cuales pueden implicar un riesgo de malignización. Para ello, fueron estudiados los niveles séricos del CA 125 en 628 mujeres que fueron agrupadas en: A) 172 mujeres sanas, B) 316 pacientes con patologías benignas del tracto genital inferior, C) 116 pacientes con lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (LIE) y D) 24 pacientes con patologías ginecológicas malignas. A su vez cada grupo de pacientes fue dividido de acuerdo a su estado menstrual en no menopáusicas (NM) y menopáusicas (M). La determinación de los niveles séricos de CA 125 fue realizada empleando un test de ELISA con tecnología de estreptavidina. Los valores de referencia normales (VRN) calculados a partir del grupo A (NM) fue de 28,5 U/ml siendo para el grupo A (M) de 18,8 U/ml. Los valores promedio calculados fueron: 12,7 ñ 8,4; 13,9 ñ 9,8; 29,8 ñ 27,8 y 51,1 ñ 60,5 U/ml para los grupos A, B, C y D (NM) y 8,4 ñ 5,5; 9,8 ñ 6,5; 7,8 ñ 5,5 y 79,6 ñ 115 U/ml para los grupos A, B, C y D (M), respectivamente. El grupo C (NM) presentó niveles superiores al VRN en el 32 por ciento de los casos no habiéndose observado valores elevados en ninguna de las pacientes del grupo C (M). Las diferencias encontradas en los niveles de CA 125 entre las pacientes NM y M portadoras de LIE permitirían sugerir la existencia de lesiones cervicales más agresivas en las mujeres jóvenes que en aquellas que ya alcanzaron la menopausia, lo cual podría implicar un mayor riesgo de malignización de las mismas. Asimismo, sería importante profundizar el estudio de los factores de riesgo asociados a las pacientes con niveles elevados de CA 125 ya que ello permitiría ejercer acciones preventivas sobre las mismas