Quinolone and Multidrug Resistance Predicts Failure of Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness of fluoroquinolone-based SBP prophylaxis in an era and area of frequent antibiotic resistance. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study in patients with liver cirrhosis and an indication for fluoroquinolone-based prophylaxis of SBP. Patients were recruited and followed in a large German tertiary reference center with comprehensive microbiological and clinical monitoring performed at baseline and after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days of prophylaxis. RESULTS: Overall, 77 patients received antibiotic prophylaxis for an average of 93 days. Baseline prevalence of colonization with MDROs was high (N = 39, 50.6%). At least one de novo MDRO was detected in 27 patients (35.1%) during antibiotic prophylaxis; 33 patients (42.9%) developed secondary infections, including 14 cases (17.9%) of infections with MDROs, and 13 cases (16.9%) of de novo/recurrent SBP. Thirty patients (39.0%) died during follow-up. Significantly higher risks of SBP development during antibiotic prophylaxis were observed for patients with versus without any apparent MDROs (P = .009), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (P = .008), multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (P = .016), or quinolone-resistant gram-negative bacteria (QR-GNB) (P = .015). In competing risk analysis, QR-GNB were independently associated with prophylaxis failure (hazard ratio, 3.39; P = .045) and infections with QR-GNB were independently associated with death before SBP (subdistribution hazard risk, 6.47; P = .034). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis of SBP appears to be less efficient in patients with known MDROs. Regular MDRO screening seems to be useful to tailor treatment of secondary infections and re-evaluate antibiotic prophylaxis in case of selection of quinolone resistance.

Stool and sputum microbiome during quinolone prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an exploratory study.

INTRODUCTION: Quinolone prophylaxis is recommended for patients with advanced cirrhosis at high risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) or with prior SBP. Yet, the impact of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis on the microbiome of these patients is poorly characterized. METHODS: Patients with liver cirrhosis receiving long-term quinolone prophylaxis to prevent SBP were prospectively included and sputum and stool samples were obtained at baseline, 1, 4 and 12 weeks thereafter. Both bacterial DNA and RNA were assessed with 16S rRNA sequencing. Relative abundance, alpha and beta diversity were calculated and correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 35 stool and 19 sputum samples were obtained from 11 patients. Two patients died (day 9 and 12) all others were followed for 180 days. Reduction of Shannon diversity and bacterial richness was insignificant after initiation of quinolone prophylaxis (p > 0.05). Gut microbiota were significantly different between patients (p < 0.001) but non-significantly altered between the different time points before and after initiation of antibiotic prophylaxis (p > 0.05). A high relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae > 20% during quinolone prophylaxis was found in three patients. Specific clinical scenarios (development of secondary infections during antibiotic prophylaxis or the detection of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) characterized these patients. Sputum microbiota were not significantly altered in individuals during prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The present exploratory study with small sample size showed that inter-individual differences in diversity of gut microbiota were high at baseline, yet quinolone prophylaxis had only a moderate impact. High relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae during follow-up might indicate failure of or non-adherence to quinolone prophylaxis. However, our results may not be clinically significant given the limitations of the study and therefore future studies are needed to further investigate this phenomenon.

[Influence of glucocorticoid therapy on intratherapeutic biodistribution of 131I radioiodine therapy in Graves' disease]. / Einfluss der Glukokortikoidtherapie auf die intratherapeutische Bio distribution von 131I bei der Radio jodtherapie des Morbus Basedow.

AIM: Radioiodine therapy (RIT) is an important therapeutic method in the definitive treatment of Graves' disease (GD). However, RIT may trigger development of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) or exacerbate a pre-existing GO. Therefore, the procedure recommendation of the DGN (German Society of Nuclear Medicine) for RIT of benign thyroid diseases recommends an additional glucocorticoid therapy for patients with pre-existing GO. Aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a protective glucocorticoid therapy on 131I biokinetics during RIT of patients with GD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective analysis 211 patients with GD who underwent RIT without additional thyreostatic medication were examined. To analyze 131I biokinetics the extrapolated maximum uptake (EMU) and the effective half-life of 131I in the thyroid were determined. Patients suffering from GO received glucocorticoids according to a fixed scheme starting one day prior to RIT, patients without GO did not receive glucocorticoids. Subsequently the ratios of values measured during RIT and those measured during radioactive iodine uptake test were compared among the groups. To take into account other factors, the groups were also compared regarding age, weight, TSH, TRAb, TgAb and TPOAb. RESULTS: In patients with additional glucocorticoid therapy, a reduction of the median EMU from 44 % in radioiodine uptake test to 35 % during RIT was observed. The pretherapeutic (47 %) and intratherapeutic (46 %) EMU of the control group without glucocorticoids remained constant. Comparison of the change in the EMU showed a statistically significant difference between both groups (p < 0.001). Comparison of all other parameters including the effective half-life of 131I (p = 0.79) did not show any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that glucocorticoids affect the biokinetics of 131I by reducing its thyroidal uptake. As a result of this study, for patients without antithyroid medication undergoing glucocorticoid therapy, an adjustment of therapeutic 131I activity determined in radioiodine uptake test could be considered.