RESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the IFNß transgene (VSV-IFNß) is a mediator of potent oncolytic activity and is undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of solid tumors. Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest treatment of tumors with oncolytic viruses may sensitize tumors to checkpoint inhibitors and increase the anti-tumor immune response. New generations of immuno-oncology molecules including T cell agonists are entering clinical development and could be hypothesized to enhance the activity of oncolytic viruses, including VSV-IFNß. Here, we show that VSV-IFNß exhibits multiple mechanisms of action, including direct cell killing, stimulation of an innate immune response, recruitment of CD8 T cells, and depletion of T regulatory cells. Moreover, VSV-IFNß promotes the establishment of a CD8 T cell response to endogenous tumor antigens. Our data demonstrate a significant enhancement of anti-tumor function for VSV-IFNß when combined with checkpoint inhibitors, but not OX40 agonists. While the addition of checkpoint inhibitors to VSV-IFNß generated robust tumor growth inhibition, it resulted in no increase in viral replication, transgene expression, or immunophenotypic changes beyond treatment with VSV-IFNß alone. We hypothesize that tumor-specific T cells generated by VSV-IFNß retain activity due to a lack of immune exhaustion when checkpoint inhibitors were used.
Assuntos
Terapia Genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Terapia Viral Oncolítica , Vírus Oncolíticos/genética , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Terapia Combinada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Expressão Gênica , Terapia Genética/métodos , Humanos , Imunomodulação , Imunoterapia/métodos , Interferon beta/genética , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Interferons/genética , Interferons/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Receptores OX40/agonistas , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Transdução Genética , Transgenes , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Replicação Viral , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
This Letter describes synthesis, SAR, and biological activity of (2-oxo-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl)-succinamides as inhibitors of γ-secretase mediated signaling of Notch receptors. Optimization of this series led to the identification of BMS-871 (compound 30) which displayed robust in vivo efficacy in Notch-dependent leukemia and solid tumor xenograft models.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinonas/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacologia , Receptores Notch/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Benzodiazepinonas/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Prostate cancer is generally considered an immunologically "cold" tumor type that is insensitive to immunotherapy. Targeting surface antigens on tumors through cellular therapy can induce a potent antitumor immune response to "heat up" the tumor microenvironment. However, many antigens expressed on prostate tumor cells are also found on normal tissues, potentially causing on-target, off-tumor toxicities and a suboptimal therapeutic index. Our studies revealed that six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-2 (STEAP2) was a prevalent prostate cancer antigen that displayed high, homogeneous cell surface expression across all stages of disease with limited distal normal tissue expression, making it ideal for therapeutic targeting. A multifaceted lead generation approach enabled development of an armored STEAP2 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapeutic candidate, AZD0754. This CAR-T product was armored with a dominant-negative TGF-ß type II receptor, bolstering its activity in the TGF-ß-rich immunosuppressive environment of prostate cancer. AZD0754 demonstrated potent and specific cytotoxicity against antigen-expressing cells in vitro despite TGF-ß-rich conditions. Further, AZD0754 enforced robust, dose-dependent in vivo efficacy in STEAP2-expressing cancer cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft mouse models, and exhibited encouraging preclinical safety. Together, these data underscore the therapeutic tractability of STEAP2 in prostate cancer as well as build confidence in the specificity, potency, and tolerability of this potentially first-in-class CAR-T therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Masculino , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/metabolismo , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Linfócitos T , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral , Oxirredutases/metabolismoRESUMO
Treatment with anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies has shown durable clinical benefit in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, patients with NSCLC with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations do not respond as well to treatment as patients without an EGFR mutation. We show that EGFR-mutated NSCLC expressed higher levels of CD73 compared with EGFR WT tumors and that CD73 expression was regulated by EGFR signaling. EGFR-mutated cell lines were significantly more resistant to T cell killing compared with WT cell lines through suppression of T cell proliferation and function. In a xenograft mouse model of EGFR-mutated NSCLC, neither anti-PD-L1 nor anti-CD73 antibody alone inhibited tumor growth compared with the isotype control. In contrast, the combination of both antibodies significantly inhibited tumor growth, increased the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, and enhanced IFN-γ and TNF-α production of these T cells. Consistently, there were increases in gene expression that corresponded to inflammation and T cell function in tumors treated with the combination of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD73. Together, these results further support the combination of anti-CD73 and anti-PD-L1 therapies in treating EGFR-mutated NSCLC, while suggesting that increased T cell activity may play a role in response to therapy.
Assuntos
5'-Nucleotidase , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Receptores ErbB , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Mutação , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , 5'-Nucleotidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Análise Mutacional de DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Camundongos SCID , Neoplasias Experimentais , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Combination therapies targeting immunologic checkpoints have shown promise in treating multiple tumor types. We report safety and tolerability of MEDI0562, a humanized IgG1K OX40 mAb, in combination with durvalumab (anti-PD-L1), or tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4), in adult patients with previously treated advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this phase I, multicenter, open-label study, patients received escalating doses of MEDI0562 (2.25, 7.5, or 22.5 mg) every 2 weeks in combination with durvalumab (1,500 mg) or tremelimumab (75 or 225 mg) every 4 weeks, intravenously, until unacceptable toxicity or progressive disease. Tumor assessments were performed every 8 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate safety and tolerability. RESULTS: Among the 27 and 31 patients who received MEDI0562 + durvalumab or MEDI0562 + tremelimumab, 74.1% and 67.7% reported a treatment-related adverse event (AE), and 22.2% and 19.4% experienced a treatment-emergent AE that led to discontinuation, respectively. The MTD of MEDI0562 + durvalumab was 7.5 mg MEDI0562 + 1,500 mg durvalumab; the maximum administered dose of MEDI0562 + tremelimumab was 22.5 mg MEDI0562 + 225 mg tremelimumab. Three patients in the MEDI0562 + durvalumab arm had a partial response. The mean percentage of Ki67+CD4+ and Ki67+CD8+ memory T cells increased by >100% following the first dose of MEDI0562 + durvalumab or tremelimumab in all dose cohorts. A decrease in OX40+FOXP3 regulatory T cells was observed in a subset of patients with available paired biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Following dose escalation, moderate toxicity was observed in both treatment arms, with no clear efficacy signals demonstrated.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Neoplasias , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67 , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/etiologiaRESUMO
AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), a replication-deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine, has demonstrated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in clinical trials and real-world studies. We characterized CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses induced by AZD1222 vaccination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 280 unique vaccine recipients aged 18-85 years who enrolled in the phase 2/3 COV002 trial. Total spike-specific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T-cell responses were significantly increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages following two doses of AZD1222. CD4+ Th2 responses following AZD1222 vaccination were not detected. Furthermore, AZD1222-specific Th1 and CD8+ T cells both displayed a high degree of polyfunctionality in all adult age groups. T-cell receptor (TCR) ß sequences from vaccinated participants mapped against TCR sequences known to react to SARS-CoV-2 revealed substantial breadth and depth across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for the AZD1222-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Overall, AZD1222 vaccination induced a robust, polyfunctional Th1-dominated T-cell response, with broad CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell coverage across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses are elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein following vaccination with AZD1222.
RESUMO
AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), a replication-deficient simian adenovirusvectored vaccine, has demonstrated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity against coronavirus disease 2019 in clinical trials and real-world studies. We characterized CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by AZD1222 vaccination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 296 unique vaccine recipients aged 18 to 85 years who enrolled in the phase 2/3 COV002 trial. Total spike proteinspecific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (TH1) and CD8+ T cell responses were increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages after two doses of AZD1222. CD4+ TH2 responses after AZD1222 vaccination were not detected. Furthermore, AZD1222-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cells both displayed a high degree of polyfunctionality in all adult age groups. T cell receptor ß (TCRß) sequences from vaccinated participants mapped against TCR sequences known to react to SARS-CoV-2 revealed substantial breadth and depth across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for both AZD1222-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Overall, AZD1222 vaccination induced a polyfunctional TH1-dominated T cell response, with broad CD4+ and CD8+ T cell coverage across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , Humanos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T , SARS-CoV-2 , VacinaçãoRESUMO
A recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), encoding either a human (NDVhuGM-CSF, MEDI5395) or murine (NDVmuGM-CSF) GM-CSF transgene, combined broad oncolytic activity with the ability to significantly modulate genes related to immune functionality in human tumor cells. Replication in murine tumor lines was significantly diminished relative to human tumor cells. Nonetheless, intratumoral injection of NDVmuGM-CSF conferred antitumor effects in three syngeneic models in vivo; with efficacy further augmented by concomitant treatment with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or T-cell agonists. Ex vivo immune profiling, including T-cell receptor sequencing, revealed profound immune-contexture changes consistent with priming and potentiation of adaptive immunity and tumor microenvironment (TME) reprogramming toward an immune-permissive state. CRISPR modifications rendered CT26 tumors significantly more permissive to NDV replication, and in this setting, NDVmuGM-CSF confers immune-mediated effects in the noninjected tumor in vivo Taken together, the data support the thesis that MEDI5395 primes and augments cell-mediated antitumor immunity and has significant utility as a combination partner with other immunomodulatory cancer treatments.
Assuntos
Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/administração & dosagem , Imunomodulação , Imunoterapia/métodos , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Terapia Viral Oncolítica/instrumentação , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Preclinical studies of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade have relied heavily on mouse syngeneic tumor models with intact immune systems, which facilitate dissection of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Commercially developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting human PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA-4 may not demonstrate cross-reactive binding to their mouse orthologs, and surrogate anti-mouse antibodies are often used in their place to inhibit these immune checkpoints. In each case, multiple choices exist for surrogate antibodies, which differ with respect to species of origin, affinity, and effector function. To develop relevant murine surrogate antibodies for the anti-human PD-L1 mAb durvalumab and the anti-human CTLA-4 mAb tremelimumab, rat/mouse chimeric or fully murine mAbs engineered for reduced effector function were developed and compared with durvalumab and tremelimumab. Characterization included determination of target affinity, in vivo effector function, pharmacokinetic profile, and anti-tumor efficacy in mouse syngeneic tumor models. Results showed that anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 murine surrogates with pharmacologic properties similar to those of durvalumab and tremelimumab demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a subset of commonly used mouse syngeneic tumor models. This activity was not entirely dependent on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis effector function, or regulatory T-cell depletion, as antibodies engineered to lack these features showed activity in models historically sensitive to checkpoint inhibition, albeit at a significantly lower level than antibodies with intact effector function.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/imunologia , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/imunologia , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Carga Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Ligation of OX40 (CD134, TNFRSF4) on activated T cells by its natural ligand (OX40L, CD252, TNFSF4) enhances cellular survival, proliferation, and effector functions such as cytokine release and cellular cytotoxicity. We engineered a recombinant human OX40L IgG4P Fc fusion protein termed MEDI6383 that assembles into a hexameric structure and exerts potent agonist activity following engagement of OX40. MEDI6383 displayed solution-phase agonist activity that was enhanced when the fusion protein was clustered by Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on the surface of adjacent cells. The resulting costimulation of OX40 on T cells induced NFκB promoter activity in OX40-expressing T cells and induced Th1-type cytokine production, proliferation, and resistance to regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression. MEDI6383 enhanced the cytolytic activity of tumor-reactive T cells and reduced tumor growth in the context of an alloreactive human T cell:tumor cell admix model in immunocompromised mice. Consistent with the role of OX40 costimulation in the expansion of memory T cells, MEDI6383 administered to healthy nonhuman primates elicited peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 central and effector memory T-cell proliferation as well as B-cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that OX40 agonism has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity in human malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1024-38. ©2018 AACR.
Assuntos
Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Ligante OX40/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocinas/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/imunologia , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/genética , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/genética , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Ligante OX40/genética , Ligante OX40/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica/imunologia , Receptores OX40/agonistas , Receptores OX40/imunologia , Receptores OX40/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/farmacologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, forming BCR-ABL, a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase. Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL, represents current frontline therapy for CML; however, emerging evidence suggests that drug resistance to imatinib may limit its long-term success. To improve treatment options, dasatinib (BMS-354825) was developed as a novel, oral, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases. To date, dasatinib has shown promising anti-leukemic activity in preclinical models of CML and in phase I/II clinical studies in patients with imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers of dasatinib were investigated in K562 human CML xenografts grown s.c. in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Tumoral levels of phospho-BCR-ABL/phospho-CrkL were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Following a single oral administration of dasatinib at a preclinical efficacious dose of 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg, tumoral phospho-BCR-ABL/phospho-CrkL were maximally inhibited at approximately 3 hours and recovered to basal levels by 24 hours. The time course and extent of the inhibition correlated with the plasma levels of dasatinib in mice. Pharmacokinetic/biomarker modeling predicted that the plasma concentration of dasatinib required to inhibit 90% of phospho-BCR-ABL in vivo was 10.9 ng/mL in mice and 14.6 ng/mL in humans, which is within the range of concentrations achieved in CML patients who responded to dasatinib treatment in the clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Phospho-BCR-ABL/phospho-CrkL are likely to be useful clinical biomarkers for the assessment of BCR-ABL kinase inhibition by dasatinib.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/antagonistas & inibidores , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Fusão bcr-abl/antagonistas & inibidores , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/análise , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dasatinibe , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Proteínas de Fusão bcr-abl/análise , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Proteínas Nucleares/análise , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/sangue , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/sangue , Fatores de Tempo , Transplante Heterólogo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Although Erbitux (cetuximab) has proven therapeutic benefit in the clinical setting, the molecular determinants predicting responsiveness to this agent are still not very well understood. Here, we assessed the relationship between basal total and activated (pY1068) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels in a tumor and the responsiveness to cetuximab monotherapy or combination-based treatment using human xenograft models. Cetuximab treatment alone (0.25-1 mg/mouse/injection, q3d, i.p.) effectively delayed the growth of GEO and L2987 tumors by a minimum of 10 days corresponding to log cell kill values of >or=1.0. Borderline activity was seen in the A549 and WiDr xenografts. However, cetuximab failed to show any significant antitumor activity in the HT29, HCT116, LOVO, Colo205, LX-1, HCC70, and N87 models. All of the studied tumors had detectable yet variable levels of EGFR. For combination regimens, cetuximab (1 mg/mouse/injection, q3dx5, i.p.) and cisplatin (4.5 mg/kg/injection, q3dx5, i.v.) proved to be significantly more efficacious than individual monotherapies in the cisplatin-refractory yet cetuximab-responsive GEO tumor model (P < 0.001). However, no therapeutic enhancement was observed in the cisplatin and cetuximab weakly responsive A549 xenograft. Similarly, combinations of CPT-11 (48 mg/kg/injection, q3dx5, i.v.) with cetuximab (1 mg/mouse/injection, q3dx5, i.p.) failed to show any improvements over individual monotherapies in the cetuximab resistant/weakly responsive HT29, A549, and WiDr models. We conclude that preclinical activity associated with cetuximab monotherapy does not correlate directly with relative basal levels of total or activated (pY1068) EGFR in a tumor. Moreover, robust single-agent activity by cetuximab may be the best predictor for this agent to potentiate chemotherapy-mediated antitumor activities.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Antineoplásicos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Camptotecina/administração & dosagem , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cetuximab , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Receptores ErbB/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Irinotecano , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The expansion of antigen-specific CD8 T cells is important in generating an effective and long-lasting immune response to tumors and viruses. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related receptor (GITR) is a co-stimulatory receptor that binds the GITR ligand (GITRL). Agonism of GITR can produce important signals that drive expansion of effector T cell populations. METHODS: We explored two separate murine tumor models, CT26 and TC-1, for responsiveness to GITR Ligand Fusion Protein(GITRL-FP) monotherapy. In TC-1, GITRL-FP was also combined with concurrent administration of an E7-SLP vaccine. We evaluated tumor growth inhibition by tumor volume measurements as well as changes in CD8 T cell populations and function including cytokine production using flow cytometry. Additionally, we interrogated how these therapies resulted in tumor antigen-specific responses using MHC-I dextramer staining and antigen-specific restimulations. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrate that a GITR ligand fusion protein (GITRL-FP) is an effective modulator of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. In a CT26 mouse tumor model, GITRL-FP promoted expansion of antigen-specific T cells, depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and generation of long-lasting CD8 T cell memory. This memory expansion was dependent on the dose of GITRL-FP and resulted in complete tumor clearance and protection from tumor rechallenge. In contrast, in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice, GITRL-FP monotherapy could not prime an antigen-specific CD8 T cell response and was unable to deplete Tregs. However, when combined with a vaccine targeting E7, treatment with GITRL-FP resulted in an augmentation of the vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8 T cells, the depletion of Tregs, and a potent antitumor immune response. In both model systems, GITR levels on antigen-specific CD8 T cells were higher than on all other CD8 T cells, and GITRL-FP interacted directly with primed antigen-specific CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS: When taken together, our results demonstrate that the delivery of GITRL-FP as a therapeutic can promote anti-tumor responses in the presence of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. These findings support further study into combination partners for GITRL-FP that may augment CD8 T-cell priming as well as provide hypotheses that can be tested in human clinical trials exploring GITR agonists including GITRL-FP.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Vacinas Anticâncer/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/agonistas , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/imunologia , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is the process by which certain cytotoxic drugs induce apoptosis of tumor cells in a manner that stimulates the immune system. In this study, we investigated whether antibody-drug conjugates (ADCS) conjugated with pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (PBD) or tubulysin payloads induce ICD, modulate the immune microenvironment, and could combine with immuno-oncology drugs to enhance antitumor activity. We show that these payloads on their own induced an immune response that prevented the growth of tumors following subsequent tumor cell challenge. ADCs had greater antitumor activity in immunocompetent versus immunodeficient mice, demonstrating a contribution of the immune system to the antitumor activity of these ADCs. ADCs also induced immunologic memory. In the CT26 model, depletion of CD8+ T cells abrogated the activity of ADCs when used alone or in combination with a PD-L1 antibody, confirming a role for T cells in antitumor activity. Combinations of ADCs with immuno-oncology drugs, including PD-1 or PD-L1 antibodies, OX40 ligand, or GITR ligand fusion proteins, produced synergistic antitumor responses. Importantly, synergy was observed in some cases with suboptimal doses of ADCs, potentially providing an approach to achieve potent antitumor responses while minimizing ADC-induced toxicity. Immunophenotyping studies in different tumor models revealed broad immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells by ADC and ADC/immuno-oncology combinations. These results suggest that it may be possible to develop novel combinatorial therapies with PBD- and tubulysin-based ADC and immuno-oncology drugs that may increase clinical responses. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2686-98. ©2017 AACR.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinas/farmacologia , Imunoconjugados/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Biomarcadores , Vacinas Anticâncer , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Imunofenotipagem , Imunoterapia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Purpose: To generate and characterize a murine GITR ligand fusion protein (mGITRL-FP) designed to maximize valency and the potential to agonize the GITR receptor for cancer immunotherapy.Experimental Design: The EC50 value of the mGITRL-FP was compared with an anti-GITR antibody in an in vitro agonistic cell-based reporter assay. We assessed the impact of dose, schedule, and Fc isotype on antitumor activity and T-cell modulation in the CT26 tumor model. The activity of the mGITRL-FP was compared with an agonistic murine OX40L-FP targeting OX40, in CT26 and B16F10-Luc2 tumor models. Combination of the mGITRL-FP with antibodies targeting PD-L1, PD-1, or CTLA-4 was analyzed in mice bearing CT26 tumors.Results: The mGITRL-FP had an almost 50-fold higher EC50 value compared with an anti-murine GITR antibody. Treatment of CT26 tumor-bearing mice with mGITRL-FP-mediated significant antitumor activity that was dependent on isotype, dose, and duration of exposure. The antitumor activity could be correlated with the increased proliferation of peripheral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and a significant decrease in the frequency of intratumoral Tregs. The combination of mGITRL-FP with mOX40L-FP or checkpoint inhibitor antagonists enhanced antitumor immunity above that of monotherapy treatment.Conclusions: These results suggest that therapeutically targeting GITR represents a unique approach to cancer immunotherapy and suggests that a multimeric fusion protein may provide increased agonistic potential versus an antibody. In addition, these data provide, for the first time, early proof of concept for the potential combination of GITR targeting agents with OX40 agonists and PD-L1 antagonists. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3416-27. ©2017 AACR.
Assuntos
Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/agonistas , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Ligante OX40 , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/agonistas , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a protein tyrosine kinase expressed in many types of human cancers, has been strongly associated with tumor progression. Cetuximab is an IgG(1) anti-EGFR chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody that has been approved for the treatment of advanced colon cancer. Using human tumor xenografts grown in nude mice, we have determined the in vivo pharmacodynamic response of cetuximab at efficacious doses. Three pharmacodynamic end points were evaluated: tumoral phospho-EGFR, tumoral mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and Ki67 expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The pharmacodynamic study was conducted in nude mice bearing Geo tumors following a single i.p. administration of 0.25 and 0.04 mg. The tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The levels of phospho-EGFR were quantitated by an ELISA assay. RESULTS: At 0.25 mg, phospho-EGFR was maximally inhibited by 91% at 24 hours, whereas the level of inhibition decreased to 72% by 72 hours. At 0.04 mg, the maximum inhibition of phospho-EGFR was 53% at 24 hours, whereas the level of inhibition decreased to 37% by 72 hours. The time course of phospho-EGFR inhibition and recovery seemed to correlate with the pharmacokinetics of cetuximab. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that phospho-MAPK and Ki67 expression were inhibited between 24 and 72 hours at 0.25 and 0.04 mg. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was established and predicted that the plasma concentration of cetuximab required to inhibit 90% of phospho-EGFR was 67.5 mug/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Phospho-EGFR/phospho-MAPK could be useful clinical biomarkers to assess EGFR inhibition by cetuximab.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto/métodos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cetuximab , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/química , Imuno-Histoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/biossíntese , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Transplante de Neoplasias , Fosforilação , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
MEDI9447 is a human monoclonal antibody that is specific for the ectoenzyme CD73 and currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials. Here we show that MEDI9447 is a potent inhibitor of CD73 ectonucleotidase activity, with wide ranging immune regulatory consequences. MEDI9447 results in relief from adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-mediated lymphocyte suppression in vitro and inhibition of mouse syngeneic tumor growth in vivo. In contrast with other cancer immunotherapy agents such as checkpoint inhibitors or T-cell agonists, MEDI9447 drives changes in both myeloid and lymphoid infiltrating leukocyte populations within the tumor microenvironment of mouse models. Changes include significant alterations in a number of tumor micro-environmental subpopulations including increases in CD8(+) effector cells and activated macrophages. Furthermore, these changes correlate directly with responder and non-responder subpopulations within animal studies using syngeneic tumors. Combination data showing additive activity between MEDI9447 and anti-PD-1 antibodies using human cells in vitro and mouse tumor models further demonstrate the potential value of relieving adenosine-mediated immunosuppression. Based on these data, a Phase I study to test the safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of MEDI9447 in cancer patients was initiated (NCT02503774).
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Ixabepilone, a semisynthetic analog of natural epothilone B, was developed for use in cancer treatment. This study extends previous findings regarding the efficacy of ixabepilone and its low susceptibility to tumor resistance mechanisms and describes the pharmacokinetics of this new antineoplastic agent. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of ixabepilone was assessed in vitro in breast, lung, and colon tumor cell lines and in vivo in human xenografts in mice. Antitumor activities of ixabepilone and taxanes were compared in multidrug-resistant models in vivo. Differential drug uptake of ixabepilone and paclitaxel was assessed in a P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-resistant colon cancer model in vitro. The pharmacokinetic profile of ixabepilone was established in mice and humans. RESULTS: Ixabepilone demonstrated potent cytotoxicity in a broad range of human cancer cell lines in vitro and in a wide range of xenografts in vivo. Ixabepilone was *3-fold more potent than docetaxel in the paclitaxel-resistant Pat-21 xenograft model (resistant due to overexpression of betaIII-tubulin and a lack of betaII-tubulin). Ixabepilone activity against P-gp-overexpressing breast and colon cancer was confirmed in in vivo models. Cellular uptake of ixabepilone, but not paclitaxel, was established in a P-gp-overexpressing model. The pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone was characterized by rapid tissue distribution and extensive tissue binding. CONCLUSIONS: Cytotoxicity studies against a range of tumor types in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that ixabepilone has potent and broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity. This is accompanied by favorable pharmacokinetics. Ixabepilone has reduced susceptibility to resistance due to P-gp overexpression, tubulin mutations, and alterations in beta-tubulin isotype expression.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Epotilonas , Neoplasias , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Área Sob a Curva , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Epotilonas/farmacocinética , Epotilonas/farmacologia , Epotilonas/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacocinética , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacologia , Moduladores de Tubulina/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a potent, oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor. It is an effective therapy for patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant Ph+ leukemias,. It has demonstrated promising preclinical anti-tumor activity, and is under clinical evaluation in solid tumors. To support the clinical development of dasatinib, we identified a pharmacodynamic biomarker to assess in vivo SRC kinase inhibition, with subsequent evaluation in cancer patients. METHODS: The biomarker, phosphorylated SRC (phospho-SRC), was first identified in human prostate PC-3 tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. It was further assessed in nude mice bearing PC-3 xenografts. Phospho-SRC[pY418] in tumors and PBMC were measured by western blot analysis, and were quantified by ELISA assays. Dasatinib plasma concentrations were determined using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS: In PC-3 cells, dasatinib showed dose-dependent anti-proliferative effect, which correlated with the inhibition of phospho-SRC[pY418] and of SRC kinase activity. With a single oral dose of 50 or 15 mg/kg, tumoral phospho-SRC[pY418] was maximally inhibited at 3 h, partially reversed between 7 and 17 h, and completely recovered after 24 h post dose. At 5 mg/kg, tumoral phospho-SRC[pY418] inhibition was less pronounced and recovered more rapidly to baseline level within 24h. Dasatinib (1 mg/kg) resulted in little inhibition. In PBMCs, a similar time course and extent of phospho-SRC[pY418] inhibition was observed. Inhibition of phospho-SRC[pY418] in vivo appeared to correlate with the preclinical in vivo efficacy and PK profiles of dasatinib in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Phospho-SRC[pY418] may potentially be used as a biomarker to enable assessment of target inhibition in clinical studies exploring dasatinib antitumor activity.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Quinases da Família src/análise , Adenocarcinoma/química , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dasatinibe , Feminino , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/química , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Proteínas de Neoplasias/sangue , Fosfoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosforilação , Neoplasias da Próstata/química , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Especificidade por Substrato , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Quinases da Família src/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases da Família src/sangueRESUMO
Tetrahydroquinoline-based small molecule inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FT) have been identified. Lead compounds were shown to have nanomolar to sub-nanomolar activity in biochemical assays with excellent potency in a Ras-mutated cellular reversion assay. BMS-316810 (9e), a 0.7 nM FT inhibitor, was orally-active in a nude mouse tumor allograft efficacy study.