Applicability of artificial intelligence in neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with brain injury.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation plays a critical role in helping those recovering from brain injuries restore cognitive and functional abilities. Artificial Intelligence, with its potential, may revolutionize this field further; therefore, this article explores applications of AI for neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients suffering brain injuries. This study employs a systematic review methodology to comprehensively review existing literature regarding Artificial Intelligence use in neuropsychological rehabilitation for people with brain injuries. The systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, etc.) showed a total of 212 potentially relevant articles. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 186 articles were selected for assessment. Following the assessment, 55 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. A thematic analysis approach is employed to analyze and synthesize the extracted data. Themes, patterns, and trends are identified across the included studies, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the applicability of AI in neuropsychological rehabilitation for patients with brain injuries. The identified topics were: AI Applications in Diagnostics of Brain Injuries and their Neuropsychological Repercussions; AI in Personalization and Monitoring of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury (TBI); Leveraging AI for Predicting and Optimizing Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Outcomes in TBI Patients. Based on the review, it was concluded that AI has the potential to enhance neuropsychological rehabilitation for patients with brain injuries. By leveraging AI techniques, personalized rehabilitation programs can be developed, treatment outcomes can be predicted, and interventions can be optimized.

A Model-Based Approach to Apraxia in Multiple Sclerosis

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a disease demyelinating disease. Symptomology is diverse, and motor symptoms are strongly present. That is the reason why research of limb apraxia in people with MS started recently. The presence of limb apraxia in some individuals was found, however, the characteristics of apraxia have not been described till date. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of apraxia in people with MS using Roy’s conceptual-production model of apraxia. Methods: To test this, a sample of 60 people was formed, 30 with MS (age 51.34; SD=7.70 years) and 30 without (average age 50.30; SD=10.47 years), who belonged to the control group. The instruments used were the questionnaire for collecting demographic data and basic disease data from participants as well as the Waterloo-Sunnybrook apraxia battery for assessing the apraxia presence. Results: Limb apraxia was not present for the majority of people. On the basis of the obtained scores, it was found that the following patterns of the apraxia were most commonly present as P+DI-CI-ID-; P-DI-CI-ID-; P+DI+CI-ID+. Conclusion: Results indicate that in most people with MS, there is apraxia which, at its base, has damage at the level of the production system, with the problems of dual processing of information and slow processing, as well as problems in attention control. In a smaller number of people with MS, apraxia is characterized by impairment at the level of the sensory/perceptive system, as well as the impairment to both the conceptual and the production system.

Limb apraxia in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: There are almost no studies on apraxia in people with multiple sclerosis. Although the white matter is damaged in MS, it is not the only location in which the pathological changes are present. Demyelinated lesions in the cortex have recently been recognized as important components of multiple sclerosis pathology. The aim of this study was to determine whether apraxia is present among people with MS, and the importance of demographic characteristics and impairment of functional systems at conceptualization and execution of movements. METHODS: The experimental group consisted of 30 patients, mean age 51.34 +/- 7.70 years. The patients in the experimental group were diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald criteria. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects, mean age 50.30 +/- 10.47 years. For research purposes, we used the following instruments: Questionnaire for Collecting Demographic Data, Kurtzke Functional Systems Scores, Waterloo-Sunnybrook Apraxia Battery (WatAB). Execution of motion tasks that are a part of the WatAB were incorporated in the System for the Observation and Analysis of Motor Behavior. RESULTS: Our study showed that limb apraxia was common in people with MS. Apraxia was present during pantomime in 26.70% of the patients, and during the imitation of movements in 44.80% of the patients. Gender, age, education level, duration of disease and a form of MS did not determine the quality of conceptualization and execution of movements. The time elapsed from the last exacerbation was a determinant of quality of executed movements. Impairments of functional systems predicted impairments of movement execution. The expanded disability scale score correlated with the severity of apraxia. CONCLUSION: Our study confirm the presence of apraxia in MS. It is necessary to carry out further studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the conduct longitudinal studies to determine the precise structure of motor behavior in people with MS.