Geometric effects position renal vesicles during kidney development.

During kidney development, reciprocal signaling between the epithelium and the mesenchyme coordinates nephrogenesis with branching morphogenesis of the collecting ducts. The mechanism that positions the renal vesicles, and thus the nephrons, relative to the branching ureteric buds has remained elusive. By combining computational modeling and experiments, we show that geometric effects concentrate the key regulator, WNT9b, at the junctions between parent and daughter branches where renal vesicles emerge, even when uniformly expressed in the ureteric epithelium. This curvature effect might be a general paradigm to create non-uniform signaling in development.

Tracheal Ring Formation.

The trachea is a long tube that enables air passage between the larynx and the bronchi. C-shaped cartilage rings on the ventral side stabilise the structure. On its esophagus-facing dorsal side, deformable smooth muscle facilitates the passage of food in the esophagus. While the symmetry break along the dorsal-ventral axis is well understood, the molecular mechanism that results in the periodic Sox9 expression pattern that translates into the cartilage rings has remained elusive. Here, we review the molecular regulatory interactions that have been elucidated, and discuss possible patterning mechanisms. Understanding the principles of self-organisation is important, both to define biomedical interventions and to enable tissue engineering.