Sofosbuvir plus simeprevir treatment of recurrent genotype 1 hepatitis C after liver transplant.

BACKGROUND: Patients with recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) infection post-liver transplant can be difficult to treat safely and effectively. A prior (COSMOS) study in patients with non-transplant HCV, using sofosbuvir plus simeprevir, had high efficacy and tolerability in treating patients with HCV genotype 1, even prior non-responders to interferon therapy and those with cirrhosis. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in patients with genotype 1 HCV post-liver transplant. METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, patients received sofosbuvir 400 mg plus simeprevir 150 mg daily for 12 wk without ribavirin. The primary end point was a sustained virologic response 12 wk after the end of therapy. RESULTS: Forty-two patients completed the treatment. Twenty-six percent started the treatment ≤ 6 months post-liver transplant. Nineteen percent of the included patients had cirrhosis, 14% with decompensation. At week 4 on the treatment, 21% of patients had detectable virus but at the end of the treatment, 100% were undetectable. Twelve weeks after the end of the treatment, 95% of the patients had undetectable hepatitis C. The regimen was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The oral regimen of sofosbuvir plus simeprevir without ribavirin is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C post-liver transplant.

Delayed referral for liver transplant evaluation worsens outcomes in chronic liver disease patients requiring inpatient transplant evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Indications to refer patients with cirrhosis for liver transplant evaluation (LTE) include hepatic decompensation or a model for end stage liver disease (MELD-Na) score ≥ 15. Few studies have evaluated how delaying referral beyond these criteria affects patient outcomes. AIM: To evaluate clinical characteristics of patients undergoing inpatient LTE and to assess the effects of delayed LTE on patient outcomes (death, transplantation). METHODS: This is a single center retrospective cohort study assessing all patients undergoing inpatient LTE (n = 159) at a large quaternary care and liver transplant center between 10/23/2017-7/31/2021. Delayed referral was defined as having prior indication (decompensation, MELD-Na ≥ 15) for LTE without referral. Early referral was defined as referrals made within 3 mo of having an indication based on practice guidelines. Logistic regression and Cox Hazard Regression were used to evaluate the relationship between delayed referral and patient outcomes. RESULTS: Many patients who require expedited inpatient LTE had delayed referrals. Misconceptions regarding transplant candidacy were a leading cause of delayed referral. Ultimately, delayed referrals negatively affected overall patient outcome and an independent predictor of both death and not receiving a transplant. Delayed referral was associated with a 2.5 hazard risk of death. CONCLUSION: Beyond initial access to an liver transplant (LT) center, delaying LTE increases risk of death and reduces risk of LT in patients with chronic liver disease. There is substantial opportunity to increase the percentage of patients undergoing LTE when first clinically indicated. It is crucial for providers to remain informed about the latest guidelines on liver transplant candidacy and the transplant referral process.

Portal hypertensive gastropathy in chronic hepatitis C patients with bridging fibrosis and compensated cirrhosis: results from the HALT-C trial.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical significance of portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) in patients with compensated liver disease is not well established. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of PHG in a large cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and bridging fibrosis/compensated cirrhosis entering the randomized phase of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis trial (HALT-C). METHODS: The presence and severity of PHG in 1,016 HCV patients with no prior history of gastrointestinal bleeding was determined at surveillance endoscopy using the New Italian Endoscopy Club criteria. RESULTS: Overall, 37% of HALT-C patients had PHG with 34% having mild and 3% with severe changes. The mucosal mosaic pattern was identified in 33%, red marks in 15%, and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) features in only 3%. Independent correlates of PHG included biochemical markers of liver disease severity (lower serum albumin, higher bilirubin), portal hypertension (lower platelet count), insulin resistance (higher glucose), and non-African American race. Independent correlates of GAVE included a history of smoking, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use within the past year, and higher serum bilirubin and glucose levels. There was a strong positive association between the presence of PHG and esophageal varices (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: PHG is associated with the histological and biochemical severity of liver disease in patients with HCV and advanced fibrosis but is mild in most patients. The clinical relevance of these findings will be further explored during the randomized phase of the HALT-C study.

The prevalence and risk factors associated with esophageal varices in subjects with hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The factors predictive of the presence or the absence of esophageal varices in hepatitis C virus (HCV) and advanced fibrosis have not been defined. OBJECTIVES: To define the prevalence of esophageal varices and the factors that are positively and negatively with such varices in hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. DESIGN: A prospective study of esophageal varices and associated risk factors in subjects with hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. SETTING: Prerandomization data from the HALT-C (hepatitis C long-term antiviral treatment against cirrhosis) clinical trial. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Subjects with bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis, who were virologic nonresponders to treatment with pegylated interferon alpha 2a and ribavirin, underwent endoscopy. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of subjects with bridging fibrosis (95/598) and 39% of subjects with cirrhosis (164/418) had varices (P < .0001); 2% of subjects with bridging fibrosis (13/598) and 11% of those with cirrhosis (48/418) had medium or large varices. Subjects with bridging fibrosis and varices had a significantly lower platelet count and higher bilirubin and international normalized ratio (INR) compared with those without varices, suggesting that the biopsy may have underestimated the severity of fibrosis. A platelet count >150,000/mm(3) was associated with a negative predictive value of 99% for esophageal varices. By logistic regression modeling, African American race and female sex were protective, whereas a lower platelet count and higher bilirubin and INR predicted varices (c statistic, 0.758). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of having varices increases with decreasing platelet counts, increasing bilirubin, and INR. The probability of having medium or large varices at platelet counts >150,000/mm(3) is negligible in this population.

Preemptive strategy for ganciclovir administration against cytomegalovirus in liver transplantation recipients.

In utilizing a preemptive strategy to minimize the occurrence of symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection following liver transplant, only patients with proven CMV activity by direct detection are treated. We applied the following preemptive strategy for CMV infection to 49 sequential liver transplant recipients between 1998 and 2001. Patients were monitored for CMV activity using CMV p65 antigen assay for the first 10 months of the study. Thereafter, we changed the detection method to a quantitative PCR for plasma CMV-DNA. All patients were monitored post transplant, weekly for the first 3 months and then monthly. Only patients with detected CMV activity were treated with ganciclovir. Patients were divided into four groups, based on donor (D) and recipient (R) CMV status. In seven out of 49 patients (14.3%) CMV activity was detected: four in group D+/R-, and three in group D-/R-. Five out of these seven patients had asymptomatic CMV infection. Symptomatic CMV infection developed only in two of these seven patients, to give total rate of 4.1% (2/49). All seven patients developed CMV IgG antibody. 'Transient' CMV replication detected by PCR in five patients in group D+/R+ was not defined as infection. No patients developed organ-invasive CMV disease. The cost of anti-CMV treatment using the preemptive strategy was $1000/patient/1st year. Using preemptive strategy, early detection of CMV infection was achieved, allowing timely treatment. The use of ganciclovir for CMV infection in only 4.3% of the patients should have a positive impact on minimizing the risk of ganciclovir-resistant virus, and should reduce the cost of CMV prevention strategies.

Iron and HFE or TfR1 mutations as comorbid factors for development and progression of chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent evidence implicates iron as a comorbid factor for development of non-hemochromatotic liver diseases. Mutations or polymorphisms in the HFE gene or the TfR1 gene may influence the accumulation of iron in the liver or other tissues or may influence chronic viral hepatitis apart from effects on iron homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the role of hepatic iron, HFE and TfR1 variations on development and progression of chronic hepatitis C infection. METHODS: We studied 119 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C, correlating clinical, laboratory, histopathological, and genetic data. Frequencies of genetic variations were compared with local and national controls. RESULTS: HFE mutations were more common in patients than controls (48% vs. 38%, P=0.04), and advanced degrees of fibrosis developed at younger ages in subjects with the C282Y mutation (38.6 vs. 46.5 years, P=0.03). Patients carrying C282Y had higher mean hepatic iron concentrations (P=0.02), hepatic iron indices (P<=0.0001), and hepatic fibrosis scores (P=0.01). Hepatic fibrosis was correlated with hepatic iron concentration (P=0.03). TfR1 polymorphisms bore no detectable relation to disease severity or response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic iron and HFE mutations are comorbid factors that increase development and progression of chronic hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C: a review and update

The hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that is a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis. It is contracted chiefly through parenteral exposure to infected material such as blood transfusions or injections with dirty needles. Those at highest risk for development of hepatitis C are injection-drug users, people who snort cocaine with shared straws, and health care workers who are at risk for needle-stick and other exposures. Although the incidence of acute hepatitis C infection has fallen dramatically in the United States during the past decade, the prevalence of infection remains high (approximately 2.7 million Americans) because chronic hepatitis C develops in about 75% of those infected. Both acute and chronic hepatitis C are asymptomatic in most patients. However, chronic hepatitis C is a slowly progressive disease and results in severe morbidity in 20% to 30% of infected persons. Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a host of extrahepatic manifestations, many of which may be seen by dermatologists. The most frequent of these are mixed cryoglobulinemia with leukocytoclastic vasculitis and porphyria cutanea tarda. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:159-79.) Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the essentials of the virology of the hepatitis C virus and the major features of the human diseases caused by hepatitis C viral infection; the extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C viral infection, with particular emphasis upon dermatologic manifestations, including leukocytoclastic vasculitis, porphyria cutanea tarda, and lichen planus; and the current methods of management of hepatitis C and its extrahepatic manifestations.