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1.
Appetite ; 71: 22-31, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23891557

RESUMO

Salt reduction is important for reducing hypertension and the risk of cardiovascular events, nevertheless worldwide salt intakes are above recommendations. Consequently strategies to reduce intake are required, however these require an understanding of salt intake behaviours to be effective. As limited information is available on this, an international study was conducted to derive knowledge on salt intake and associated behaviours in the general population. An online cohort was recruited consisting of a representative sample from Germany, Austria, United States of America, Hungary, India, China, South Africa, and Brazil (n=6987; aged 18-65 years; age and gender stratified). Participants completed a comprehensive web-based questionnaire on salt intake and associated behaviours. While salt reduction was seen to be healthy and important, over one third of participants were not interested in salt reduction and the majority were unaware of recommendations. Salt intake was largely underestimated and people were unaware of the main dietary sources of salt. Participants saw themselves as mainly responsible for their salt intake, but also acknowledged the roles of others. Additionally, they wanted to learn more about why salt was bad for health and what the main sources in the diet were. As such, strategies to reduce salt intake must raise interest in engaging in salt reduction through improving understanding of intake levels and dietary sources of salt. Moreover, while some aspects of salt reduction can be globally implemented, local tailoring is required to match level of interest in salt reduction. These findings provide unique insights into issues surrounding salt reduction and should be used to develop effective salt reduction strategies and/or policies.


Assuntos
Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Comportamento de Escolha , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Internacionalidade , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
2.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 61(4): 461-71, 2007 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17119547

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The increasing consumer interest in health prompted Unilever to develop a globally applicable method (Nutrition Score) to evaluate and improve the nutritional composition of its foods and beverages portfolio. METHODS: Based on (inter)national dietary recommendations, generic benchmarks were developed to evaluate foods and beverages on their content of trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium and sugars. High intakes of these key nutrients are associated with undesirable health effects. In principle, the developed generic benchmarks can be applied globally for any food and beverage product. Product category-specific benchmarks were developed when it was not feasible to meet generic benchmarks because of technological and/or taste factors. RESULTS: The whole Unilever global foods and beverages portfolio has been evaluated and actions have been taken to improve the nutritional quality. The advantages of this method over other initiatives to assess the nutritional quality of foods are that it is based on the latest nutritional scientific insights and its global applicability. CONCLUSIONS: The Nutrition Score is the first simple, transparent and straightforward method that can be applied globally and across all food and beverage categories to evaluate the nutritional composition. It can help food manufacturers to improve the nutritional value of their products. In addition, the Nutrition Score can be a starting point for a powerful health indicator front-of-pack. This can have a significant positive impact on public health, especially when implemented by all food manufacturers.


Assuntos
Benchmarking , Análise de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos Orgânicos , Política Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Sacarose Alimentar/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Sódio na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise
3.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 69(7): 799-804, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25690867

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is an increasing public health concern regarding high salt intake, which is generally between 9 and 12 g per day, and much higher than the 5 g recommended by World Health Organization. Several relevant sectors of the food industry are engaged in salt reduction, but it is a challenge to reduce salt in products without compromising on taste, shelf-life or expense for consumers. The objective was to develop globally applicable salt reduction criteria as guidance for product reformulation. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two sets of product group-specific sodium criteria were developed to reduce salt levels in foods to help consumers reduce their intake towards an interim intake goal of 6 g/day, and­on the longer term­5 g/day. Data modelling using survey data from the United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands was performed to assess the potential impact on population salt intake of cross-industry food product reformulation towards these criteria. RESULTS: Modelling with 6 and 5 g/day criteria resulted in estimated reductions in population salt intake of 25 and 30% for the three countries, respectively, the latter representing an absolute decrease in the median salt intake of 1.8-2.2 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: The sodium criteria described in this paper can serve as guidance for salt reduction in foods. However, to enable achieving an intake of 5 g/day, salt reduction should not be limited to product reformulation. A multi-stakeholder approach is needed to make consumers aware of the need to reduce their salt intake. Nevertheless, dietary impact modelling shows that product reformulation by food industry has the potential to contribute substantially to salt-intake reduction.


Assuntos
Dieta Hipossódica/métodos , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Alimentos/normas , Saúde Global , Modelos Biológicos , Política Nutricional , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/intoxicação , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor , Dieta Hipossódica/economia , Alimentos/economia , Preferências Alimentares , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Alimentos em Conserva/economia , Alimentos em Conserva/normas , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/métodos , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Países Baixos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Ciências da Nutrição/educação , Cooperação do Paciente , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/análise , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos
4.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 72(6): 1510-5, 2000 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11101479

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Intake of unsaponifiable compounds from edible oils, such as plant sterols, can lower serum cholesterol concentrations in humans. However, little is known about effects of other chemically related unsaponifiables in edible oils, such as triterpene alcohols. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on cholesterol concentrations in healthy, normolipemic volunteers. DESIGN: Twenty-eight men and 32 women consumed 29 g/d of 3 margarines for 3 wk each on a crossover, double-blind basis. A margarine based on sunflower oil was used as the control. Concentrates of plant sterols from rice bran oil or triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil were added to make 2 experimental margarines with the same fatty acid composition as the control margarine. RESULTS: Intake of 2.1 g plant sterols/d from rice bran oil decreased total cholesterol by 0.19 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.31, -0.07 mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol by 0.20 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.30, -0.10 mmol/L). HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not change significantly. Intake of 2.6 g triterpene alcohols/d from sheanut oil did not significantly affect lipoprotein concentrations in all subjects combined. CONCLUSIONS: We found that 2.1 g plant sterols/d from rice bran oil lowered serum total cholesterol by 5% and LDL cholesterol by 9% in normolipemic humans, whereas triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil did not significantly affect lipoprotein concentrations in all subjects combined. The effect of rice bran oil sterols is probably due to ss-sitosterol and other 4-desmethylsterols and not to 4,4'-dimethylsterols.


Assuntos
Colesterol/sangue , Dieta , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Margarina , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitosteróis/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Triterpenos/administração & dosagem
5.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 68(4): 768-77, 1998 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9771853

RESUMO

Effects of butter and 2 types of margarine on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were compared in a controlled diet study with 23 men and 23 women. Table spreads, added to a common basal diet, provided 8.3% of energy as fat. Diets averaged 34.6% of energy as fat and 15.5% as protein. Each diet was fed for 5 wk in a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. One margarine (TFA-M) approximated the average trans monoene content of trans fatty acid-containing margarines in the United States (17% trans fatty acids by dry wt). The other margarine (PUFA-M) was free of trans unsaturated fatty acids; it contained approximately twice the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of TFA-M (49% compared with 27% polyunsaturated fatty acids). The tub-type margarines had similar physical properties at ambient temperature. Fasting blood lipids and lipoproteins were determined in 2 samples taken from the subjects during the fifth week of each dietary treatment. Compared with butter, total cholesterol was 3.5% lower (P=0.009) after consumption of TFA-M and 5.4% lower (P< 0.001) after consumption of PUFA-M. Similarly, LDL cholesterol was 4.9% lower (P=0.005) and 6.7% lower (P< 0.001) after consumption of TFA-M and PUFA-M, respectively. Neither margarine differed from butter in its effect on HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerols. Thus, consumption of TFA-M or PUFA-M improved blood lipid profiles for the major lipoproteins associated with cardiovascular risk when compared with butter, with a greater improvement with PUFA-M than with TFA-M.


Assuntos
Manteiga/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Margarina/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Caracteres Sexuais
6.
Atherosclerosis ; 156(2): 329-37, 2001 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11395029

RESUMO

Plant sterols may be a useful additive therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemic patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a fat spread enriched with vegetable oil sterols on plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations. A randomised double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial with two consecutive periods of 8 weeks was conducted. 30 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia treated concurrently with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and 32 patients with type IIa primary hypercholesterolaemia with a total cholesterol concentration >6.5 mmol/l not taking lipid-lowering drug therapy were recruited from a hospital lipid clinic. The active treatment was a fortified fat spread (25 g/day) providing 2.5 g of plant sterols. The control spread was indistinguishable in taste and appearance. Comparison at the end of the two 8-week trial periods showed a statistically significant reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol with use of the fortified spread but the results were confounded by a carry-over effect, which was partly explained by changes in the background diet. Because a carry-over effect was present, further analyses were restricted to the parallel arms of the first treatment period and were conducted on an intention to treat basis. After 4 weeks, LDL-cholesterol had decreased by 0.04 mmol/l ([0.8%] 95% confidence interval -0.44-0.37 NS) in the placebo group and decreased by -0.76 mmol/l ([15.0%] 95% CI -1.03--0.48, P<0.0001) in the active treatment group. After 8 weeks, the corresponding results were 0.0 mmol/l ([0.0%] 95% CI -0.26-0.24 NS) and -0.51 mmol/l ([10.0%] 95% CI -0.73--0.29 P<0.0001). There were no significant changes in apolipoprotein AI or B concentrations in the placebo group, but there was a small but statistically significant increase in apolipoprotein AI and a decrease in apolipoprotein B in the active treatment group. HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were unchanged. There was no difference in response between patients with statin-treated familial hypercholesterolaemia and patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia. We conclude that a fortified fat spread enriched with vegetable oil sterols reduces LDL-cholesterol by 10-15% with no difference in response between hypercholesterolaemic patients prescribed statins and those not taking lipid-lowering drug therapy.


Assuntos
HDL-Colesterol/análise , LDL-Colesterol/análise , Dieta , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/dietoterapia , Margarina , Adulto , Cromatografia Gasosa , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/diagnóstico , Hipercolesterolemia/dietoterapia , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/tratamento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óleos de Plantas , Probabilidade
7.
Atherosclerosis ; 135(1): 37-47, 1997 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9395271

RESUMO

The hypothesis that tea or dietary lipid-soluble antioxidants reduce atherogenesis by lowering the oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was investigated. Five groups of 20 female New Zealand white rabbits were fed a restricted amount of a high-fat (30 en%) semipurified diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.15%, w/w) for 21 weeks. The vitamin E content of the control diet was 40 mg/kg diet. The animals received either green tea or black tea in their drinking water or vitamin E (200 mg/kg diet) or beta-carotene (20 mg/kg). The serum cholesterol concentrations (in the order of 18-23 mmol/l) were not significantly different between the groups. Vitamin E was substantially increased as compared to controls in vitamin E supplemented animals (3-fold within 8 weeks in plasma and LDL; P < 0.01) and weakly (1.2-fold) by green and black tea (P < 0.05). Green tea consumption tended to reduce aortic lesion formation by 31% (24 +/- 3.2% versus 35 +/- 5.7% for control animals P = 0.11), while black tea, vitamin E and beta-carotene had no effect. This was in contrast to the resistance of isolated LDL to oxidation induced at high copper concentration. Green and black tea induced a 13% and 15% (P < 0.05) prolongation of the lag phase, respectively, with a correspondingly lower oxidation rate, while vitamin E increased the lag phase by 63% (P < 0.01) with a concomitant diminution of the oxidation rate and beta-carotene had no effect. Regression analysis showed that there was no relationship between the extent of atherosclerosis and LDL oxidizability or plasma malondialdehyde as marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation. The results of the present study raise the question whether LDL oxidizability (at least when tested at high induction rate ex vivo) is a primary causal mechanism in atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. The suitability of the cholesterol-fed rabbit with extreme hypercholesterolaemia as a model to study antiatherosclerotic properties of dietary antioxidants, such as the tested polyphenols, is discussed.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Hipercolesterolemia/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/efeitos dos fármacos , Chá/química , Ração Animal , Animais , Arteriosclerose/dietoterapia , Arteriosclerose/fisiopatologia , Colesterol/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hipercolesterolemia/dietoterapia , Hipercolesterolemia/fisiopatologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Lipoproteínas LDL/metabolismo , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Coelhos , Vitamina E/sangue , Vitamina E/farmacologia , beta Caroteno/sangue , beta Caroteno/farmacologia
8.
Atherosclerosis ; 157(1): 31-40, 2001 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11427201

RESUMO

Male hamsters (30 per group) were fed five different semi-purified diets ad libitum. The diets, containing 30% of energy (en%) as fat, differed in their dietary fat composition (specified fatty acids exchanged at 10 en%) and were fed for 4 weeks. The five fatty acids compared in mixed triglycerides were elaidic acid (C18:1 9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1 11t), their cis-counterpart oleic acid (C18:1 9c), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; C8:0 and C10:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0). Compared with oleic acid, dietary MCFA and palmitic acid tended to increase blood cholesterol levels in the hamsters. The effect of elaidic and vaccenic acid on blood cholesterol did not differ from that of oleic acid. When elaidic acid and vaccenic acids were compared directly, the ratio of LDL/HDL-cholesterol in plasma was significantly higher in hamsters fed vaccenic acid than in those fed elaidic acid, and elaidic acid was incorporated at low levels, but more efficiently than vaccenic acid at the sn-2 position of platelet phospholipids. Biological consequences of this low incorporation are considered unlikely as levels of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) and docosohexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) in the platelet phospholipids of all dietary groups did not differ. With respect to the effect on the LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio, elaidic acid may be preferable to vaccenic acid. We conclude that this animal study does not provide evidence for the suggestion, based on epidemiological observations, that elaidic acid would be more detrimental to cardiovascular risk than vaccenic acid.


Assuntos
Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Ácido Oleico/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Oleicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Doença das Coronárias/etiologia , Doença das Coronárias/metabolismo , Cricetinae , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta , Masculino
9.
Atherosclerosis ; 77(2-3): 151-7, 1989 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2751747

RESUMO

In 2 inbred strains of rabbits with high or low response of plasma cholesterol to dietary cholesterol, excretion of steroids in the feces and efficiency of cholesterol absorption were determined. Rates of whole-body cholesterol synthesis, measured as fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids minus cholesterol intake, were similar in hypo- and hyperresponders fed a low-cholesterol (8 mumol/100 g) diet. Transfer of the rabbits to a high-cholesterol (182 mumol/100 g) diet caused an increase in fecal bile acid excretion in hypo- but not in hyperresponders. Dietary cholesterol did not affect neutral steroid excretion in either rabbit strain. Hyperresponders tended to accumulate more cholesterol in their body than did hyporesponders. After the rabbits were switched back from the high- to the low-cholesterol diet, rates of whole-body cholesterol synthesis were significantly higher in the hypo- than in the hyperresponders. With the use of the simultaneous oral administration of [3H]cholesterol and beta-[14C]sitosterol, hyperresponders were found to absorb significantly higher percentages of cholesterol than hyporesponders. It is concluded that the differences in stimulation of bile acid excretion after cholesterol feeding and the efficiency of cholesterol absorption are important determinants of the phenomenon of hypo- and hyperresponsiveness in the 2 inbred rabbit strains.


Assuntos
Colesterol na Dieta/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Fezes/análise , Esteróis/metabolismo , Animais , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Colesterol/metabolismo , Coelhos , Trítio
10.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 51(8): 527-34, 1997 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11248878

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: In 60 healthy humans, a blend of commonly used edible vegetable fats was compared with the same fat blend after random chemical interesterification, for their effects in terms of nutritional safety on blood lipids, blood enzymes and hemostasis parameters. DESIGN: Both fat blends were supplied double-blind at two energy levels (4 and 8% of energy) in margarine according to a parallel design. At either energy level, the two fat blends were consumed according to a cross-over design for two periods of three weeks, without an intermediate wash-out period. RESULTS: The 30 parameters studied revealed no statistically significant differences between the two fat blends, except for slightly (approximately 10%) lower D-dimers concentrations after consumption of the interesterified fat blend. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of the fibrin-degradation products D-dimers are positively associated with risk for coronary heart disease. Thus, it was concluded that the inclusion of a chemically interesterified vegetable fat blend in the diet of healthy people does not influence fasting blood lipids, blood enzymes and/or hemostasis parameters in an adverse way, when compared with a non-interesterified fat blend with the same fatty acid composition.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Enzimas/sangue , Hemostasia , Lipídeos/sangue , Margarina , Adulto , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Enzimas/análise , Esterificação , Feminino , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/química , Masculino , Margarina/análise , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco
11.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 52(5): 334-43, 1998 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9630383

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To compare effects on plasma total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of margarines enriched with different vegetable oil sterols or sitostanol-ester. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design with five treatments and four periods of 3.5 weeks. Margarines enriched with sterols from soybean, sheanut or ricebran oil or with sitostanol-ester were compared to a non-enriched control margarine. Sterol intake was between 1.5-3.3 g/d. Two thirds of the soybean oil sterols were esterified to fatty acids. SETTING: Unilever Research Laboratory, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: One hundred healthy non-obese normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers aged 45+/-12.8 y, with plasma total cholesterol levels below 8 mmol/L at entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma lipid, carotenoid and sterol concentrations, blood clinical chemistry and haematology, fatty acid composition of plasma cholesterylesters and food intake. RESULTS: Ninety-five volunteers completed the study. None of the margarines induced adverse changes in blood clinical chemistry, serum total bile acids or haematology. Plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced by 8-13% (0.37-0.44 mmol/L) compared to control for margarines enriched in soybean oil sterol-esters or sitostanol-ester. No effect on HDL-cholesterol concentrations occurred. The LDL- to HDL-cholesterol ratio was reduced by 0.37 and 0.33 units for these margarines, respectively. Effects on blood lipids did not differ between normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Plasma sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly higher for the soybean oil sterol margarine and significantly lower for the sitostanol-ester margarine compared to control. Dietary intake was very similar across treatments. The fatty acid composition of plasma cholesterylesters confirmed the good compliance to the treatment. All sterol enriched margarines reduced lipid-standardized plasma alpha- plus beta-carotene levels. Plasma lycopene levels were also reduced but this effect was not significant for all products. CONCLUSIONS: A margarine with sterol-esters from soybean oil, mainly esters from sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, is as effective as a margarine with sitostanol-ester in lowering blood total- and LDL-cholesterol levels without affecting HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Incorporation in edible fat containing products of such substances may substantially reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the population.


Assuntos
LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Hipercolesterolemia/terapia , Margarina , Fitosteróis , Adulto , Carotenoides/sangue , Colesterol/análogos & derivados , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placebos , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Sitosteroides/administração & dosagem , Sitosteroides/sangue , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagem
12.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 53(4): 319-27, 1999 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10334658

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0.83, 1.61, 3.24 g/d) from spreads. To investigate the effects on lipid-soluble (pro)vitamins. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind placebo controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design using five spreads and four periods. The five study spreads included butter, a commercially available spread and three experimental spreads fortified with three different concentrations of plant sterols. SUBJECTS: One hundred apparently healthy normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers participated. INTERVENTIONS: Each subject consumed four spreads, each for a period of 3.5 week. RESULTS: Compared to the control spread, total cholesterol decreased by 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36), 0.31 (CI: 0.20-0.41) and 0.35 (CI: 0.25-0.46) mmol/L, for daily consumption of 0.83, 1.61 and 3.24 g plant sterols, respectively. For LDL-cholesterol these decreases were 0.20 (CI: 0.10-0.31), 0.26 (CI: 0.15-0.36) and 0.30 (CI: 0.20-0.41). Decreases in the LDL/HDL ratio were 0.13 (CI: 0.04-0.22), 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) and 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.24) units, respectively. Differences in cholesterol reductions between the plant sterol doses consumed were not statistically significant. Plasma vitamin K1 and 25-OH-vitamin D and lipid standardized plasma lycopene and alpha-tocopherol were not affected by consumption of plant sterol enriched spreads, but lipid standardized plasma (alpha + beta)-carotene concentrations were decreased by about 11 and 19% by daily consumption of 0.83 and 3.24 g plant sterols in spread, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The three relatively low dosages of plant sterols had a significant cholesterol lowering effect ranging from 4.9-6.8%, 6.7-9.9% and 6.5-7.9%, for total, LDL-cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, respectively, without substantially affecting lipid soluble (pro)vitamins. No significant differences in cholesterol lowering effect between the three dosages of plant sterols could be detected. This study would support that consumption of about 1.6 g of plant sterols per day will beneficially affect plasma cholesterol concentrations without seriously affecting plasma carotenoid concentrations.


Assuntos
Hipercolesterolemia/metabolismo , Margarina , Fitosteróis/metabolismo , Adulto , Antioxidantes/análise , Manteiga , Carotenoides/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Licopeno , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vitamina D/sangue , Vitamina E/sangue , Vitamina K/sangue
13.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 57(5): 681-92, 2003 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12771969

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate both efficacy and safety in humans of long-term consumption of spreads containing plant sterol esters. DESIGN: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel trial. SUBJECTS: : Hundred and eighty-five healthy volunteers (35-64 y). INTERVENTION: Volunteers daily consumed 20 g spread enriched with 1.6 g plant sterols as fatty acid esters or a control spread for 1 y. They continued their habitual diet and lifestyle. Outcome measures included efficacy markers such as total and LDL-cholesterol, a large range of safety parameters, and reporting of adverse events. RESULTS: Consumption of the plant sterol ester-enriched spread consistently lowered total and LDL cholesterol during the 1 y period on average by 4 and 6%, respectively (0.01 < P < 0.05). Plant sterols intake did on average not result in a lower carotenoid concentration (when expressed per LDL-cholesterol) after 52 weeks (P>0.05). However, carotenoid concentrations changed over time. Plant sterols intake reduced lipid adjusted alpha- and beta-carotene-concentrations by only 15-25% after 1 y, relative to control. Lipid-adjusted fat-soluble vitamin concentrations remained unchanged. Plant sterol concentrations in serum were increased from 2.76 to 5.31 ( micro mol/mmol total cholesterol) for campesterol (P<0.0001) and from 1.86 to 2.47 ( micro mol/mmol total cholesterol) for beta-sitosterol (P<0.0001). The increase in total plant sterol concentration in red blood cells (5.29-9.62 micro g/g) did not affect red blood cell deformability. Hormone levels in males (free and total testosterone) and females (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, beta-estradiol and progesterone) as well as all clinical chemical and hematological parameters measured were unaffected. Adverse events reported were not different between subjects consuming control spread and subjects consuming plant sterol esters-enriched spread. CONCLUSION: Consumption of a plant sterol esters-enriched spread is an effective way to consistently lower blood cholesterol concentrations and is safe to use over a long period of time.


Assuntos
Colesterol/análogos & derivados , Dieta , Ésteres/administração & dosagem , Fitosteróis/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Carotenoides/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Ésteres/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Margarina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitosteróis/efeitos adversos , Placebos , Sitosteroides/sangue , beta Caroteno/sangue
14.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 34(7): 611-21, 1996 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8761354

RESUMO

This study evaluated the effect of dietary cadmium (Cd) on atherosclerosis in the rabbit. Cholesterol was added to the diet to initiate and/or accelerate atherogenesis. Cd was added to the diet at two dose levels. Uptake of Cd was 55 micro gram/kg body weight (BW)/day at the low dose level and 1350 micrograms/ kg BW/day at the high dose level. Five groups of rabbits were fed five different diets for 9 months: (1) basal diet without additional constituents; (2) background diet, which was basal diet to which cholesterol had been added; (3) the low-dose level Cd diet, which was background diet to which 2 mg Cd/kg had been added; (4) high-dose level Cd diet, which was background diet to which 50 mg Cd/kg had been added; and (5) basal diet to which 50 mg Cd/kg had been added. Dietary cholesterol increased blood total leucocyte count, serum and liver total cholesterol concentrations, serum total bilirubin concentration, low-density lipoprotein vitamin E concentration and induction of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta and coronary arteries. Cd in the diet increased liver and kidney Cd concentrations in a dose-dependent way, decreased prothrombin time and temporarily increased urea and creatinine clearances. Slight kidney damage was induced by Cd only in animals fed the high-dose level Cd diet (with or without cholesterol). Dietary Cd partly counteracted the dietary cholesterol-induced increases of serum and liver total cholesterol concentrations, and tended to reduce plaque formation in the aorta. Dietary Cd in rabbits fed cholesterol-containing diets influenced cholesterol metabolism and tended to decrease atherosclerosis in a dose-related fashion. This is in contrast with limited epidemiological human data. Dietary Cd also decreased serum ferritin concentration and increased serum transferrin concentration. Free iron concentration is associated with myocardial infarction in man and augments the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits. It is concluded that the observed reduction in atherogenesis is related to dietary Cd-induced changes in cholesterol metabolism, increased rheology of blood and/or, most likely, reduced free iron concentration.


Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/induzido quimicamente , Cádmio/toxicidade , Animais , Aorta/patologia , Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/patologia , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cádmio/análise , Colesterol/sangue , Dieta Aterogênica , Fibrinogênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes Hematológicos , Ferro/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Rim/fisiologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/análise , Lipoproteínas/análise , Lipoproteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/química , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Miocárdio/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Coelhos
15.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 30(8): 731-4, 1992 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1398355

RESUMO

The effect of dietary ergotamine on pre-lesional indicators of atherosclerosis was studied in rabbits. The experimental purified diets contained 0.08% (w/w) cholesterol and either 0, 40 or 200 mg ergotamine-tartrate/kg. After 6 wk, serum total cholesterol concentration and the ratio of serum total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were significantly increased by ergotamine in a dose-dependent manner. Dietary ergotamine raised the total level of glycosaminoglycans and the relative proportion of chondroitin sulphate in the abdominal aorta. It is suggested that dietary ergotamine is atherogenic in the rabbit.


Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/induzido quimicamente , Ergotamina/toxicidade , Animais , Aorta/química , Colesterol/sangue , Dieta , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Coelhos
16.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 36(8): 663-72, 1998 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9734717

RESUMO

The long-term effects of consumption of marine long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on atherosclerosis in the rabbit were examined. Female Dutch rabbits were fed purified diets, containing 40 energy% total fat, for a period of 2.5 years. To study the dose response relationship between fish oil intake and atherosclerosis, four diets were formulated with fish oil levels being 0, 1, 10 and 20 energy%. A fifth and sixth group were fed an alpha-linolenic acid-(C18:3, n-3) and linoleic acid-(C18:2, n-6) rich diet, respectively. Every 6 weeks, blood samples were taken for determination of clinical chemical parameters, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels. Feeding 10 and 20 energy% fish oil containing diets, resulted in an increase of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP). Histological evaluation of the liver also revealed adverse effects of fish oil containing diets. Triacylglycerol blood levels were similar in all groups, and remained constant throughout the study. Total cholesterol levels in blood was significantly lower in the animals fed a linoleic acid-rich diet, as compared with the other five groups. An n-3 long-chain PUFA concentration dependent increase in aorta plaque surface area was observed in the fish oil groups. A significant positive relationship was found between the group mean score for severity of liver pathology and the aorta plaque surface area. These results indicate that the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil may be hepatotoxic to the herbivorous rabbit, which may interfere with the outcome of atherosclerosis studies. This finding necessitates the exclusion of liver pathology in experimental studies on atherosclerosis in animal models.


Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/patologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Óleos de Peixe/toxicidade , Animais , Arteriosclerose/induzido quimicamente , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/enzimologia , Dieta , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/toxicidade , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/toxicidade , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/análise , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Coelhos , Vitamina E/metabolismo
17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8840515

RESUMO

We investigated the relationship between the development of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity secretion by their perfused livers. Two inbred strains of rabbits were compared which differ markedly in their hypercholesterolemic response to dietary cholesterol. Feeding a high-cholesterol (0.3%) diet, increased plasma and liver cholesterol level in the two strains, the increments being 15 mM and 30 mumol/g greater in the hyperresponders, respectively. The high-cholesterol diet caused an about 2-fold increased hepatic secretion of CETP activity, but there was no difference between the two rabbit strains. Feeding a lower amount of dietary cholesterol (0.08%) also caused higher cholesterolemic (2 mM) and hepatocholesterolic (28 mumol/g) responses in hyper- than in hyporesponsive rabbits. The activity of hepatic CETP secretion was not increased by the low-cholesterol diet, and there was no difference between hypo- and hyperresponsive rabbits. Cholesterol feeding increased plasma CETP activity by 90% in both rabbit strains, but there was no difference between the strains. Our combined data suggest that with increasing plasma cholesterol levels hepatic CETP secretion may be increased in a parabolic manner, reaching its maximum rate for before plasma cholesterol concentrations are maximal. There were no differences in hepatic CETP activity secretion of plasma CETP activity levels between the genetically different strains of hypo- and hyperresponsive rabbits.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Ésteres do Colesterol/metabolismo , Colesterol na Dieta/farmacologia , Glicoproteínas , Hipercolesterolemia/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol , Feminino , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Masculino , Coelhos
18.
Lipids ; 26(5): 340-4, 1991 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1895878

RESUMO

In two inbred strains of rabbits with high or low response of plasma cholesterol to dietary saturated versus polyunsaturated fatty acids, the efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption was measured. The feeding of a cholesterol-free purified diet containing saturated fatty acids in the form of coconut fat, when compared with a diet containing corn oil as polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not influence the efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the two rabbit strains. Irrespective of the dietary fat source, the hyperresponsive rabbits absorbed cholesterol more efficiently. It is concluded that the hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary coconut fat versus corn oil is not exerted by influencing cholesterol absorption.


Assuntos
Colesterol/metabolismo , Óleo de Milho , Gorduras na Dieta , Hipercolesterolemia/fisiopatologia , Absorção Intestinal , Óleos de Plantas , Animais , Peso Corporal , Colesterol/sangue , Colesterol na Dieta/análise , Óleo de Coco , Cocos , Comportamento Alimentar , Hipercolesterolemia/induzido quimicamente , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Coelhos , Sitosteroides/análise , Especificidade da Espécie
19.
Lipids ; 24(1): 86-8, 1989 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2747435

RESUMO

The question addressed is whether the amount and type of dietary fat affects esterases in plasma. Rats were fed semipurified diets containing 2.0 to 19.4% (w/w) of fat in the form of coconut fat or corn oil. Fat was added to the diets at the expense of isocaloric amounts of carbohydrates. Plasma total esterase activities measured with 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate were slightly increased with increasing fat intakes. However, an increase in fat concentration of the diet was associated with a pronounced increase in the activity of the so-called ES-1 isozyme in plasma. ES-1, which represents very little plasma total esterase activity, was quantified densitometrically as the high-mobility, anodal esterase band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The positive association between amount of dietary fat and ES-1 activity was identical for coconut fat and corn oil.


Assuntos
Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas , Animais , Carboxilesterase , Óleo de Coco , Óleo de Milho/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos
20.
Lipids ; 35(6): 621-5, 2000 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10901423

RESUMO

Earlier work has shown that increasing concentration of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position of a fat enhances the atherogenic properties of that fat. This effect has been observed with lard, tallow, cottonseed oil, and palm oil. In the experiment reported here, we have studied the atherogenic effects of four synthetic fats fed to rabbits as 58% (w/w) of the total fat (15%) (w/w) of a semipurified diet containing 0.05% cholesterol. The fats being tested were: 1,3-stearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (SOS); 1,2-stearoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (SSO); 1,3-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP); and 1,2-palmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (PPO). After 20 wk on diet there were no differences among the groups in weight gain, liver weight, serum, or liver lipids. These data are consistent with our previous findings. There were significant differences in atherosclerosis. The most severe atherosclerosis was observed in group PPO and the least in groups SSO and POP. Severity of atherosclerosis was graded visually on a 0-4 scale. The average atherosclerosis [(aortic arch and thoracic aorta) divided by 2] was: SOS--1.35; SSO--0.97; POP--0.83; and PPO--1.80. Fecal fat excretion (an indicator of fat absorption) was higher in the two groups fed the stearic acid-rich fats and lower in groups fed the palmitic acid-rich fats. There were no differences in low density lipoprotein particle size. The results confirm previous findings concerning the increased atherogenicity of fats bearing palmitic acid at the sn-2 position. The mechanism underlying these observations is moot but may, in part, reflect greater absorption of the atherogenic fat.


Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Colesterol/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Triglicerídeos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Colesterol/sangue , Colesterol/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Lipoproteínas LDL/química , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ácido Palmítico/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Coelhos , Triglicerídeos/química
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