RESUMO
There is strong evidence that sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence blood pressure (BP) regulation, distribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and co-morbidities differentially in females and males with essential arterial hypertension. The risk for CV disease increases at a lower BP level in females than in males, suggesting that sex-specific thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension may be reasonable. However, due to paucity of data, in particularly from specifically designed clinical trials, it is not yet known whether hypertension should be differently managed in females and males, including treatment goals and choice and dosages of antihypertensive drugs. Accordingly, this consensus document was conceived to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sex differences in essential hypertension including BP development over the life course, development of hypertension, pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating BP, interaction of BP with CV risk factors and co-morbidities, hypertension-mediated organ damage in the heart and the arteries, impact on incident CV disease, and differences in the effect of antihypertensive treatment. The consensus document also highlights areas where focused research is needed to advance sex-specific prevention and management of hypertension.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Caracteres Sexuais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Hipertensão/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Hypertension (HT) continues to be a leading cause of cardiovascular death and an enormous burden on the healthcare system. Although telemedicine may provide improved blood pressure (BP) monitoring and control, it remains unclear whether it could replace face-to-face consultations in patients with optimal BP control. We hypothesized that an automatic drug refill coupled with a telemedicine system tailored to patients with optimal BP would lead to non-inferior BP control. In this pilot, multicenter, randomized control trial (RCT), participants receiving anti-HT medications were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the telemedicine or usual care group. Patients in the telemedicine group measured and transmitted their home BP readings to the clinic. The medications were refilled without consultation when optimal control (BP < 135/85 mmHg) was confirmed. The primary outcome of this trial was the feasibility of using the telemedicine app. Office and ambulatory BP readings were compared between the two groups at the study endpoint. Acceptability was assessed through interviews with the telemedicine study participants. Overall, 49 participants were recruited in 6 months and retention rate was 98%. Participants from both groups had similar BP control (daytime systolic BP: 128.2 versus 126.9 mmHg [telemedicine vs. usual care], p = 0.41) and no adverse events. Participants in the telemedicine group had fewer general outpatient clinic attendances (0.8 vs. 2, p < 0.001). Interviewees reported that the system was convenient, timesaving, cost saving, and educational. The system could be safely used. However, the results must be verified in an adequately powered RCT. Trial registration: NCT04542564.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Telemedicina , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Telemedicina/métodos , Pressão Sanguínea , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodosRESUMO
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Decades of grassroots campaigns have helped to raise awareness about the impact of cardiovascular disease in women, and positive changes affecting women and their health have gained momentum. Despite these efforts, there has been stagnation in the overall reduction of cardiovascular disease burden for women in the past decade. Cardiovascular disease in women remains understudied, under-recognised, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. This Commission summarises existing evidence and identifies knowledge gaps in research, prevention, treatment, and access to care for women. Recommendations from an international team of experts and leaders in the field have been generated with a clear focus to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease in women by 2030. This Commission represents the first effort of its kind to connect stakeholders, to ignite global awareness of sex-related and gender-related disparities in cardiovascular disease, and to provide a springboard for future research.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Objetivos , Internacionalidade , Saúde da Mulher , Conscientização , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Saúde da Mulher/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde da Mulher/tendênciasRESUMO
Hypertension continues to be the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, and it also plays a key role in a significant proportion of preventable deaths globally. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an underutilised tool that augments the accurate diagnosis of hypertension. Out-of-office blood pressure measurements such as ABPM, permits the diagnosis of white coat hypertension and masked hypertension as well as determining a patient's nocturnal dipping status. These common clinical phenotypes have relevance with regard to clinical outcomes and may impact management. Overall, the diagnosis and management of hypertension presents numerous challenges, requiring the complementary use of multimodal blood pressure monitoring. Familiarity with the use of ABPM is important in the optimal management of patients, particularly as it becomes more accessible with the recent introduction of a Medicare Benefits Schedule item number.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Hipertensão Mascarada , Idoso , Pressão Sanguínea , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Humanos , Hipertensão Mascarada/diagnóstico , Medicare , Fatores de Risco , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bereavement is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; however, no reports exist of interventions to reduce risk. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 85 recently bereaved participants, we determined whether ß-blocker (metoprolol 25 mg) and aspirin (100 mg) reduce cardiovascular risk markers and anxiety, without adversely affecting bereavement intensity. METHODS: Participants were spouses (nâ¯=â¯73) or parents (nâ¯=â¯12) of deceased from 5 hospitals in Sydney, Australia, 55 females, 30 males, aged 66.1⯱â¯9.4 years. After assessment within 2 weeks of bereavement, subjects were randomized to 6 weeks of daily treatment or placebo, and the effect evaluated using ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline values (primary analysis). RESULTS: Participants on metoprolol and aspirin had lower levels of home systolic pressure (Pâ¯=â¯.03), 24-hour average heart rate (Pâ¯<â¯.001) and anxiety (Pâ¯=â¯.01) platelet response to arachidonic acid (Pâ¯<â¯.001) and depression symptoms (Pâ¯=â¯.046) than placebo with no difference in standard deviation of NN intervals index (SDNNi), von Willebrand Factor antigen, platelet-granulocyte aggregates or bereavement intensity. No significant adverse safety impact was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In early bereavement, low dose metoprolol and aspirin for 6 weeks reduces physiological and psychological surrogate measures of cardiovascular risk. Although further research is needed, results suggest a potential preventive benefit of this approach during heightened cardiovascular risk associated with early bereavement.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Luto , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Metoprolol/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Araquidônico/farmacologia , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Conduta do Tratamento Medicamentoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placebos , Estudos Prospectivos , Sístole/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The Lancet Commission on Hypertension identified that a key action to address the worldwide burden of high blood pressure (BP) was to improve the quality of BP measurements by using BP devices that have been validated for accuracy. Currently, there are over 3 000 commercially available BP devices, but many do not have published data on accuracy testing according to established scientific standards. This problem is enabled through weak or absent regulations that allow clearance of devices for commercial use without formal validation. In addition, new BP technologies have emerged (e.g. cuffless sensors) for which there is no scientific consensus regarding BP measurement accuracy standards. Altogether, these issues contribute to the widespread availability of clinic and home BP devices with limited or uncertain accuracy, leading to inappropriate hypertension diagnosis, management and drug treatment on a global scale. The most significant problems relating to the accuracy of BP devices can be resolved by the regulatory requirement for mandatory independent validation of BP devices according to the universally-accepted International Organization for Standardization Standard. This is a primary recommendation for which there is an urgent international need. Other key recommendations are development of validation standards specifically for new BP technologies and online lists of accurate devices that are accessible to consumers and health professionals. Recommendations are aligned with WHO policies on medical devices and universal healthcare. Adherence to recommendations would increase the global availability of accurate BP devices and result in better diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, thus decreasing the worldwide burden from high BP.
A Comissão Lancet sobre Hipertensão Arterial identificou que uma iniciativa central para enfrentar a carga mundial da hipertensão arterial seria a melhoria na qualidade da mensuração da pressão arterial pelo uso aparelhos de pressão arterial validados quanto à acurácia. Atualmente, existem mais de 3 000 aparelhos de pressão arterial disponíveis comercialmente; entretanto, muitos não têm dados publicados sobre testes de acurácia realizados de acordo com padrões científicos estabelecidos. Este problema resulta de regulamentação fraca ou inexistente, o que permite a aprovação para uso comercial de dispositivos sem validação formal. Além disso, surgiram novas tecnologias de mensuração da pressão arterial (por exemplo, sensores sem algemas) sem consenso científico quanto aos padrões de acurácia. No conjunto, essas questões contribuem para a oferta generalizada de dispositivos de pressão arterial clínica e domiciliar com acurácia limitada ou incerta, levando a diagnóstico, gerenciamento e tratamento inadequados da hipertensão em escala global. Os problemas mais significativos relacionados com a acurácia dos dispositivos de pressão arterial podem ser resolvidos por regulamentação que imponha a obrigatoriedade de validação independente dos aparelhos de pressão arterial, de acordo com a norma universalmente aceita pela Organização Internacional de Normalização. Esta é uma recomendação fundamental para a qual existe uma necessidade internacional urgente. Outras recomendações essenciais incluem o desenvolvimento de padrões de validação especificamente para novas tecnologias de mensuração da pressão arterial e listas on-line de aparelhos com acurácia adequada que sejam acessíveis aos consumidores e profissionais de saúde. As recomendações estão alinhadas com as políticas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) sobre dispositivos médicos e atenção universal à saúde. A adesão às recomendações aumentaria a oferta global de dispositivos de pressão arterial com acurácia adequada e resultaria em melhor diagnóstico e tratamento da hipertensão arterial, diminuindo assim a carga mundial dessa doença.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez , Feminino , França , Humanos , Gravidez , Fatores de RiscoAssuntos
Hipertensão , Criança , Humanos , Austrália/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/terapia , Pressão SanguíneaRESUMO
1. Although two population-based studies have demonstrated the prognostic value of day-to-day home blood pressure (BP) variability, data are still limited. 2. Thresholds of normality, target levels for treatment and optimal number and times of home measurement needed for better assessment of day-to-day home BP variability also remain to be investigated. 3. Although further prospective studies are required, home BP is a strong and modifiable risk factor, and patient compliance should be encouraged.
Assuntos
Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Hipertensão/terapia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Administração de Caso , Humanos , Prognóstico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy are commonly used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Differences in efficacy and compliance of these treatments are likely to influence improvements in health outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To compare health effects after 1 month of optimal CPAP and MAD therapy in OSA. METHODS: In this randomized crossover trial, we compared the effects of 1 month each of CPAP and MAD treatment on cardiovascular and neurobehavioral outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiovascular (24-h blood pressure, arterial stiffness), neurobehavioral (subjective sleepiness, driving simulator performance), and quality of life (Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, Short Form-36) were compared between treatments. Our primary outcome was 24-hour mean arterial pressure. A total of 126 patients with moderate-severe OSA (apnea hypopnea index [AHI], 25.6 [SD 12.3]) were randomly assigned to a treatment order and 108 completed the trial with both devices. CPAP was more efficacious than MAD in reducing AHI (CPAP AHI, 4.5 ± 6.6/h; MAD AHI, 11.1 ± 12.1/h; P < 0.01) but reported compliance was higher on MAD (MAD, 6.50 ± 1.3 h per night vs. CPAP, 5.20 ± 2 h per night; P < 0.00001). The 24-hour mean arterial pressure was not inferior on treatment with MAD compared with CPAP (CPAP-MAD difference, 0.2 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, -0.7 to 1.1]); however, overall, neither treatment improved blood pressure. In contrast, sleepiness, driving simulator performance, and disease-specific quality of life improved on both treatments by similar amounts, although MAD was superior to CPAP for improving four general quality-of-life domains. CONCLUSIONS: Important health outcomes were similar after 1 month of optimal MAD and CPAP treatment in patients with moderate-severe OSA. The results may be explained by greater efficacy of CPAP being offset by inferior compliance relative to MAD, resulting in similar effectiveness. Clinical trial registered with https://www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN 12607000289415).
Assuntos
Condução de Veículo , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/estatística & dados numéricos , Avanço Mandibular/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade de Vida , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/instrumentação , Simulação por Computador , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/instrumentação , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/métodos , Estudos Cross-Over , Fadiga/etiologia , Fadiga/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Avanço Mandibular/instrumentação , Avanço Mandibular/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New South Wales , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Polissonografia/instrumentação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Rigidez Vascular/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), remain the leading cause of adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Epidemiological factors, comorbidities, assisted reproduction techniques, placental disorders, and genetic predisposition determine the burden of the disease. The pathophysiological substrate and the clinical presentation of HDP are multifarious. The latter and the lack of well designed clinical trials in the field explain the absence of consensus on disease management among relevant international societies. Thus, the usual clinical management of HDP is largely empirical. The current position statement of the Working Group 'Hypertension in Women' of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) aims to employ the current evidence for the management of HDP, discuss the recommendations made in the 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of hypertension, and shed light on controversial issues in the field to stimulate future research.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Europa (Continente) , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/terapia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/terapia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Development of a cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus is independent of traditional risk factors, with no clinical trials targeting specific therapeutic interventions. Myocardial fibrosis is one of the key mechanisms and aldosterone is a key mediator of myocardial fibrosis. We propose that aldosterone antagonism will improve cardiac function. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of selective aldosterone receptor antagonism with eplerenone added to optimal medical treatment in improving cardiac structure and function in diabetic cardiomyopathy. We will randomize 130 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, stable metabolic control and impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic or diastolic function, to either eplerenone (target dose 50mg) or matching placebo, in addition to optimal medical therapy for 12 months. The primary endpoints are changes in LV systolic and diastolic function, measured by echocardiographic 2-dimensional speckle tracking strain and strain rate and tissue Doppler imaging. The secondary endpoints include changes in echocardiographic markers and plasma biomarkers of collagen turnover; left atrial dimensions and function, incidence of atrial fibrillation and changes in exercise capacity and dyspnea score. The present study will assess whether specific aldosterone antagonism with eplerenone in addition to standard therapy will prevent progression or reverse cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy using sensitive, robust and quantifiable echocardiographic measures that allow early detection of change. The study may offer a new direction in the management of this condition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12610001063000.
Assuntos
Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Projetos de Pesquisa , Espironolactona/análogos & derivados , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Protocolos Clínicos , Colágeno/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Diástole , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Eplerenona , Fibrose , Humanos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , New South Wales , Estudos Prospectivos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Espironolactona/uso terapêutico , Sístole , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sex differences in blood pressure control are recognized. We systematically investigated sex differences in specific components of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), including variability, day-night changes, morning surge, and hypertension types. METHODS: We analyzed ABPs of 52 911 participants (45.6% male, 54.4% female, 37.0% treated for hypertension) visiting 860 Italian community pharmacies. Sex differences in ABP levels and patterns were evaluated in the whole group and 4 risk groups (antihypertensive-treated patients, patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, or cardiovascular disease). RESULTS: Average 24-hour, day-time, and night-time blood pressure values were consistently higher in males than females (P<0.001). Variability in ABP was higher in females, except during the night. Nondippers and an abnormal morning surge were more common among males (odds ratio and 95% CI, 1.282 [1.230-1.335] and 1.244 [1.159-1.335]; P<0.001). The prevalence of 24-hour and masked hypertension was higher in males (odds ratio and 95% CI, 2.093 [2.019-2.170] and 1.347 [1.283-1.415]; P<0.001) and that of white-coat hypertension in females (0.719 [0.684-0.755]; P<0.001). Ambulatory heart rate mean values were higher (P<0.001) in females. Day-time HR variability was higher and night-time heart rate variability lower in females (P<0.001). Sex differences in ABP levels and patterns detected in the whole population were replicated in all risk groups, except for the prevalence of abnormal morning surge (between sexes difference in antihypertensive-treated participants only). CONCLUSIONS: Females show better ABP control than males, but with an increased blood pressure variability and a greater prevalence of white-coat hypertension. These findings support tailored management of hypertension. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03781401.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Hipertensão Mascarada , Hipertensão do Jaleco Branco , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Hipertensão do Jaleco Branco/diagnóstico , Hipertensão do Jaleco Branco/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Blood pressure is not a static parameter, but rather undergoes continuous fluctuations over time, as a result of the interaction between environmental and behavioural factors on one side and intrinsic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms on the other side. Increased blood pressure variability (BPV) may indicate an impaired cardiovascular regulation and may represent a cardiovascular risk factor itself, having been associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and dementia incidence. Nonetheless, BPV was considered only a research issue in previous hypertension management guidelines, because the available evidence on its clinical relevance presents several gaps and is based on heterogeneous studies with limited standardization of methods for BPV assessment. The aim of this position paper, with contributions from members of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability and from a number of international experts, is to summarize the available evidence in the field of BPV assessment methodology and clinical applications and to provide practical indications on how to measure and interpret BPV in research and clinical settings based on currently available data. Pending issues and clinical and methodological recommendations supported by available evidence are also reported. The information provided by this paper should contribute to a better standardization of future studies on BPV, but should also provide clinicians with some indications on how BPV can be managed based on currently available data.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Hipertensão , Humanos , Pressão Sanguínea , Relevância Clínica , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/complicações , Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão ArterialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop scientific consensus recommendations for the optimal design and functions of different types of blood pressure (BP) measuring devices used in clinical practice for the detection, management, and long-term follow-up of hypertension. METHODS: A scientific consensus meeting was performed by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on BP Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability and STRIDE BP (Science and Technology for Regional Innovation and Development in Europe) during the 2022 Scientific Meeting of the ESH in Athens, Greece. Manufacturers were also invited to provide their feedback on BP device design and development. Thirty-one international experts in clinical hypertension and BP monitoring contributed to the development of consensus recommendations on the optimal design of BP devices. STATEMENT: International consensus was reached on the requirements for the design and features of five types of BP monitors, including office (or clinic) BP monitors, ambulatory BP monitors, home BP monitors, home BP telemonitors, and kiosk BP monitors for public spaces. For each device type "essential" requirements (must have), and "optional" ones (may have) are presented, as well as additional comments on the optimal device design and features. CONCLUSIONS: These consensus recommendations aim at providing manufacturers of BP devices with the requirements that are considered mandatory, or optional, by clinical experts involved in the detection and management of hypertension. They are also directed to administrative healthcare personnel involved in the provision and purchase of BP devices so that they can recommend the most appropriate ones.
Assuntos
Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão , Humanos , Pressão Sanguínea , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/terapia , Esfigmomanômetros , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão ArterialRESUMO
Numerous studies have now shown that sustained elevation of aldosterone levels induces cardiovascular damage independent from its effects on regulation of renal sodium and blood pressure. Increased aldosterone and cortisol levels in patients with heart failure independently predict the risk of mortality. Over the past decade, there has been increased interest in identifying the role of the receptor for aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), following the results from the large clinical heart failure trials that showed low doses of MR antagonists reduced morbidity and mortality in heart failure and myocardial infarction, even though plasma levels of aldosterone were in the physiologic range. The mechanism for this cardioprotective action remains to be defined, although changes in the redox state have been shown to play a key role in MR-mediated cardiac damage. This review will highlight some of these studies and provide an update on the action of aldosterone in heart disease.
Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/genética , Insuficiência Cardíaca/genética , Hiperaldosteronismo/genética , Hipertensão/genética , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/genética , Sódio na DietaRESUMO
The challenges to academic and professional development and career advancement of women in cardiology (WIC), imposed by the pandemic, not only impinge the female cardiologists' "leaky pipeline" but also make the "leakiness" more obvious. This consensus document aims to highlight the pandemic challenges WIC face, raise awareness of the gender equity gap, and propose mitigating actionable solutions derived from the data and experiences of an international group of female cardiovascular clinicians and researchers. This changing landscape has led to the need for highly specialized cardiologists who may have additional training in critical care, imaging, advanced heart failure, or interventional cardiology. Although women account for most medical school graduates, the number of WIC, particularly in mentioned sub-specialties, remains low. Moreover, women have been more affected by systemic issues within these challenging work environments, limiting their professional progression, career advancement, and economic potential. Therefore, it is imperative that tangible action points be noted and undertaken to ensure the representation of women in leadership, advocacy, and decision-making, and increase diversity in academia. Strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic need to be taken during this COVID-19 pandemic to ensure WIC have a place in the field of Cardiology.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Cardiologistas , Cardiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Feminino , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Cardiologia/educação , Cardiologistas/educaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with increased blood pressure variability (BPV) and are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the comparative effects of two OSA therapies, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mandibular advancement splint (MAS), on BPV. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a previously published randomised crossover trial of one month each of CPAP and MAS therapy. BPV was determined from 24-h-ambulatory blood pressure recordings in 92 patients with moderate to severe OSA at baseline and after one month of optimised treatment with each modality. BPV was assessed by three measures: Standard deviation of the mean (SD), Coefficient of variation (CoV), and the Average Real Variability (ARV) index. RESULTS: Neither CPAP nor MAS therapy improved BPV, with no difference between treatments. BPV did not change in hypertensive OSA patients, however, there was a reduction in ARV of diastolic blood pressure in the effectively treated compared to ineffectively treated CPAP patients, Δ ARV 24-h-DBP (mmHg), -0.72 ± 2.14, 0.34 ± 1.52, P = 0.02, respectively. There was no difference between effective versus ineffective MAS treatment, Δ ARV 24-h-DBP (mmHg), -0.04 ± 2.4, 0.02 ± 1.9, P = 1.00, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: One month of optimised CPAP or MAS therapy did not improve short term BPV in patients with moderate to severe OSA. The subgroup of patients on effective CPAP showed some improvement in BPV with CPAP but not MAS. Further work on the effect of OSA therapy on BPV following long-term therapy is needed.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas , Avanço Mandibular , Placas Oclusais , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Estudos Cross-Over , Humanos , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapiaRESUMO
The present paper provides an update of previous recommendations on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring from the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability sequentially published in years 2000, 2008 and 2010. This update has taken into account new evidence in this field, including a recent statement by the American Heart association, as well as technological developments, which have occurred over the past 20 years. The present document has been developed by the same ESH Working Group with inputs from an international team of experts, and has been endorsed by the ESH.