RESUMO
Carnivore predation on livestock often leads people to retaliate. Persecution by humans has contributed strongly to global endangerment of carnivores. Preventing livestock losses would help to achieve three goals common to many human societies: preserve nature, protect animal welfare, and safeguard human livelihoods. Between 2016 and 2018, four independent reviews evaluated >40 years of research on lethal and nonlethal interventions for reducing predation on livestock. From 114 studies, we find a striking conclusion: scarce quantitative comparisons of interventions and scarce comparisons against experimental controls preclude strong inference about the effectiveness of methods. For wise investment of public resources in protecting livestock and carnivores, evidence of effectiveness should be a prerequisite to policy making or large-scale funding of any method or, at a minimum, should be measured during implementation. An appropriate evidence base is needed, and we recommend a coalition of scientists and managers be formed to establish and encourage use of consistent standards in future experimental evaluations.
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Carnívoros/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Gado/fisiologia , Animais , Conflito Psicológico , Geografia , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologiaRESUMO
Protected areas (PAs) play an important role in conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services, yet their effectiveness is undermined by funding shortfalls. Using lions (Panthera leo) as a proxy for PA health, we assessed available funding relative to budget requirements for PAs in Africa's savannahs. We compiled a dataset of 2015 funding for 282 state-owned PAs with lions. We applied three methods to estimate the minimum funding required for effective conservation of lions, and calculated deficits. We estimated minimum required funding as $978/km2 per year based on the cost of effectively managing lions in nine reserves by the African Parks Network; $1,271/km2 based on modeled costs of managing lions at ≥50% carrying capacity across diverse conditions in 115 PAs; and $2,030/km2 based on Packer et al.'s [Packer et al. (2013) Ecol Lett 16:635-641] cost of managing lions in 22 unfenced PAs. PAs with lions require a total of $1.2 to $2.4 billion annually, or â¼$1,000 to 2,000/km2, yet received only $381 million annually, or a median of $200/km2 Ninety-six percent of range countries had funding deficits in at least one PA, with 88 to 94% of PAs with lions funded insufficiently. In funding-deficit PAs, available funding satisfied just 10 to 20% of PA requirements on average, and deficits total $0.9 to $2.1 billion. African governments and the international community need to increase the funding available for management by three to six times if PAs are to effectively conserve lions and other species and provide vital ecological and economic benefits to neighboring communities.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Leões/fisiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , África , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , EcossistemaRESUMO
Carnivore predation on livestock is a complex management and policy challenge, yet it is also intrinsically an ecological interaction between predators and prey. Human-wildlife interactions occur in socioecological systems in which human and environmental processes are closely linked. However, underlying human-wildlife conflict and key to unpacking its complexity are concrete and identifiable ecological mechanisms that lead to predation events. To better understand how ecological theory accords with interactions between wild predators and domestic prey, we developed a framework to describe ecological drivers of predation on livestock. We based this framework on foundational ecological theory and current research on interactions between predators and domestic prey. We used this framework to examine ecological mechanisms (e.g., density-mediated effects, behaviorally mediated effects, and optimal foraging theory) through which specific management interventions operate, and we analyzed the ecological determinants of failure and success of management interventions in 3 case studies: snow leopards (Panthera uncia), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor). The varied, context-dependent successes and failures of the management interventions in these case studies demonstrated the utility of using an ecological framework to ground research and management of carnivore-livestock conflict. Mitigation of human-wildlife conflict appears to require an understanding of how fundamental ecological theories work within domestic predator-prey systems.
Un Marco de Trabajo Ecológico para Contextualizar el Conflicto Carnívoro - Ganado Resumen La depredación del ganado por carnívoros es un reto complejo para el manejo y las políticas, a pesar de que es intrínsecamente una interacción ecológica entre depredadores y presas. Las interacciones entre humanos y la fauna ocurren en sistemas socio-ecológicos en los que los humanos y los procesos ambientales están conectados estrechamente. Sin embargo, el conflicto humano - fauna subyacente y la clave para desenredar su complejidad son mecanismos ecológicos complejos e identificables que resultan en eventos de depredación. Para tener un mejor entendimiento sobre cómo la teoría ecológica armoniza con las interacciones entre los depredadores silvestres y la presa doméstica, desarrollamos un marco de trabajo para describir las causantes ecológicas de la depredación del ganado. Basamos este marco de trabajo en las principales teorías ecológicas y las investigaciones actuales sobre las interacciones entre los depredadores y las presas domésticas. Usamos este marco de trabajo para examinar los mecanismos ecológicos (es decir, los efectos mediados por la densidad, los efectos mediados por el comportamiento, y la teoría del forrajeo óptimo) mediante los cuales operan ciertas intervenciones específicas de manejo y analizamos las determinantes ecológicas del fracaso y el éxito de las intervenciones de manejo en tres estudios de caso: el leopardo de las nieves (Panthera uncia), el lobo (Canis lupus), y el puma (Puma concolor). Los éxitos y fracasos variados y dependientes del contexto que sufrieron las intervenciones de manejo en estos estudios de caso demostraron la utilidad del uso de un marco de trabajo ecológico para aterrizar la investigación y el manejo del conflicto carnívoro - ganado. La mitigación del conflicto humano - fauna parece requerir de un entendimiento sobre cómo funcionan las teorías ecológicas fundamentales dentro del sistema doméstico depredador - presa.
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Carnívoros , Lobos , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Humanos , Gado , Comportamento PredatórioRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study seeks to add to existing literature on depression and illness intrusiveness in chronic disorders by examining, (1) how the perceived intrusiveness of multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to depression, (2) and the mediating role trait mindfulness plays in this relationship METHODS: Participants (N = 755) were persons with MS (PwMS) recruited through the North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) registry (a larger study). Participants completed the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. A mediation model assessed if trait mindfulness mediates the relationship between illness intrusiveness and depression RESULTS: Illness intrusiveness predicted trait mindfulness (a = - 4.54; p < .001), trait mindfulness predicted depression (b = - .04; p < .001); there was a direct effect of illness intrusiveness on depression (c' = 2.53; p < .001) and an indirect effect on depression (ab = .17, 95% BCa CI [.10, .25]) when trait mindfulness was in the model, which represented a medium size effect, R2med = .10 [95% CI .07, .14] CONCLUSION: Trait mindfulness mediates the relationship between illness intrusiveness and depression in PwMS. Providers could provide psychoeducation on the benefits of mindfulness and mindfulness-based interventions.
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Depressão/terapia , Atenção Plena/métodos , Esclerose Múltipla/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Doença Crônica/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although interspecific competition plays a principal role in shaping species behaviour and demography, little is known about the population-level outcomes of competition between large carnivores, and the mechanisms that facilitate coexistence. We conducted a multilandscape analysis of two widely distributed, threatened large carnivore competitors to offer insight into coexistence strategies and assist with species-level conservation. We evaluated how interference competition affects occupancy, temporal activity and population density of a dominant competitor, the lion (Panthera leo), and its subordinate competitor, the leopard (Panthera pardus). We collected camera-trap data over 3 years in 10 study sites covering 5,070 km2 . We used multispecies occupancy modelling to assess spatial responses in varying environmental and prey conditions and competitor presence, and examined temporal overlap and the relationship between lion and leopard densities across sites and years. Results showed that both lion and leopard occupancy was independent of-rather than conditional on-their competitor's presence across all environmental covariates. Marginal occupancy probability for leopard was higher in areas with more bushy, "hideable" habitat, human (tourist) activity and topographic ruggedness, whereas lion occupancy decreased with increasing hideable habitat and increased with higher abundance of very large prey. Temporal overlap was high between carnivores, and there was no detectable relationship between species densities. Lions pose a threat to the survival of individual leopards, but they exerted no tractable influence on leopard spatial or temporal dynamics. Furthermore, lions did not appear to suppress leopard populations, suggesting that intraguild competitors can coexist in the same areas without population decline. Aligned conservation strategies that promote functioning ecosystems, rather than target individual species, are therefore advised to achieve cost- and space-effective conservation.
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Leões , Panthera , Animais , Demografia , Ecologia , Ecossistema , HumanosRESUMO
Community ecology was traditionally an integrative science devoted to studying interactions between species and their abiotic environments in order to predict species' geographic distributions and abundances. Yet for philosophical and methodological reasons, it has become divided into two enterprises: one devoted to local experimentation on species interactions to predict community dynamics; the other devoted to statistical analyses of abiotic and biotic information to describe geographic distribution. Our goal here is to instigate thinking about ways to reconnect the two enterprises and thereby return to a tradition to do integrative science. We focus specifically on the community ecology of predators and prey, which is ripe for integration. This is because there is active, simultaneous interest in experimentally resolving the nature and strength of predator-prey interactions as well as explaining patterns across landscapes and seascapes. We begin by describing a conceptual theory rooted in classical analyses of non-spatial food web modules used to predict species interactions. We show how such modules can be extended to consideration of spatial context using the concept of habitat domain. Habitat domain describes the spatial extent of habitat space that predators and prey use while foraging, which differs from home range, the spatial extent used by an animal to meet all of its daily needs. This conceptual theory can be used to predict how different spatial relations of predators and prey could lead to different emergent multiple predator-prey interactions such as whether predator consumptive or non-consumptive effects should dominate, and whether intraguild predation, predator interference or predator complementarity are expected. We then review the literature on studies of large predator-prey interactions that make conclusions about the nature of multiple predator-prey interactions. This analysis reveals that while many studies provide sufficient information about predator or prey spatial locations, and thus meet necessary conditions of the habitat domain conceptual theory for drawing conclusions about the nature of the predator-prey interactions, several studies do not. We therefore elaborate how modern technology and statistical approaches for animal movement analysis could be used to test the conceptual theory, using experimental or quasi-experimental analyses at landscape scales.
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Ecossistema , Cadeia Alimentar , Comportamento Predatório , Animais , EcologiaRESUMO
Food caching is a common strategy used by a diversity of animals, including carnivores, to store and/or secure food. Despite its prevalence, the drivers of caching behaviour, and its impacts on individuals, remain poorly understood, particularly for short-term food cachers. Leopards Panthera pardus exhibit a unique form of short-term food caching, regularly hoisting, storing and consuming prey in trees. We explored the factors motivating such behaviour among leopards in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa, associated with four not mutually exclusive hypotheses: food-perishability, consumption-time, resource-pulse and kleptoparasitism-avoidance. Using data from 2032 prey items killed by 104 leopards from 2013 to 2015, we built generalized linear mixed models to examine how hoisting behaviour, feeding time and the likelihood of a kill being kleptoparasitized varied with leopard sex and age, prey size and vulnerability, vegetation, elevation, climate, and the immediate and long-term risk posed by dominant competitors. Leopards hoisted 51% of kills. They were more likely to hoist kills of an intermediate size, outside of a resource pulse and in response to the presence of some competitors. Hoisted kills were also fed on for longer than non-hoisted kills. At least 21% of kills were kleptoparasitized, mainly by spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta. Kills were more likely to be kleptoparasitized at lower temperatures and if prey were larger, not hoisted, and in areas where the risk of encountering hyaenas was greatest. Female leopards that suffered higher rates of kleptoparasitism exhibited lower annual reproductive success than females that lost fewer kills. Our results strongly support the kleptoparasitism-avoidance hypothesis and suggest hoisting is a key adaptation that enables leopards to coexist sympatrically with high densities of competitors. We further argue that leopards may select smaller-sized prey than predicted by optimal foraging theory, to balance trade-offs between kleptoparasitic losses and the energetic gains derived from killing larger prey. Although caching may provide the added benefits of delaying food perishability and enabling consumption over an extended period, the behaviour primarily appears to be a strategy for leopards, and possibly other short-term cachers, to reduce the risks of kleptoparasitism.
Assuntos
Cadeia Alimentar , Hyaenidae/fisiologia , Panthera/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , África do SulAssuntos
Gráficos de Crescimento , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/metabolismo , Lactente , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Neonatologia/organização & administração , Berçários para Lactentes , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Ecologists have long searched for a framework of a priori species traits to help predict predator-prey interactions in food webs. Empirical evidence has shown that predator hunting mode and predator and prey habitat domain are useful traits for explaining predator-prey interactions. Yet, individual experiments have yet to replicate predator hunting mode, calling into question whether predator impacts can be attributed to hunting mode or merely species identity. We tested the effects of spider predators with sit-and-wait, sit-and-pursue and active hunting modes on grasshopper habitat domain, activity and mortality in a grassland system. We replicated hunting mode by testing two spider predator species of each hunting mode on the same grasshopper prey species. We observed grasshoppers with and without each spider species in behavioural cages and measured their mortality rates, movements and habitat domains. We likewise measured the movements and habitat domains of spiders to characterize hunting modes. We found that predator hunting mode explained grasshopper mortality and spider and grasshopper movement activity and habitat domain size. Sit-and-wait spider predators covered small distances over a narrow domain space and killed fewer grasshoppers than sit-and-pursue and active predators, which ranged farther distances across broader domains and killed more grasshoppers, respectively. Prey adjusted their activity levels and horizontal habitat domains in response to predator presence and hunting mode: sedentary sit-and-wait predators with narrow domains caused grasshoppers to reduce activity in the same-sized domain space; more mobile sit-and-pursue predators with broader domains caused prey to reduce their activity within a contracted horizontal (but not vertical) domain space; and highly mobile active spiders led grasshoppers to increase their activity across the same domain area. All predators impacted prey activity, and sit-and-pursue predators generated strong effects on domain size. This study demonstrates the validity of utilizing hunting mode and habitat domain for predicting predator-prey interactions. Results also highlight the importance of accounting for flexibility in prey movement ranges as an anti-predator response rather than treating the domain as a static attribute.
Assuntos
Gafanhotos/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Aranhas/fisiologia , Animais , Connecticut , Demografia , EcossistemaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects over 2.5 million individuals worldwide, yet much of the disease course is unknown. Hemispheric vulnerability in MS may elucidate part of this process but has not yet been studied. The current study assessed neuropsychological functioning as it relates to hemispheric vulnerability in MS. METHODS: Verbal IQ, as measured by verbal comprehension index (VCI), nonverbal IQ, as measured by perceptual reasoning index (PRI) and memory acquisition were compared in right-handed (dextral) and non-right-handed (non-dextral) persons with MS (PwMS). RESULTS: Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated a significant main effect of handedness, F(1, 195.35) = 3.95, p = .048, for a composite measure of VCI, PRI, and memory acquisition, with better performance for dextral PwMS. In examining differences for specific neuropsychological measures, the largest effect size between dextral and non-dextral participants was seen in PRI (d = 0.643), F(1,341) = 12.163, p = .001. No significant interaction effect between handedness and IQ was found, F(3, 525.60) = 0.75, p = .523. CONCLUSIONS: Dextral PwMS perform better than non-dextral PwMS when assessing neuropsychological performance for memory and IQ combined. Results are suggestive of increased vulnerability in the left brain to the pathological process of MS.
Assuntos
Lateralidade Funcional , Esclerose Múltipla , Cognição , Compreensão , Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla/complicações , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Essential tremor (ET), a common movement disorder, is characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Depressed mood, a symptom of ET, has historically been viewed as a psychological response to disability. However, depressive symptoms are emerging as a predictor of cognitive decline across several clinical populations. We examined if depressive symptoms predict decline in global cognition, memory, and executive functioning among older adults with ET. METHODS: 125 cognitively normal participants with ET completed three in-person assessments of cognition, mood, and motor symptoms at baseline, 18 months, and 36 months; baseline data were collected from July 2014-July 2016. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale. Cognitive functioning was measured via a 3-4 hour neuropsychological evaluation. Generalized linear regression models examined depressive symptoms as a predictor of decline in global cognition, executive functioning (EF), and memory. RESULTS: Participants were grouped according to a median split (GDS <5 versus ≥ 5) due to the bimodal distribution of the data. In unadjusted models, depressive symptoms did not predict change in global cognition (b = -0.002, p = .502) or EF (b = 0.000, p = .931), however individuals with GDS ≥ 5 demonstrated faster memory decline in unadjusted (b = -0.008, p = .039) and adjusted models (b = -0.009, p = .019). CONCLUSION: The presence of 5 or more depressive symptoms predicted mildly faster memory decline in cognitively normal older adults with ET over 36 months. We discuss potential mechanisms and clinical implications.
Assuntos
Depressão , Tremor Essencial , Idoso , Cognição , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Tremor Essencial/complicações , Humanos , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sudden unexpected infant death often results from unsafe sleep environments and is the leading cause of postneonatal mortality in the United States. Standardization of infant sleep environment education has been revealed to impact such deaths. This standardized approach is similar to safety prevention bundles typically used to monitor and improve health outcomes, such as those related to hospital-acquired conditions (HACs). We sought to use the HAC model to measure and improve adherence to safe sleep guidelines in an entire children's hospital. METHODS: A hospital-wide safe sleep bundle was implemented on September 15, 2017. A safe sleep performance improvement team met monthly to review data and discuss ideas for improvement through the use of iterative plan-do-study-act cycles. Audits were performed monthly from March 2017 to October 2019 and monitored safe sleep parameters. Adherence was measured and reviewed through the use of statistical process control charts (p-charts). RESULTS: Overall compliance improved from 9% to 72%. Head of bed flat increased from 62% to 93%, sleep space free of extra items increased from 52% to 81%, and caregiver education completed increased from 10% to 84%. The centerline for infant in supine position remained stable at 81%. CONCLUSIONS: Using an HAC bundle safety prevention model to improve adherence to infant safe sleep guidelines is a feasible and effective method to improve the sleep environment for infants in all areas of a children's hospital.
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Fidelidade a Diretrizes/normas , Segurança do Paciente/normas , Sono , Morte Súbita do Lactente/prevenção & controle , Leitos/normas , Auditoria Clínica/organização & administração , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Educação em Saúde , Hospitais Pediátricos/normas , Humanos , Lactente , Posicionamento do Paciente/métodos , PennsylvaniaRESUMO
Light scattering is typically undesired in optical systems as it often introduces defects or otherwise negatively impacts device performance. However, rather than being a hindrance, scattering can also be exploited to achieve lensless imaging using a scattering mask instead of lenses to enable devices with low-cost, compact construction, and yet a large field of view. Lensless imaging can benefit greatly from the ability to dynamically tune the scattering pattern produced by the mask; however, this often results in increased complexity and cost. Herein, we propose and demonstrate particle-based reconfigurable scattering masks to dynamically tune light scattering for lensless imaging, enabling multishot image reconstruction. Disordered particle populations are tuned by rational application of electric fields without requiring bulky or expensive components. Several assembly motifs are explored and studied for optimal performance; in particular, gold nanowires chained between planar electrodes yield the best reconstruction quality and are the main focus in this study. The distinct gold nanowire based scattering masks achieve a complex wavelet structural similarity as low as 0.36. By leveraging the submicrometer thickness of particles and the resultant large optical memory effect, an angular field of view of ±45° is demonstrated. The reconfigurable nature of the particle arrays enables multishot reconstruction which results in enhanced image quality and improved signal-to-noise ratios by up to 10-fold. These results suggest that reconfigurable particle masks could be a broadly applicable means of achieving dynamically tunable light scattering with potential applications in lensless microscopy or high-resolution imaging.
RESUMO
There is limited information about newborns with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Particularly in the hospital after delivery, clinicians have refined practices in order to prevent secondary infection. While guidance from international associations is continuously being updated, all facets of care of neonates born to women with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 are center-specific, given local customs, building infrastructure constraints, and availability of protective equipment. Based on anecdotal reports from institutions in the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic close to our hospital, together with our limited experience, in anticipation of increasing numbers of exposed newborns, we have developed a triage algorithm at the Penn State Hospital at Milton S. Hershey Medical Center that may be useful for other centers anticipating a similar surge. We discuss several care practices that have changed in the COVID-19 era including the use of antenatal steroids, delayed cord clamping (DCC), mother-newborn separation, and breastfeeding. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive guidance on the most suitable respiratory support for newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also present detailed recommendations about the discharge process and beyond, including providing scales and home phototherapy to families, parental teaching via telehealth and in-person education at the doors of the hospital, and telehealth newborn follow-up.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Cuidado do Lactente/métodos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Cuidado Pós-Natal/organização & administração , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Cuidado do Lactente/organização & administração , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Triagem/métodos , Triagem/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Zoonosis-based epidemics are inevitable unless we revisit our relationship with the natural world, protect habitats, and regulate wildlife trade, including live animals and non-sustenance products. To prevent future zoonoses, governments must establish effective legislation addressing wildlife trade, protection of habitats, and reduction of the wildlife-livestock-human interface.
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Animais Selvagens , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Animais , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Zoonoses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: College football players sustain an average of 3 subconcussive blows to the head per game. Concussions correlate with decreases in standardized neurocognitive test scores. It is not known whether repetitive, subconcussive microtrauma associated with participation in a full season of collision sport affects neurocognitive test scores. HYPOTHESIS: No difference exists between preseason, midseason, and postseason Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) and Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) scores when collegiate football players sustain subconcussive microtrauma from forceful, repetitive contact activity. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Fifty-eight members of a Division III collegiate football team who had no known concussion during the season voluntarily completed the SAC and ImPACT instruments preseason, midseason, and postseason. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the scores at the 3 time intervals (P < .05). RESULTS: No statistically significant decreases were found in overall SAC or ImPACT scores or in any of the domains or composites of the tests (P < .05) when preseason, midseason, and postseason scores were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: ImPACT and SAC neurocognitive test scores are not significantly altered by a season of repetitive contact in collegiate football athletes who have not sustained a concussion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A diminution in SAC or ImPACT scores in concert with clinical symptoms and findings should be interpreted as evidence of a postconcussive event.
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Concussão Encefálica/psicologia , Cognição , Futebol Americano , Psicometria/instrumentação , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos , UniversidadesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral instability in patients with normal alignment has been effectively treated with medial reefing procedures and a lateral release. Recent research suggests that a lateral release may not be necessary in patients without excessive patellar tilt. HYPOTHESIS: Arthroscopically assisted medial reefing without lateral release is as effective as techniques with a lateral release reported in the literature. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (25 knees) were observed for an average of 60 months. Preoperatively, patients underwent a history, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation. At follow-up, a physical examination and radiographic evaluation were repeated. Preoperative and postoperative Lysholm and Tegner scores were calculated. A subjective questionnaire was also completed. Comparative statistics were used for the preoperative and postoperative scores (P < .05). RESULTS: Ninety-six percent (24/25) were satisfied with their results, and all patients would have the same procedure performed again. Subjective symptom scores improved significantly. Lysholm knee scores improved from an average of 54 to 91 (P < .001). Tegner activity level improved from an average of 3.3 to 6.2 (P < .001). Significant improvement was seen in patellar mobility, apprehension, and patellofemoral tenderness with compression. Range of motion, muscle atrophy, and tilt did not change significantly. Congruence angles improved from 4.4 degrees to -2.5 degrees (P = .009), lateral patellofemoral angles improved from 5.5 degrees to 8.7 degrees (P = .011), and lateral patellar displacement improved from 2.0 to 0.2 mm (P < .044). There were no recurrent dislocations or subluxations. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopically assisted medial reefing, without lateral release, is an effective treatment for patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability and normal alignment.
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Artroscopia/métodos , Traumatismos do Joelho/cirurgia , Articulação do Joelho/patologia , Patela/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Patela/lesões , Patela/cirurgia , Estudos Prospectivos , Prevenção Secundária , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Human-carnivore conflict is challenging to quantify because it is shaped by both the realities and people's perceptions of carnivore threats. Whether perceptions align with realities can have implications for conflict mitigation: misalignments can lead to heightened and indiscriminant persecution of carnivores whereas alignments can offer deeper insights into human-carnivore interactions. We applied a landscape-scale spatial analysis of livestock killed by tigers and leopards in India to model and map observed attack risk, and surveyed owners of livestock killed by tigers and leopards for their rankings of threats across habitats to map perceived attack risk. Observed tiger risk to livestock was greatest near dense forests and at moderate distances from human activity while leopard risk was greatest near open vegetation. People accurately perceived spatial differences between tiger and leopard hunting patterns, expected greater threat in areas with high values of observed risk for both carnivores. Owners' perception of threats largely did not depend on environmental conditions surrounding their village (spatial location, dominant land-use or observed carnivore risk). Surveys revealed that owners who previously lost livestock to carnivores used more livestock protection methods than those who had no prior losses, and that owners who had recently lost livestock for the first time expressed greater interest in changing their protection methods than those who experienced prior losses. Our findings suggest that in systems where realities and perceptions of carnivore risk align, conservation programs and policies can optimize conservation outcomes by (1) improving the effectiveness of livestock protection methods and (2) working with owners who have recently lost livestock and are most willing to invest effort in adapting protection strategies to mitigate human-carnivore conflict.
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Carnívoros , Gado , Comportamento Predatório , Animais , Humanos , Índia , RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Clinicians expect newborns to surpass birth weight by age 10 to 14 days, yet few studies have examined the natural history of weight change in the weeks after birth. We sought to determine the distribution of weight loss and subsequent regain during the first month, the proportion not surpassing birth weight by 14 and 21 days, and whether findings differed by delivery mode. METHODS: For 161 471 singleton neonates delivered at ≥36 weeks' gestation at Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Centers between 2009 and 2013 and weighing 2000 to 5000 g at birth, we extracted daily weights from inpatient electronic records and weights from outpatient visits in the first month. Quantile regression appropriate for repeated measures was used to estimate percentiles of weight change as a function of time after birth, stratified by delivery mode. RESULTS: After exclusions, weight data were analyzed from 143 889 newborns (76% born vaginally). Based on percentile estimates, 50% of newborns were at or above birth weight at 9 and 10 days after vaginal and cesarean delivery, respectively. Among those delivered vaginally, 14% and 5% were not back to birth weight by 14 and 21 days, respectively. For those delivered by cesarean, 24% and 8% were not back to birth weight by 14 and 21 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It is not uncommon for newborns to be below birth weight 10 to 14 days after delivery. A larger percentage of newborns delivered by cesarean had yet to regain birth weight at every time point through 1 month.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Nomogramas , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , California , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Masculino , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
AIM: To determine the incidence of surgical injury during deceased donor organ procurements. METHODS: Organ damage was classified into three tiers, from 1-3, with the latter rendering the organ non-transplantable. For 12 consecutive months starting in January of 2014, 36 of 58 organ procurement organization's (OPO)'s prospectively submitted quality data regarding organ damage (as reported by the transplanting surgeon and confirmed by the OPO medical director) seen on the procured organ. RESULTS: These 36 OPOs recovered 5401 of the nations's 8504 deceased donors for calendar year 2014. A total of 19043 organs procured were prospectively analyzed. Of this total, 59 organs sustained damage making them non-transplantable (0 intestines; 4 pancreata; 5 lungs; 6 livers; 43 kidneys). The class 3 damage was spread over 22 (of 36) reporting OPO's. CONCLUSION: While damage to the procured organ is rare with organ loss being approximately 0.3% of procured organs, loss of potential transplantable organs does occur during procurement.