Thoracic Vertebral Canal Stenosis and Vertebral Instability in a Young Minuet Cat.

This report describes a unique case of thoracic vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability in a 1 yr old Minuet cat. The cat presented with a history of chronic progressive nonambulatory paraparesis. Myelography with neutral and stress positions revealed dynamic compression at T1-4. Computed tomography and MRI revealed multiple sites of vertebral endplate osteolysis, adjacent bone sclerosis, intervertebral disk space narrowing, and spondylotic bridging within the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and pedicles, particularly at C6-T4. The cat underwent a right-sided T1-4 hemilaminectomy and C7-T4 vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate. The cat fully recovered without any complication. The case highlights the potential for young cats, especially those with a chondrodysplastic condition, to develop vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability. The surgical treatment described herein resulted in an excellent outcome.

Focusing on a nickel hydrocorphinoid in a protein matrix: methane generation by methyl-coenzyme M reductase with F430 cofactor and its models.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) containing a nickel hydrocorphinoid cofactor, F430, is an essential enzyme that catalyzes anaerobic methane generation and oxidation. The active Ni(I) species in MCR converts methyl-coenzyme M (CH3S-CoM) and coenzyme B (HS-CoB) to methane and heterodisulfide (CoM-S-S-CoB). Extensive experimental and theoretical studies focusing on the substrate-binding cavity including the F430 cofactor in MCR have suggested two principally different reaction mechanisms involving an organonickel CH3-Ni(III) species or a transient methyl radical species. In parallel with research on native MCR itself, the functionality of MCR has been investigated in the context of model complexes of F430 and recent protein-based functional models, which include a nickel complex. In the latter case, hemoproteins reconstituted with tetradehydro- and didehydrocorrinoid nickel complexes have been found to represent useful model systems that are responsible for methane generation. These efforts support the proposed mechanism of the enzymatic reaction and provide important insight into replicating the MCR-like methane-generation process. Furthermore, the modeling of MCR described here is expected to lead to understanding of protein-supported nickel porphyrinoid chemistry as well as the creation of MCR-inspired catalysis.

Impacts of increases and decreases of drugs on rehabilitation outcomes of subacute stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in drugs for subacute stroke patients and elucidate the impact of medications on rehabilitation outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 295 subacute stroke patients who were admitted to the convalescent rehabilitation ward between June 2018 and May 2019 were included. Polypharmacy was defined as five or more drugs at admission. The primary outcome was the Functional Independence Measure Total score (FIM-T) at discharge. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between the FIM-T at discharge and drug changes or other factors. This study was conducted in two stages. The first analysis included all stroke patients, and the second analysis included only stroke patients with polypharmacy. RESULTS: On multiple regression analysis, the number of drugs at admission (ß=-0.628) was associated with FIM-T at discharge of all stroke patients. Furthermore, the number of additional drugs during hospitalization (ß=-1.964) was associated with FIM-T at discharge in the 176 stroke patients with polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the number of drugs at admission and the addition of drugs during hospitalization might have a negative impact on the rehabilitation outcomes of subacute stroke patients.

Complete vaginectomy via a ventral approach with pelvic osteotomy in a cat.

A 6-year-old, intact female, domestic short-hair cat had a 3-month history of obstipation. On physical examination and diagnostic imaging, megacolon secondary to a large, intrapelvic vaginal mass was diagnosed. An ovariohysterectomy and a complete vaginectomy via a ventral midline celiotomy and bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomies were performed. This approach allowed excellent exposure of the entire genital tract necessary to excise the large vaginal mass. The mass was histologically diagnosed as a vaginal fibrous stromal polyp. Obstipation resolved 12 h after surgery. On radiographic recheck 11 d after surgery, the colon had returned to normal size. No major surgical complications were observed. This is the first case report of a complete vaginectomy via the ventral approach with a pelvic osteotomy in a cat. Furthermore, this report describes the different surgical techniques used in animals affected by a large vaginal mass and provides evidence that an aggressive surgical approach and en-bloc excision can be considered for the management of extensive intrapelvic vaginal masses in cats.

Vaginectomie complète par voie ventrale avec ostéotomie pelvienne chez une chatte. Une chatte domestique à poils courts, intacte, âgée de 6 ans, présentait des antécédents d'obstipation depuis 3 mois. À l'examen physique et à l'imagerie diagnostique, un mégacôlon secondaire à une grosse masse vaginale intra-pelvienne a été diagnostiqué. Une ovario-hystérectomie et une vaginectomie complète via une céliotomie médiane ventrale et des ostéotomies pubiennes et ischiatiques bilatérales ont été réalisées. Cette approche a permis une excellente exposition de l'ensemble du tractus génital nécessaire pour exciser la grosse masse vaginale. La masse a été histologiquement diagnostiquée comme étant un polype stromal fibreux vaginal. L'obstipation a été résolue 12 h après la chirurgie. Lors d'une nouvelle vérification radiographique 11 jours après la chirurgie, le côlon avait retrouvé sa taille normale. Aucune complication chirurgicale majeure n'a été observée. Il s'agit du premier rapport de cas d'une vaginectomie complète par voie ventrale avec ostéotomie pelvienne chez une chatte. En outre, ce rapport décrit les différentes techniques chirurgicales utilisées chez les animaux atteints d'un gros polype vaginal et fournit des preuves qu'une approche chirurgicale agressive et une excision en bloc peuvent être envisagées pour la prise en charge des masses vaginales intra-pelviennes étendues chez les chats.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Long-Term Outcome After Surgical Resection of a Spinal Choroid Plexus Tumor in a Dog.

A 6 yr old castrated male Clumber spaniel was referred for evaluation of acute paraplegia. MRI of the thoracolumbar spine demonstrated an intradural-extramedullary mass lesion at the level of T12 and extradural spinal cord compression at L1-L2. A hemilaminectomy was performed to achieve gross total resection of the mass lesion and removal of extruded disc material. A diagnosis of spinal choroid plexus tumor (CPT) and intervertebral disc extrusion was made. At 4 mo postoperatively, MRI demonstrated a mass lesion at the right lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle. Spinal drop metastasis from a primary intracranial CPT was suspected. The dog was ambulating independently and neurologically normal at that time. At 17 mo postoperatively, a third MRI was performed owing to decreased postural reactions in both hind limbs and vision loss in the right eye, and it demonstrated an increase in size of the intracranial mass lesion. These two additional MRI studies of the entire central nervous system showed no other metastatic lesions nor any evidence of local recurrence. At 25 mo postoperatively, the dog died at home. This is the first case report of surgical intervention and antemortem histopathological diagnosis of a spinal CPT in a dog.

Time-dependent oviposition deterrence by an oviposition mark in a fungus-farming lizard beetle.

In insects, the selection of a suitable oviposition site is critical for offspring performance. Avoiding hosts already occupied by conspecific immatures in oviposition is one of the mechanisms to reduce intraspecific competition. The avoidance of such hosts by ovipositing females has been well-documented in parasitoid wasps and phytophagous insects but remains unknown in mycophagous insects. Here, we report that oviposition marks (OMs) of the fungus-farming lizard beetle, Doubledaya bucculenta (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Languriinae), deter conspecific females from oviposition. The females excavate a wall of host bamboo internodes to access cavities for oviposition and plug the holes with excised bamboo fibers after oviposition. A larva completes its development within a single internode. To determine what types of OMs function as oviposition deterrents and how the oviposition-deterring pattern associates with offspring survival, we examined the oviposition behaviors, egg-period lengths, and reactions of larvae to eggs. When a single internode was provided, most females laid eggs in internodes with no OMs, incomplete OMs, or plug-removed completed OMs (COMs), but fewer females laid in internodes with fresh COMs and no females laid in those with old COMs. When eggs were reared under constant temperatures, egg-period lengths varied, suggesting that later-laid eggs sometimes hatch earlier than earlier-laid eggs. When a larva encountered an egg, all eggs were killed shortly. These results suggest that the females avoid internodes associated with high offspring mortality and that the COM's plug contains an oviposition-deterring cue. Given that larvae of oviposition-deterring insects including D. bucculenta inhabit spatiotemporally-limited sites and have limited mobility, high resource competition in the larval stage may have driven the evolution of oviposition deterrence.

Methane Generation and Reductive Debromination of Benzylic Position by Reconstituted Myoglobin Containing Nickel Tetradehydrocorrin as a Model of Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), which contains the nickel hydrocorphinoid cofactor F430, is responsible for biological methane generation under anaerobic conditions via a reaction mechanism which has not been completely elucidated. In this work, myoglobin reconstituted with an artificial cofactor, nickel(I) tetradehydrocorrin (NiI(TDHC)), is used as a protein-based functional model for MCR. The reconstituted protein, rMb(NiI(TDHC)), is found to react with methyl donors such as methyl p-toluenesulfonate and trimethylsulfonium iodide with methane evolution observed in aqueous media containing dithionite. Moreover, rMb(NiI(TDHC)) is found to convert benzyl bromide derivatives to reductively debrominated products without homocoupling products. The reactivity increases in the order of primary > secondary > tertiary benzylic carbons, indicating steric effects on the reaction of the nickel center with the benzylic carbon in the initial step. In addition, Hammett plots using a series of para-substituted benzyl bromides exhibit enhancement of the reactivity with introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents, as shown by the positive slope against polar substituent constants. These results suggest a nucleophilic SN2-type reaction of the Ni(I) species with the benzylic carbon to provide an organonickel species as an intermediate. The reaction in D2O buffer at pD 7.0 causes a complete isotope shift of the product by +1 mass unit, supporting our proposal that protonation of the organonickel intermediate occurs during product formation. Although the turnover numbers are limited due to inactivation of the cofactor by side reactions, the present findings will contribute to elucidating the reaction mechanism of MCR-catalyzed methane generation from activated methyl sources and dehalogenation.

Development of introgression lines of AA genome Oryza species, O. glaberrima, O. rufipogon, and O. nivara, in the genetic background of O. sativa L. cv. Taichung 65.

To evaluate and utilize potentially valuable quantitative trait loci or genes of wild relatives in the genetic background of domesticated crop species, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are a valuable tool. CSSLs can be constructed through the exchange of chromosome segments of AA genome species of the genus Oryza with cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L. Here we report the development of three sets of CSSLs carrying segments of AA genome species closely related to Oryza sativa-O. glaberrima (IRGC 103777 from Mali), O. rufipogon (W1962 from China), and O. nivara (IRGC 105715 from Cambodia)-in the genetic background of ssp. japonica cultivar Taichung 65 through the use of 101 to 121 simple-sequence-repeat markers in whole-genome genotyping and marker-assisted selection. The materials are available via the National Bioresource Project (Rice) Oryzabase Web page.

Clinical outcomes of 119 miniature- and toy-breed dogs with 140 distal radial and ulnar fractures repaired with free-form multiplanar type II external skeletal fixation.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical outcomes of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with primary and previously treated distal radial and ulnar fractures (RUF) treated with a free-form multiplanar type II external skeletal fixation (ESF). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: One hundred nineteen dogs with 140 distal RUF. METHODS: Medical records (2003-2017) were reviewed for dogs weighing up to 7 kg that had been treated for distal RUF with a free-form multiplanar type II ESF. Data collected included signalment, fracture location and configuration, fracture reduction, intraoperative realignment, time to bone union and implant removal, duration of destabilization and postoperative splint, complications, and outcomes. Follow-up consisted of clinical and radiographic evaluation or telephone interview. RESULTS: All fractures healed, with a median time of 60 days, and entire ESF was removed, with a median time of 89 days. Major complications occurred in four fractures: premature pin loosening, elbow subluxation, osteomyelitis, and delayed union. Minor complications occurred in 52 fractures (61 events). All dogs had a successful return to normal limb function at final follow-up (median, seven months; range, 2-97). CONCLUSION: All primary and previously treated distal RUF in miniature- and toy-breed dogs healed and allowed return to normal function after fixation with a free-form multiplanar type II ESF. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The free-form multiplanar type II ESF provides an alternative for minimally invasive fixation of distal RUF in miniature- and toy-breed dogs that facilitates fracture reduction, intraoperative realignment, adequate initial fixation stability, destabilization, and implant removal.

Myoglobin Reconstituted with Ni Tetradehydrocorrin as a Methane-Generating Model of Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase.

Myoglobin reconstituted with Ni tetradehydrocorrin was investigated as a model of F430-containing methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which catalyzes anaerobic methane generation. The NiII tetradehydrocorrin complex has a NiII /NiI redox potential of -0.34 V vs. SHE and EPR spectroscopy indicates the formation of a NiI species upon reduction by dithionite. This redox potential is approximately 0.31 V more positive than that of F430. The NiI tetradehydrocorrin moiety is bound to the apo-form of myoglobin to yield the reconstituted protein. Methane gas is generated in the reaction of the model with methyl iodide in the presence of the reconstituted protein under reductive conditions, whereas the NiI complex itself does not produce methane gas. This is the first example of a protein-based functional model of F430-containing methyl-coenzyme M reductase.

Use of skin stretchers for single-stage bilateral mastectomies in a dog and a cat.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the application of skin stretchers for closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomies in a dog and a cat. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: A 12-year-old intact female Miniature Dachshund and a 13-year-old spayed female domestic short-hair cat. METHODS: Skin stretchers were applied to the site of the skin adjacent to mammary glands for 2-4 days before surgery. Cable tension was adjusted every 6-8 hours to elongate the skin and to achieve primary closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomy without tension. RESULTS: Wound closure after single-stage bilateral mastectomy was achieved without tension or major complication in both animals. CONCLUSION: Use of skin stretchers allows primary closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomy in dogs and cats.

Primary colonic hemangiosarcoma in a dog.

A 13-year-old spayed female miniature dachshund dog was presented with a history of hematochezia, melena, and weight loss. A colonic mass detected by exploratory celiotomy was resected and diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma (HSA). Liver lobectomy for hepatic HSA was performed 894 days after surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy was declined. This is the first documentation of a canine colonic HSA.

Hémangiosarcome primaire du côlon chez un chien. Une chienne Dachsund miniature stérilisée âgée de 13 ans a été présentée avec une anamnèse d'hématochézie, de méléna et de perte de poids. Une masse du côlon détectée par céliotomie exploratoire a été réséquée et diagnostiquée comme un hémangiosarcome (HSA). La lobectomie pour le HSA hépatique a été réalisée 894 jours après la chirurgie. La chimiothérapie adjuvante a été refusée. Il s'agit de la première documentation d'un HSA canin du côlon.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

CuAAC in a Distal Pocket: Metal Active-Template Synthesis of Strapped-Porphyrin [2]Rotaxanes.

The synthesis of a porphyrin rotaxane by dipolar cycloaddition takes advantage of the ditopic character of a phenanthroline-strapped porphyrin. The success of the click reaction was conditioned by the presence of both a coordinatively unsaturated metal in the porphyrin and a copper(I) bound to the phenanthroline, pointing at a new "tandem active metal template" mechanism.

Appropriate selection of an aggregation inhibitor of fine particles used for inhalation prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion.

CONTEXT: Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations have been developed to deliver large amounts of drugs to the lungs. OBJECTIVE: Fine particles of a poorly water-soluble drug, the model drug ONO-2921, were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion (ESD) method for use in a DPI. METHODS: The effects of additives on the fine particle formation of ONO-2921 were estimated when droplets of an ethanolic drug solution were dispersed into aqueous media containing various additives. Subsequently, the suspensions were freeze-dried to create powdered samples to estimate the inhalation properties using a twin impinger and an Andersen cascade impactor. RESULTS: This simple ESD method produced submicron-sized ONO-2921 particles (approximately 600 nm) in combination with suitable additives. In addition, the freeze-dried powder produced using additives exhibited superior in vitro inhalation properties. Among these methods, the freeze-dried powder produced with 0.50% weight/volume one type of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-205) displayed the most efficient features in the fine particle fraction (FPF). These results could be explained by the stabilization of the ONO-2921 suspension by PVA-205, indicating that PVA-205 acts as an aggregation inhibitor of fine particles. CONCLUSIONS: The ESD method, in combination with appropriate types and amounts of additives, may be useful for preparing a DPI suitable for delivering drugs directly to the lungs without the assistance of carrier particles.

Squamous cell carcinoma causing dorsal atlantoaxial spinal cord compression in a dog.

A 12-year-old Chihuahua dog was presented for cervical pain and progressive tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal cord compression due to a mass in the dorsal atlantoaxial region. Surgical treatment was performed. The mass was histopathologically diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma. The dog recovered to normal neurologic status after surgery.

Carcinome squameux causant une compression de la moelle épinière altantoaxiale dorsale chez un chien. Un Chihuahua âgé de 12 ans a été présenté pour de la douleur cervicale et une tétraparésie progressive. Une imagerie par résonance magnétique a révélé une compression de la moelle épinière en raison d'une masse dans la région atlantoaxiale dorsale. Le traitement chirurgical a été réalisé. La masse a été diagnostiquée à l'histopathologie comme étant un carcinome squameux. Le chien a retrouvé une condition neurologique normale après l'opération.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Ethanol extract of Brazilian propolis ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and suppressed protein aggregations caused by hyperhomocysteinemia.

Homocysteine (Hcy) has been proposed to be a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. We investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of action of propolis, which has antioxidant activity on Hcy-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro assays, neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and glioblastoma U-251MG cells were cultured with Hcy and various concentrations of propolis. Cell death and reactive oxygen species production were significantly suppressed by propolis in dose-dependent manner, compared with Hcy alone. For the in vivo assays, mice were fed a propolis-containing diet and Hcy thiolactone in water. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Propolis suppressed cognitive dysfunction caused by hyperhomocysteinemia. Accumulation of aggregated protein in brain was accelerated in hyperhomocysteinemia, and the accumulation was suppressed by propolis. Hyperhomocysteinemia, however, did not enhance the oxidative stress in brain. In vitro amyloid formation assay showed that Hcy accelerated lysozyme aggregation and propolis inhibited the aggregation.

Management of medial luxation of the shoulder joint in toy-breed dogs using an antiluxation pin placed lateral to the supraspinatus muscle tendon: 20 limbs (2017-2022).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and diagnostic findings, surgical procedures, and clinical course of dogs with medial shoulder luxation (MSL) treated with a novel method using an antiluxation pin. ANIMALS: 18 client-owned toy-breed dogs (20 treated limbs). CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Toy-breed dogs with MSL were treated with the antiluxation pin (2017 to 2022). The collected data included signalment, cause of luxation, preoperative and follow-up clinical evaluations with lameness scores (LMS), and radiographic and/or CT findings. RESULTS: Toy Poodle was the most represented breed (17 of 18 dogs [94.4%]). The median age was 10 years. One of 18 dogs had a history of trauma. Medial luxation was confirmed in all limbs using radiography or palpation under general anesthesia. Reluxation occurred in 3 limbs at 1, 4, and 30 days after surgery, respectively. Of these 3 limbs, 1 limb underwent revision to replace the original pin and the other 2 limbs underwent no further treatment. One limb with persistent pain underwent 2 revision surgeries to adjust the pin orientation 30 and 72 days after the initial surgery. Eighteen limbs remained unluxated after the initial or revision surgery until the final follow-up (median, 18.5 months; range, 1 to 63 months). The LMS at the final follow-up for the 18 unluxated limbs (mean, 0.5) was significantly lower than the preoperative LMS (mean, 4.5) (P < .01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A novel method of the antiluxation pin provides an alternative surgical treatment for MSL in toy-breed dogs that is minimally invasive and technically simple.

Video-Based Detection of Freezing of Gait in Daily Clinical Practice in Patients With Parkinsonism.

Freezing of gait (FoG) is a prevalent symptom among individuals with Parkinson's disease and related disorders. FoG detection from videos has been developed recently; however, the process requires using videos filmed within a controlled environment. We attempted to establish an automatic FoG detection method from videos taken in uncontrolled environments such as in daily clinical practices. Motion features of 16 patients were extracted from timed-up-and-go test in 109 video data points, through object tracking and three-dimension pose estimation. These motion features were utilized to form the FoG detection model, which combined rule-based and machine learning-based models. The rule-based model distinguished the frames in which the patient was walking from those when the patient has stopped, using the pelvic position coordinates; the machine learning-based model distinguished between FoG and stop using a combined one-dimensional convolutional neural network and long short-term memory (1dCNN-LSTM). The model achieved a high intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.75-0.94 with a manually-annotated duration of FoG and %FoG. This method is novel as it combines object tracking, 3D pose estimation, and expert-guided feature selection in the preprocessing and modeling phases, enabling FoG detection even from videos captured in uncontrolled environments.

Logistic regression analysis and machine learning for predicting post-stroke gait independence: a retrospective study.

This study investigated whether machine learning (ML) has better predictive accuracy than logistic regression analysis (LR) for gait independence at discharge in subacute stroke patients (n = 843) who could not walk independently at admission. We developed prediction models using LR and five ML algorithms-specifically, the decision tree (DT), support vector machine, artificial neural network, ensemble learning, and k-nearest neighbor methods. Functional Independence Measure sub-items were used to evaluate the ability to walk independently. Model predictive accuracies were evaluated using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) as well as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and specificity. The AUC for DT (0.812) was significantly lower than those for the other algorithms (p < 0.01); however, the AUC for LR (0.895) did not differ significantly from those for the other models (0.893-0.903). Other performance metrics showed no substantial differences between LR and ML algorithms. In conclusion, the DT algorithm had significantly low predictive accuracy, and LR showed no significant difference in predictive accuracy compared with the other ML algorithms. As its predictive accuracy is similar to that of ML, LR can continue to be used for predicting the prognosis of gait independence, with additional advantages of being easily understandable and manually computable.

Two-minute standing endurance test for axial postural abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Photo-based measurement methods are used to assess axial postural abnormalities (PA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, they capture only moments in time. We developed the 2-minute standing endurance test (2 M-SET), which specifically captures temporal changes in posture, as a novel dynamic method for measuring axial PA in patients with PD. RESEARCH QUESTION: This study aimed to verify the effectiveness and validity of the 2 M-SET for capturing temporal changes in axial PA in patients with PD. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with PD participated. The participants attempted to maintain an upright posture for 2 minutes during three tasks: standing, stepping in place, and walking. The rate of change in postural angle was recorded at 10-second intervals. Based on the results, the 2 M-SET was developed. Therapists evaluated the 2 M-SET using the NeuroPostureApp© to measure anterior trunk flexion (ATF) angles and lateral trunk flexion (LTF) angles at 0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 seconds. To assess reliability, the congruence between the measurements obtained by the therapists and those obtained using a three-dimensional motion-analysis system was examined. For validity, we assessed whether the ATF and LTF angles measured by the therapists could accurately capture postural changes at regular intervals over time. RESULTS: The average postural changes over 2 minutes for the standing, stepping in place, and gait tasks were 59.2±83.5%, 37.6±30.7%, and 45.4±50.6%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients showed high reliability, with values of 0.985 and 0.970 for the ATF and LTF angles, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: The results of our proposed 2 M-SET method, which uses temporal photo-based measurements to assess the patient's ability to maintain an upright standing position for 2 minutes, demonstrate the potential to capture temporal changes in axial PA. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request and approval from the local ethics committee.