[Sexist attitudes and recognition of abuse in young couples]. / Actitudes sexistas y reconocimiento del maltrato en parejas jóvenes.

AIM: To explore the association between gender-role attitudes and the recognition of abuse among adolescents and young adults during dating relationships. DESIGN: Cross-correlation study. LOCATION: 57 schools of secondary education, vocational education and university in five provinces of Spain (Huelva, Seville, A Coruña, Pontevedra and Asturias). PARTICIPANTS: 4,337 students aged between 15 and 26 years (40.6% males and 59.4% female) who had a dating relationship that lasted more than a month. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The Gender Role Attitudes Scale was used, which consists of 20 indicators of egalitarian or sexism attitudes at the family, social and occupational level. The students also reported whether they suffered from recognized abuse (RA), unperceived abuse (UPA), or not abused (NA). RESULTS: In the whole sample, 68.6% declared themselves NA, 26.4% were under a situation of UPA, and 5.0% were RA. The RA group was more frequent among the females (6.3%), ≥18 years (6.4%) and university students (6.9%). UPA was more common in males (30.2%). The most sexist attitudes were found in the occupational dimension and especially in men and adolescents (15-17 years). Less sexist attitudes were associated with a lower probability of experiencing UPA (odds ratio=.71; P-trend<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sexism seems to hinder the recognition of abuse. Achieving gender equity in adolescence and youth is imperative. Public health efforts should focus on men, as they constitute the group with more sexist attitudes and with higher prevalence of UPA.

Diurnal variations of central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in dogs from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm.

Diurnal variations in central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and their relationships were studied in healthy dogs. Central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry and IOP by applanation tonometry in 16 beagle dogs. Measurements were taken every 90 min over 12 h (08:00 am to 08:00 pm). The mean CCT and IOP values obtained during the sampling period were 545.6 ± 21.7 µm (range: 471 to 595 µm) and 15 ± 2.2 mmHg (range: 10 to 19 mmHg), respectively. The CCT and IOP showed statistically significant decreases at 6:30 pm and 5:00 pm, respectively (P < 0.001). Central corneal thickness and IOP values were lower in the afternoon/evening than in the morning and were positively correlated. Both findings are important for the diagnostic interpretation of IOP values in dogs.

Variations diurnes de l'épaisseur de la cornée centrale et de la pression intraoculaire chez les chiens, de 8 heures à 20 heures. Les variations quotidiennes de l'épaisseur de la cornée centrale (ECC) par pachymétrie ultrasonore, ainsi que la pression intraoculaire (PIO) obtenue par tonométrie à aplanissement, ont été étudiées chez seize chiens beagle en bonne santé. La relation entre ces deux paramètres a aussi été évaluée. Les mesures ont été effectuées toutes les 90 minutes durant douze heures (08:00 am à 08:00 pm). Les valeurs moyennes de ECC et PIO obtenues durant la période de l'expérience ont été respectivement de 545,6 ± 21,7 µm (valeurs extrêmes de 471 à 595 µm) et de 15 ± 2,2 mmHg (valeurs extrêmes de 10 à 19 mmHg). La mesure de l'épaisseur cornéenne ainsi que la pression intraoculaire ont montré statistiquement une baisse significative après 6:30 pm et 05:00 pm (P < 0,001) respectivement. Les valeurs de l'ECC et de la PIO étaient plus basses l'après-midi que le matin, avec une corrélation positive entre les deux.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Dating Violence in University Students: Validation of the DVQ-VP Scale In Bolivia.

Background: Dating violence is an increasingly studied subject as it is related to the initial stages of what could later become intimate partner violence and even intrafamily violence. It is believed that love can cause behavioral patterns that will eventually become habits. The objective: of this study is to have valid and reliable instruments, adapted to different contexts, to accurately and promptly evaluate victims and aggressors and guide an appropriate intervention. Method: we worked with 2216 volunteer university students from Bolivia who had at least one relationship in the past twelve months. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to adapt the Dating Violence Questionnaire for Victimization and Perpetration (DVQ-VP) for the Bolivian context. Results: the appropriate psychometric characteristics were confirmed for evaluating violence in dating relationships using a reduced version of 18 items in a five-factor model for victims and a single-factor scale for the evaluation of aggressors, which were found to be invariant for sex. Conclusions: a significant variability was found among the studies, making them less comparable. The implications and limitations of the study are noted.

Antecedentes: La violencia en el noviazgo es un tema que se estudia cada vez más, ya que se relaciona con las etapas iniciales de lo que más tarde podría convertirse en violencia de pareja e incluso violencia intrafamiliar. Se cree que el amor puede causar patrones de comportamiento que eventual mente se convertirán en hábitos. El objetivo: de este estudio es contar con instrumentos válidos y fiables, adaptados a diferentes contextos, para evaluar con precisión y prontitud a las víctimas y agresores, además de orientar una intervención adecuada. Método: Trabajamos con 2216 estudiantes universitarios voluntarios de Bolivia que tuvieron al menos una relación de pareja en los últimos doce meses. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para adaptar el DVQ-VP al contexto boliviano. Resultados: Se confirmaron las características psicométricas adecuadas para evaluar la violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo utilizando una versión reducida de 18 ítems en un modelo de cinco factores para las víctimas y una escala de un solo factor para la evaluación de los agresores, que se encontraron invariantes para el sexo. Conclusiones: Se señalan las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio.

Evaluation of Affective Coexistence in Young Afro-Colombians in the Department of Chocó-Colombia.

Various works of research into violence in relationships between young couples refer to a lack of perception of some behavior patterns such as abuse. This means that the relationship has the potential risk of developing into one of victimization should it last into adulthood. Although it has been shown that this phenomenon may occur in any sector of the population, the interest of our study rests upon determining the prevalence of the perception of violent behavior patterns in relationships between adolescent and young adult couples. We also aim to analyze the differences obtained with respect to the characteristics of the aggressors in the young Afro-Colombian population of Quibdó, Colombia. The participants in the study consisted of 540 young Afro-Colombians of both sexes between 15 and 27 years of age. The instrument used was the reduced version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire. The results show a high level of victimization through violent behavior on the part of the partner, in great measure exercised by generalist aggressors. However, a small proportion could be perceived as abuse. The implications and possible means of intervention are discussed.

Effectiveness of Modalities to Teach Evidence Based Medicine to Pediatric Clerkship Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional didactic session (TDS) as compared to a self-paced, interactive, multimedia module (SPM) on the application of evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills among medical students during their inpatient pediatric rotation. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial from June, 2017 to June, 2018 at a quaternary care children's hospital. Students were randomized to TDS or SPM during each 2-week block. All students completed a critical appraisal tool (CAT) of evidence related to a clinical question in a standardized appraisal form and self-reflected about the EBM process. The primary outcome was the numeric score of the CAT derived by using the validated Fresno tool. Secondary outcomes of knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and self-reported behaviors related to EBM were measured using validated surveys. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test for CAT scores and mixed-model procedure (PROC MIXED), with subject as random effect and time as repeated measure for the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven clerkship students were included. Overall, there was no significant difference in mean CAT scores for TDS (n = 59) versus SPM (n = 66) groups (90.3 vs 92.0, P = .65). There were no significant differences between SPM and TDS groups for knowledge (P = .66), attitudes (P = .97), confidence (P  = .55), and accessing evidence (P = .27). Both groups showed significant gains in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and accessing evidence from baseline to postcourse. Improvements in knowledge and confidence were sustained at 3-months. CONCLUSION: A SPM learning module is as effective as a TDS module for application of EBM concepts and knowledge to patient care.

Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes among health sciences students from three Spanish universities.

OBJECTIVE: To explore university health science students' intimate partner violence tolerance and sexist attitudes and to examine their trend throughout the academic years. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of students of both sexes of the degrees of medicine, nursing, and psychology from three selected Spanish universities (n = 1,322). Data were collected anonymously using two validated scales: the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ-R) and the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). Logistic regressions were used to compare tolerance toward violence and sexist attitudes across the degrees. The evolution of these variables throughout different academic courses was assessed. RESULTS: Of the sample, 62.8% were tolerant towards intimate partner violence. The percentage of tolerant students was significantly higher in Psychology (75.9%) than in Nursing (57.7%) and Medicine Degrees (60.3%). A higher percentage of sexist students was also found in psychology students (80.8%) than in nursing (62.2%) and medicine students (62.7%). Compared to the first-year students, female medicine students of the last courses were less tolerant to intimate partner violence (p-trend <0.001), and male medicine students had less sexist attitudes (p-trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes were very high, especially among psychology students. These indicators were significantly better among medicine students of higher courses, suggesting a positive effect of medical training. Intimate partner violence in the university education of the future health professionals should be addressed. .

Psychometric properties of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) in adolescents and young adults from Southern Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol abuse is a worldwide health problem because of its association with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and interpersonal conflicts. In Mexico, young people are the group most severely affected by high levels of alcohol intake. This study attempts to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in the Mexican youth population, since validation studies do not currently exist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An opinion sampling method was used based on the inclusion criteria for the study and the accessibility of the sample. Participants' ages ranged from 14 to 30, and 44.2% (N = 854) were male and 55.8% (N = 1078) were female. RESULTS: The psychometric guarantees of AUDIT have been confirmed, highlighting the value of Alpha Cronbach (.804) of the scale, and the validity of its internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, which showed the validity of the model of the three factors (Risky use, Dependence symptoms, and Harmful alcohol use). The results confirm a pattern of non-daily use, and concentrated, excess use on a single occasion. The existence of significant differences has also been confirmed in terms of the legal drinking age in some of the indicators used, and the risk of alcohol consumption increases with age. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate psychometric properties of AUDIT have been confirmed in the Mexican youth population. It shows a public health issue that requires the design of prevention programs that impact risk factors and promote protective factors.

Validation of Dating Violence Questionnarie-R (DVQ-R).

Despite the growing interest in the study of dating violence, relatively few psychometrically sound instruments are available to researchers. To provide an instrument to researchers and professionals to assess victimization in dating relationships, with adequate psychometric properties. Method: Participants were 6,138 adolescents drawn from the general population, 25% of which were university students. Participants responded to the original Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). Results: Confirmatory analyses results provided evidence of a clear factorial structure that was invariant through sex groups. The DVQ-R measures with 20 items five dimensions of abuse in affective interpersonal relationships of adolescents and youth: Detachment, Humiliation, Coercion, Physical and Sexual violence. Internal consistency indexes were adequate for both each one of the five dimensions as well as for the general scale. Conclusions: The DVQ-R is an useful assessment to be applied in adolescents and youth. Implications for research and intervention are discussed in light of the results obtained.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: La problemática de las relaciones afectivas entre los jóvenes ofrece como punto débil el no contar con un instrumento específico, válido y fiable. El objetivo es ofrecer un instrumento fácil de administrar a los investigadores y los profesionales para evaluar la victimización en las relaciones afectivas de adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: Los participantes son 6.138 adolescentes y jóvenes, con un 25% de universitarios. Se administró la versión original de 42 ítems del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CUVINO). Resultados: Los datos ofrecen unos índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, a la vez que una buena consistencia interna de la prueba, tanto para el total como para cada uno de los factores; a su vez, el análisis de invarianza factorial por multigrupo indica un ajuste adecuado para la variable sexo. La versión breve de 20 ítems evalúa cinco dimensiones: Desapego, Humillación, Coerción, Violencia física y Violencia sexual. Conclusiones: El CUVINO-R es un instrumento de evaluación útil para ser aplicado en adolescentes y jóvenes. Se discuten implicaciones para la investigación y la intervención desde los resultados obtenidos.

Análisis diferencial del desgaste laboral emocional en profesionales de atención socio-sanitaria geriátrica / Differential Analysis of Emotional Work Wear in Geriatric Socio-health Care Professionals

Resumen El síndrome deBurnouttiene un largo recorrido histórico en el ámbito público de los profesionales dedicados al cuidado de ancianos. En este estudio pretendemos conocer la influencia de diversas variables sociodemográficas sobre el desgaste laboral en profesionales de residencias públicas. La muestra está constituida por 136 trabajadores de ambos géneros y con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años, que desempeñan labores de atención directa y gestión psicosocial. Los instrumentos aplicados han sido el Inventario deburnoutde Maslach & Jackson (1986), y el Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ-28), de Goldberg & Hillier (1979). Nuestros resultados refieren la existencia de diferencias por sexo (en el cansancio emocional, así como en elburnouten general) y por tiempo de antigüedad en la profesión (concretamente en realización personal y enburnouten general). Estos resultados van a reforzar la necesidad de potenciar la resiliencia de los equipos interdisciplinares de profesionales orientados a proteger la salud de las personas trabajadoras en materia de prevención de riesgos laborales.

Abstract Burnout syndrome has had a long history in the public arena of professionals dedicated to the care of the elderly. In this study, we aim to understand the influence of various socio-demographic variables on work-related wear of professionals in public residences. The sample consists of 136 workers of both genders, aged between 18 and 60, who carry out direct care and psychosocial management tasks. The instruments applied were the burnout inventory by Maslach & Jackson (1986), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) by Goldberg & Hillier (1979). Our results point to the existence of differences by sex in emotional fatigue as well as in burnout in general; and by work seniority (specifically, in personal fulfillment; and in burnout in general). These results will reinforce the need to strengthen the resilience of interdisciplinary professional teams aimed at protecting the health of working people in terms of occupational risk prevention.

Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes among health sciences students from three Spanish universities / Tolerancia de la violencia en la pareja y las actitudes sexistas entre estudiantes universitarios/as de ciencias de la salud de tres universidades españolas

OBJECTIVE: To explore university health science students' intimate partner violence tolerance and sexist attitudes and to examine their trend throughout the academic years. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of students of both sexes of the degrees of medicine, nursing, and psychology from three selected Spanish universities (n = 1,322). Data were collected anonymously using two validated scales: the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ-R) and the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). Logistic regressions were used to compare tolerance toward violence and sexist attitudes across the degrees. The evolution of these variables throughout different academic courses was assessed. RESULTS: Of the sample, 62.8% were tolerant towards intimate partner violence. The percentage of tolerant students was significantly higher in Psychology (75.9%) than in Nursing (57.7%) and Medicine Degrees (60.3%). A higher percentage of sexist students was also found in psychology students (80.8%) than in nursing (62.2%) and medicine students (62.7%).compared to the first-year students, female medicine students of the last courses were less tolerant to intimate partner violence (p-trend <0.001), and male medicine students had less sexist attitudes (p-trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes were very high, especially among psychology students. These indicators were significantly better among medicine students of higher courses, suggesting a positive effect of medical training. Intimate partner violence in the university education of the future health professionals should be addressed

OBJETIVO: Explorar la tolerancia de la violencia en la pareja y las actitudes sexistas en estudiantes universitarios/as de ciencias de la salud, y estudiar su tendencia a lo largo de los cursos. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal en estudiantes de ambos sexos de medicina, enfermería y psicología de tres universidades españolas (n = 1322). Se utilizaron dos escalas validadas y anónimas: Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios-Revisado (DVQ-R) y Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG). Mediante regresiones logísticas se compararon la tolerancia al abuso y las actitudes sexistas entre titulaciones, y se estudió su evolución a lo largo de la formación académica. RESULTADOS: El 62,8% se mostraron tolerantes ante la violencia en la pareja. El porcentaje de estudiantes tolerantes fue significativamente más elevado en psicología (75,9%) que en enfermería (57,7%) y medicina (60,3%). También se encontró un mayor porcentaje de estudiantes sexistas en psicología (80,8%) que en enfermería (62,2%) y medicina (62,7%). En comparación con estudiantes de nuevo acceso, las estudiantes de medicina de los últimos cursos fueron menos tolerantes a la violencia (p <0,001) y los estudiantes de medicina varones tuvieron menos actitudes sexistas (p = 0,002). CONCLUSIONES: La tolerancia de la violencia en la pareja y las actitudes sexistas fueron muy elevadas, especialmente en psicología. Estos indicadores fueron significativamente mejores en estudiantes de medicina de los cursos superiores, lo que sugiere un efecto positivo de la formación médica. Se debería mejorar el abordaje de la violencia en la pareja en la formación universitaria de los/las futuros/as profesionales sanitarios/as

Development of the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) amongst young Spanish people.

Gender roles depend on the attitudes and beliefs about them, which at the same time facilitate the formation of stereotypes that will foster violence in interpersonal relationships in couples. The assessment tools used tend to represent the sexist attitude towards women, without taking into account that men can also be recipients of the same behavior from their partner. The objective of the study is to provide an improved scale for the assessment of gender role attitudes, based on the theoretical perspective of gender equality. The sample comprises 2,136 young Spanish men and women, students in Vocational Training (Spanish acronym FP) and at university in the age range 15-26 years old. The results show the existence of a single bipolar factor - transcendent attitudes vs. sexist attitudes - fulfilling psychometric fit indices, and providing the basis for modifying attitudes depending on the difficulty of the items for such modification. The implications for intervention are oriented based on the perspective of prevention and changing sexist gender attitudes.

Los roles de género dependen de las actitudes y creencias acerca de los mismos, lo que al mismo tiempo facilita la formación de estereotipos que favorecerán la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales de pareja. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados tienden a representar la actitud sexista hacia las mujeres sin tener presente que los hombres pueden ser también receptores del mismo comportamiento por parte de su pareja. El objetivo del estudio es crear una escala mejorada para la evaluación de las actitudes de rol de género, tomando como base la perspectiva teórica de la igualdad de género. La muestra está formada por 2.136 jóvenes españoles de ambos sexos, estudiantes de Formación Profesional (FP) y Universitarios, cuyas edades están en el rango de 15 a 26 años. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un único factor bipolar -actitudes trascendentes vs. actitudes sexistas- cumpliendo los índices de ajuste psicométricos, y ofreciendo las bases de la modificación de las actitudes en función de la dificultad de los ítems para dicho cambio. Las implicaciones para la intervención se orientan en base a la perspectiva de la prevención y el cambio de actitudes sexistas de género.

Actitudes sexistas y reconocimiento del maltrato en parejas jóvenes / Sexist attitudes and recognition of abuse in young couples

OBJETIVO: Explorar la asociación entre las actitudes de rol de género y el reconocimiento del maltrato en jóvenes. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Cincuenta y siete centros de educación secundaria, formación profesional y universitaria de 5 provincias españolas (Huelva, Sevilla, A Coruña, Pontevedra y Asturias). PARTICIPANTES: Un total de 4.337 estudiantes de entre 15 y 26 años (40,6% chicos y 59,4% chicas) que mantuvieron una relación de pareja durante un mes o más. Mediciones principales: Se utilizó la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género, con 20 indicadores de actitudes igualitarias o sexistas a nivel familiar, social y laboral. También se estudió si la persona estaba en una situación de maltrato percibido (MP), maltrato no percibido (MNP) o no maltrato (NM). RESULTADOS: En el conjunto de la muestra, el 68,6% se declaró NM, el 26,4% vivía una situación de MNP y el 5,0% reconoció sufrir maltrato. El MP fue más frecuente entre las chicas (6,3%), en los/as ≥ 18 años (6,4%) y en el alumnado universitario (6,9%). El MNP fue más habitual en los chicos (30,2%). Las actitudes más sexistas se encontraron en la dimensión laboral, y especialmente en varones y en adolescentes (15-17 años). Las actitudes menos sexistas se asociaron con menor probabilidad de vivir situaciones de MNP (odds ratio = 0,71; p-tendencia < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El sexismo parece dificultar el reconocimiento del maltrato. Lograr la equidad de género en la adolescencia y juventud es imprescindible. Los esfuerzos deberían centrarse en los varones, por ser el grupo con actitudes más sexistas y con mayor prevalencia de MNP

AIM: To explore the association between gender-role attitudes and the recognition of abuse among adolescents and young adults during dating relationships. DESIGN: Cross-correlation study. LOCATION: 57 schools of secondary education, vocational education and university in five provinces of Spain (Huelva, Seville, A Coruña, Pontevedra and Asturias). PARTICIPANTS: 4,337 students aged between 15 and 26 years (40.6% males and 59.4% female) who had a dating relationship that lasted more than a month. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The Gender Role Attitudes Scale was used, which consists of 20 indicators of egalitarian or sexism attitudes at the family, social and occupational level. The students also reported whether they suffered from recognized abuse (RA), unperceived abuse (UPA), or not abused (NA). RESULTS: In the whole sample, 68.6% declared themselves NA, 26.4% were under a situation of UPA, and 5.0% were RA. The RA group was more frequent among the females (6.3%), ≥ 18 years (6.4%) and university students (6.9%). UPA was more common in males (30.2%). The most sexist attitudes were found in the occupational dimension and especially in men and adolescents (15-17 years). Less sexist attitudes were associated with a lower probability of experiencing UPA (odds ratio = .71; P-trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sexism seems to hinder the recognition of abuse. Achieving gender equity in adolescence and youth is imperative. Public health efforts should focus on men, as they constitute the group with more sexist attitudes and with higher prevalence of UPA

Tolerance towards dating violence in Spanish adolescents.

The study of intimate partner violence among adolescent and young couples in Spain remains unattended, although such abuses are well known and more frequent than in adulthood. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to provide epidemiological information on dating relationships, and on the other hand, to identify attitudes towards violence. 2205 women enrolled in schools in diverse provinces of Spain, participated in the study. Average age was near 19 years (SD= 2.25). The Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ, in Spanish, CUVINO), a questionnaire that assesses both frequency and distress associated with violent behavior, was used. The DVQ allowed differentiating between groups of women self-labeled as abused and not abused on the basis of the frequency of sustained violence, although the levels of distress in the face of violence were statistically similar in both groups. Implications for future research and prevention programs are discussed.

Validation of Dating Violence Questionnarie-R (DVQ-R) / Validación del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios-Revisado (CUVINO-R)

Background/Objective: Despite the growing interest in the study of dating violence, relatively few psychometrically sound instruments are available to researchers. To provide an instrument to researchers and professionals to assess victimization in dating relationships, with adequate psychometric properties. Method: Participants were 6,138 adolescents drawn from the general population, 25% of which were university students. Participants responded to the original Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). Results: Confirmatory analyses results provided evidence of a clear factorial structure that was invariant through sex groups. The DVQ-R measures with 20 items five dimensions of abuse in affective interpersonal relationships of adolescents and youth: Detachment, Humiliation, Coercion, Physical and Sexual violence. Internal consistency indexes were adequate for both each one of the five dimensions as well as for the general scale. Conclusions: The DVQ-R is an useful assessment to be applied in adolescents and youth. Implications for research and intervention are discussed in light of the results obtained (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: La problemática de las relaciones afectivas entre los jóvenes ofrece como punto débil el no contar con un instrumento específico, válido y fiable. El objetivo es ofrecer un instrumento fácil de administrar a los investigadores y los profesionales para evaluar la victimización en las relaciones afectivas de adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: Los participantes son 6.138 adolescentes y jóvenes, con un 25% de universitarios. Se administró la versión original de 42 ítems del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CUVINO). Resultados: Los datos ofrecen unos índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, a la vez que una buena consistencia interna de la prueba, tanto para el total como para cada uno de los factores; a su vez, el análisis de invarianza factorial por multigrupo indica un ajuste adecuado para la variable sexo. La versión breve de 20 ítems evalúa cinco dimensiones: Desapego, Humillación, Coerción, Violencia física y Violencia sexual. Conclusiones: El CUVINO-R es un instrumento de evaluación útil para ser aplicado en adolescentes y jóvenes. Se discuten implicaciones para la investigación y la intervención desde los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Tolerance of abuse within Mexican adolescent relationships

Violence in interpersonal relationships in young people has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Studies of dating violence show that one of the resources available for the young to help perceive and distinguish abusive or violent behaviour is an indicator which increases the ability to recognise as well as confront the reality of abuse. Certain violent behaviour however can be perceived as non-abusive, where the victim and the aggressor can share an abnormal view of the relationship in which possession, jealousy and exclusivity are considered significant elements within the relationship. The objective of this study is to understand and establish the levels of aggravation (degree of tolerance) towards violent behaviour in relationships of engaged adolescent Mexicans affected by abuse, by considering gender and level of perception of abuse as variables. The sample was formed of 3304 young Mexican students between the ages of 13 and 22, containing 1432 boys and 1872 girls, 1383 pursuing university studies, whereas the remaining 1921 were pre-university students. CUVINO was administered in order to determine the abusive conduct and levels of discomfort (tolerance), which allowed us to observe that the highest levels of discomfort, greater than those caused by any other kind of abuse, are experienced by women, especially regarding sexual victimization within the category of those non-abused women that presented a lower level of tolerance. This finding led us to identify, as a major risk factor, those men and women with a high level of tolerance, who did not perceive themselves as having been abused. (AU)

AFRONTAMIENTO DE CONFLICTOS EN LA SOCIALIZACIÓN ADOLESCENTE. PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO / Coping of conflicts in the teen socialization. Proposal of a model

La desadaptación juvenil está asociada con diversos factores psicosociales, y los de carácter familiar y escolar son algunos de los más significativos. El objetivo del estudio es explicar la relación que existe entre los factores de socialización y afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas para el desarrollo de una competencia social adaptada en el periodo adolescente. Para ello, se seleccionaron los participantes mediante un muestreo intencional, con submues-treo por conglomerados, y el total fue de 493 alumnos adolescentes (rango de edad de 12 a 19 años). Los resultados confirman que los adolescentes cuentan con los medios suficientes para afrontar los problemas y optan por la inmediatez de la respuesta, constatando como variables importantes aquellas que tienen que ver con el apoyo social y la consideración de los demás, la influencia negativa del retraimiento social y el autocontrol en las relaciones sociales. Se plantea la importancia del proceso de socialización en el andamiaje para alcanzar una adaptación competente.

The juvenile maladjustment is associated with several psychosocial factors, the family and school some of the most significant. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between socialization and coping factors in problem solving for the development of social competence adapted in the adolescent period. To this end, participants selected trough by purposive sampling with subsampling cluster with a total of 493 adolescents students (age range 12-19 years). The found results confirm that our teenagers have the means to address problems and opt for the immediacy of the response, noting important variables as those having to do with social support and consideration of others, the negative influence of social withdrawal and self-control in social relations. The importance of the socialization process in the scaffold is proposed to achieve a competent adaptation.

La psicopatía: una revisión bibliográfica y bibliométrica / A psicopatia: uma revisão bibliográfica e bibliométrica / Psychopathy: a bibliographic and bibliometric review

La psicopatía es un trastorno de personalidad caracterizado tanto por la falta de afecto, remordimientos y empatía como por seducción, manipulación y utilización del otro. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión bibliométrica sobre los artículos de revistas científicas recogidos en la plataforma de datos PsycINFO, hasta febrero del 2013, en base a los descriptores "Psychopathy" y "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Los resultados ofrecen información sobre: la evolución y tratamiento de ambos términos, la productividad anual, lugar de publicación, revistas científicas, autores más prolíficos, conceptos clave más utilizados, así como se concretizan los esfuerzos en muestras penitenciarias, mediante la realización de un análisis del contenido de los principales autores y la intervención en la psicopatía, lo que nos permite observar la necesidad de aumentar los criterios de diagnóstico de la psicopatía, aludiendo a la perspectiva de género, al contexto social, y a las características de personalidad.

A psicopatía é um transtorno de personalidade caracterizado tanto por falta de afeto, remorsos e empatía como sedução, manipulação e uso do outro. Nosso objetivo é realizar uma revisão bibliométrica de artigos em revistas científicas recolhidas no banco de dados PsycINFO até fevereiro de 2013, a partir dos descritores "Psicopatia" e "Transtorno da Personalidade Anti-Social". Os resultados fornecem informações sobre: o desenvolvimento e tratamento de ambos os termos, a produtividade anual, local de publicação, revistas científicas, autores mais produtivos, conceitos-chave mais utilizados, assim como os esforços em amostras penitenciárias realizando uma análise de conteúdo dos principais autores e a intervenção em psicopatia, permitindo mostrar a necessidade de incrementar os critérios de diagnóstico de psicopatia, em referência ao gênero, ao contexto social e à caracteristicas de personalidade.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized both by a lack of affection, remorse and empathy, as by the ability to seduce, manipulate and use other people. Our goal is to perform a bibliometric review of articles published in scientific journals listed in the PsycINFO database by February 2013, using the keywords "Psychopathy" and "Antisocial Personality Disorder". The results provide information on the evolution and treatment of both terms; annual productivity; place of publication; recurrent scientific journals; most prolific authors; most popular keywords; as well as efforts undertaken in prison samples. Content analysis of the main authors show the need to increase diagnostic criteria for psychopathy according to gender, social context and personality traits.

Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH): prevalencia y características sociodemográficas en población reclusa / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): prevalence and sociodemographic features in imprisoned population

ResumenDiversos estudios coinciden en señalar que la prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en internos penitenciarios es significativamente mayor que en la población general. En este contexto, la literatura muestra que existe una importante presencia de síntomas del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) en esta población. Sin embargo, la investigación al respecto es escasa. En este estudio se estimó la prevalencia con cribado positivo para TDAH en la población penitenciaria, y se establecieron las características sociodemográficas asociadas al trastorno. Se administraron dos escalas de evaluación del TDAH ampliamente empleadas y validadas en población adulta - ASRS y WURS. Los participantes fueron 143 presos del Establecimiento Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 69 años. Los resultados obtenidos indican una prevalencia aparente del TDAH en torno al 25% utilizando ambas escalas y con resultados coincidentes entre ellas. Además se encontraron diferencias significativas por sexo, por nivel de escolaridad y situación laboral, con diferentes perfiles según la presencia de los síntomas del TDAH. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de estudiar las consecuencias de este trastorno en la población penitenciaria, con el objeto de mejorar el manejo terapéutico en este contexto, atendiendo a sus características. (AU)

AbstractThere is a good deal of evidence suggesting that the prevalence of mental disorders among imprisoned people is significantly higher that in general population. In this context, literature shows that there is an important presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) within this population. However, research on this topic is lacking. This study estimated the prevalence of ADHD in a penitentiary population by means of positive screening and established the sociodemographic characteristics related to the presence of the disorder. Two different scales of ADHD, widely applied and validated for adult population, were used for this purpose - ASRS and WURS. One-hundred and forty three prisoners between 18 and 69 years old from Villabona's Penitentiary Establishment (Asturias, Spain) took part in this study. Results showed 25% of apparent prevalence of ADHD, using both scales. Statistically significant differences were found in sex, educational level and employment situation, showing different profiles as a function of the presence of ADHD symptoms. These results highlight the need to study the consequences of this disorder within imprisoned populations in order to improve therapeutic management, paying attention to their characteristics. (AU)

Relación de maltrato en el noviazgo de jóvenes mexicanos: análisis diferencial por sexo y nivel de estudios / Intimate partner violence in the relationships of mexican youth: differential analysis by sex and level of schooling

El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la prevalencia de conductas de violencia o maltrato de pareja (dating violence), y las diferencias por sexo y nivel de estudios a través de los ocho factores reportados desde el cuestionario CUVINO (alfa = .92). La muestra utilizada fue de 3495 jóvenes mexicanos (1537 hombres y 1958 mujeres), de los cuales 55.2 por ciento eran preuniversitarios y 44.8 por ciento universitarios. Los resultados mostraron una elevada prevalencia de victimización especialmente en el tipo de maltrato categorizado como psicológico (desapego, coerción, humillación), por género y sexual; las adolescentes reportan más perpetración de violencia en el noviazgo y menos victimización, tanto en preuniversitarios como en universitarios. Los varones tienen una percepción de maltrato mayor, especialmente de tipo físico, castigo emocional e instrumental, aunque no son las conductas de mayor ocurrencia. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of violent behavior or partner abuse (dating violence), as well as gender differences and level of schooling in a sample of 3495 Mexican youth (1537 males and 1958 females; 55.2 percent pre-undergraduate and 44.8 percent undergraduate students) through the eight factors from the CUVINO measure (alpha = .92). The results showed a high prevalence of victimization, especially for the abuse categorized as psychological (detachment, coercion, humiliation), gender-related and sexual-related; Female adolescents report more perpetration of dating violence and less victimization, both at the pre-undergraduate and undergraduate levels. Males have a greater perception of abuse, especially physical, emotional and instrumental punishment, though not higher occurrence behaviors. The implications of the results are discussed.

La psicopatía: Una revisión bibliográfica y bibliométrica / A psicopatia: uma revisão bibliográfica e bibliométrica / Psychopathy: a Bibliographic and Bibliometric Review

La psicopatía es un trastorno de personalidad caracterizado tanto por la falta de afecto, remordimientos y empatía como por seducción, manipulación y utilización del otro. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión bibliométrica sobre los artículos de revistas científicas recogidos en la plataforma de datos PsycINFO, hasta febrero del 2013, en base a los descriptores "Psychopathy" y "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Los resultados ofrecen información sobre: la evolución y tratamiento de ambos términos, la productividad anual, lugar de publicación, revistas científicas, autores más prolíficos, conceptos clave más utilizados, así como se concretizan los esfuerzos en muestras penitenciarias, mediante la realización de un análisis del contenido de los principales autores y la intervención en la psicopatía, lo que nos permite observar la necesidad de aumentar los criterios de diagnóstico de la psicopatía, aludiendo a la perspectiva de género, al contexto social, y a las características de personalidad(AU)

A psicopatía é um transtorno de personalidade caracterizado tanto por falta de afeto, remorsos e empatía como sedução, manipulação e uso do outro. Nosso objetivo é realizar uma revisão bibliométrica de artigos em revistas científicas recolhidas no banco de dados PsycINFO até fevereiro de 2013, a partir dos descritores "Psicopatia" e "Transtorno da Personalidade Anti-Social". Os resultados fornecem informações sobre: o desenvolvimento e tratamento de ambos os termos, a produtividade anual, local de publicação, revistas científicas, autores mais produtivos, conceitos-chave mais utilizados, assim como os esforços em amostras penitenciárias realizando uma análise de conteúdo dos principais autores e a intervenção em psicopatia, permitindo mostrar a necessidade de incrementar os critérios de diagnóstico de psicopatia, em referência ao gênero, ao contexto social e à caracteristicas de personalidade(AU)

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized both by a lack of affection, remorse and empathy, as by the ability to seduce, manipulate and use other people. Our goal is to perform a bibliometric review of articles published in scientific journals listed in the PsycINFO database by February 2013, using the keywords "Psychopathy" and "Antisocial Personality Disorder". The results provide information on the evolution and treatment of both terms; annual productivity; place of publication; recurrent scientific journals; most prolific authors; most popular keywords; as well as efforts undertaken in prison samples. Content analysis of the main authors show the need to increase diagnostic criteria for psychopathy according to gender, social context and personality traits(AU)