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1.
Cell ; 187(1): 79-94.e24, 2024 01 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38181743

RESUMO

The CD4-binding site (CD4bs) is a conserved epitope on HIV-1 envelope (Env) that can be targeted by protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV-1 vaccines have not elicited CD4bs bnAbs for many reasons, including the occlusion of CD4bs by glycans, expansion of appropriate naive B cells with immunogens, and selection of functional antibody mutations. Here, we demonstrate that immunization of macaques with a CD4bs-targeting immunogen elicits neutralizing bnAb precursors with structural and genetic features of CD4-mimicking bnAbs. Structures of the CD4bs nAb bound to HIV-1 Env demonstrated binding angles and heavy-chain interactions characteristic of all known human CD4-mimicking bnAbs. Macaque nAb were derived from variable and joining gene segments orthologous to the genes of human VH1-46-class bnAb. This vaccine study initiated in primates the B cells from which CD4bs bnAbs can derive, accomplishing the key first step in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , HIV-1 , Animais , Humanos , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes , Antígenos CD4 , Moléculas de Adesão Celular , HIV-1/fisiologia , Macaca , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia
2.
Cell ; 187(12): 2919-2934.e20, 2024 Jun 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38761800

RESUMO

A critical roadblock to HIV vaccine development is the inability to induce B cell lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. In people living with HIV-1, bnAbs take years to develop. The HVTN 133 clinical trial studied a peptide/liposome immunogen targeting B cell lineages of HIV-1 envelope (Env) membrane-proximal external region (MPER) bnAbs (NCT03934541). Here, we report MPER peptide-liposome induction of polyclonal HIV-1 B cell lineages of mature bnAbs and their precursors, the most potent of which neutralized 15% of global tier 2 HIV-1 strains and 35% of clade B strains with lineage initiation after the second immunization. Neutralization was enhanced by vaccine selection of improbable mutations that increased antibody binding to gp41 and lipids. This study demonstrates proof of concept for rapid vaccine induction of human B cell lineages with heterologous neutralizing activity and selection of antibody improbable mutations and outlines a path for successful HIV-1 vaccine development.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Linfócitos B , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Linhagem da Célula , Lipossomos , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia , Mutação , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia
3.
Cell ; 184(11): 2955-2972.e25, 2021 05 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34019795

RESUMO

Natural antibodies (Abs) can target host glycans on the surface of pathogens. We studied the evolution of glycan-reactive B cells of rhesus macaques and humans using glycosylated HIV-1 envelope (Env) as a model antigen. 2G12 is a broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) that targets a conserved glycan patch on Env of geographically diverse HIV-1 strains using a unique heavy-chain (VH) domain-swapped architecture that results in fragment antigen-binding (Fab) dimerization. Here, we describe HIV-1 Env Fab-dimerized glycan (FDG)-reactive bnAbs without VH-swapped domains from simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. FDG Abs also recognized cell-surface glycans on diverse pathogens, including yeast and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike. FDG precursors were expanded by glycan-bearing immunogens in macaques and were abundant in HIV-1-naive humans. Moreover, FDG precursors were predominately mutated IgM+IgD+CD27+, thus suggesting that they originated from a pool of antigen-experienced IgM+ or marginal zone B cells.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Polissacarídeos/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Dimerização , Epitopos/imunologia , Glicosilação , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Macaca mulatta , Polissacarídeos/química , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B/química , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vacinas/imunologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/química , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética
4.
Cell ; 182(4): 812-827.e19, 2020 08 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32697968

RESUMO

A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional, and municipal. The shift occurred even in local epidemics where the original D614 form was well established prior to introduction of the G614 variant. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. We found that the G614 variant grows to a higher titer as pseudotyped virions. In infected individuals, G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, but not with increased disease severity. These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid with development of immunological interventions.


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Aptidão Genética , Variação Genética , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Hospitalização , Humanos , Pandemias , Filogenia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Carga Viral
5.
Annu Rev Immunol ; 28: 413-44, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20192810

RESUMO

Licensed vaccines against viral diseases generate antibodies that neutralize the infecting virus and protect against infection or disease. Similarly, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 will likely need to induce antibodies that prevent initial infection of host cells or that limit early events of viral dissemination. Such antibodies must target the surface envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, which are highly variable in sequence and structure. The first subunit vaccines to enter clinical trails were safe and immunogenic but unable to elicit antibodies that neutralized most circulating strains of HIV-1. However, potent virus neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can develop during the course of HIV-1 infection, and this is the type of antibody response that researchers seek to generate with a vaccine. Thus, current vaccine design efforts have focused on a more detailed understanding of these broadly neutralizing antibodies and their epitopes to inform the design of improved vaccines.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Epitopos/imunologia , Humanos
6.
Mol Cell ; 84(14): 2747-2764.e7, 2024 Jul 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39059371

RESUMO

A recombinant lineage of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant, named XBB, appeared in late 2022 and evolved descendants that successively swept local and global populations. XBB lineage members were noted for their improved immune evasion and transmissibility. Here, we determine cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5, and EG.5.1 spike (S) ectodomains to reveal reinforced 3-receptor binding domain (RBD)-down receptor-inaccessible closed states mediated by interprotomer RBD interactions previously observed in BA.1 and BA.2. Improved XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 RBD stability compensated for stability loss caused by early Omicron mutations, while the F456L substitution reduced EG.5 RBD stability. S1 subunit mutations had long-range impacts on conformation and epitope presentation in the S2 subunit. Our results reveal continued S protein evolution via simultaneous optimization of multiple parameters, including stability, receptor binding, and immune evasion, and the dramatic effects of relatively few residue substitutions in altering the S protein conformational landscape.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Mutação , Conformação Proteica , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/química , Humanos , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Ligação Proteica , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Modelos Moleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Sítios de Ligação
7.
Cell ; 165(7): 1563-1564, 2016 06 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27315470

RESUMO

Synergistic bispecific antibodies against HIV exhibit extraordinary potency and breadth of neutralization as promising candidates for treatment and prevention.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos
8.
Cell ; 165(2): 449-63, 2016 Apr 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26949186

RESUMO

Antibodies with ontogenies from VH1-2 or VH1-46-germline genes dominate the broadly neutralizing response against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1. Here, we define with longitudinal sampling from time-of-infection the development of a VH1-46-derived antibody lineage that matured to neutralize 90% of HIV-1 isolates. Structures of lineage antibodies CH235 (week 41 from time-of-infection, 18% breadth), CH235.9 (week 152, 77%), and CH235.12 (week 323, 90%) demonstrated the maturing epitope to focus on the conformationally invariant portion of the CD4bs. Similarities between CH235 lineage and five unrelated CD4bs lineages in epitope focusing, length-of-time to develop breadth, and extraordinary level of somatic hypermutation suggested commonalities in maturation among all CD4bs antibodies. Fortunately, the required CH235-lineage hypermutation appeared substantially guided by the intrinsic mutability of the VH1-46 gene, which closely resembled VH1-2. We integrated our CH235-lineage findings with a second broadly neutralizing lineage and HIV-1 co-evolution to suggest a vaccination strategy for inducing both lineages.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/química , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Alinhamento de Sequência
9.
Immunity ; 54(3): 542-556.e9, 2021 03 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33631118

RESUMO

A combination of vaccination approaches will likely be necessary to fully control the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Here, we show that modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion stabilized spike (MVA/S) but not secreted S1 induced strong neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. In macaques, the MVA/S vaccination induced strong neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T cell responses, and conferred protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus replication in the lungs as early as day 2 following intranasal and intratracheal challenge. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of lung cells on day 4 after infection revealed that MVA/S vaccination also protected macaques from infection-induced inflammation and B cell abnormalities and lowered induction of interferon-stimulated genes. These results demonstrate that MVA/S vaccination induces neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T cells in the blood and lungs and is a potential vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vetores Genéticos/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vaccinia virus/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Expressão Gênica , Ordem dos Genes , Imunofenotipagem , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Macaca , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/patologia , Camundongos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas de DNA/genética
10.
Cell ; 163(7): 1702-15, 2015 Dec 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26687358

RESUMO

The envelope glycoprotein trimer mediates HIV-1 entry into cells. The trimer is flexible, fluctuating between closed and more open conformations and sometimes sampling the fully open, CD4-bound form. We hypothesized that conformational flexibility and transient exposure of non-neutralizing, immunodominant epitopes could hinder the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). We therefore modified soluble Env trimers to stabilize their closed, ground states. The trimer variants were indeed stabilized in the closed conformation, with a reduced ability to undergo receptor-induced conformational changes and a decreased exposure of non-neutralizing V3-directed antibody epitopes. In rabbits, the stabilized trimers induced similar autologous Tier-1B or Tier-2 NAb titers to those elicited by the corresponding wild-type trimers but lower levels of V3-directed Tier-1A NAbs. Stabilized, closed trimers might therefore be useful components of vaccines aimed at inducing bNAbs.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/química , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Epitopos/química , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/química , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/genética , HIV-1 , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Imunoglobulina G/química , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagênese , Conformação Proteica , Coelhos , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/química
11.
Mol Cell ; 82(11): 2050-2068.e6, 2022 06 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35447081

RESUMO

Aided by extensive spike protein mutation, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant overtook the previously dominant Delta variant. Spike conformation plays an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 evolution via changes in receptor-binding domain (RBD) and neutralizing antibody epitope presentation, affecting virus transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we determine cryo-EM structures of the Omicron and Delta spikes to understand the conformational impacts of mutations in each. The Omicron spike structure revealed an unusually tightly packed RBD organization with long range impacts that were not observed in the Delta spike. Binding and crystallography revealed increased flexibility at the functionally critical fusion peptide site in the Omicron spike. These results reveal a highly evolved Omicron spike architecture with possible impacts on its high levels of immune evasion and transmissibility.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Humanos , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química
12.
Cell ; 158(3): 481-91, 2014 Jul 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25065977

RESUMO

Development of strategies for induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by vaccines is a priority. Determining the steps of bnAb induction in HIV-1-infected individuals who make bnAbs is a key strategy for immunogen design. Here, we study the B cell response in a bnAb-producing individual and report cooperation between two B cell lineages to drive bnAb development. We isolated a virus-neutralizing antibody lineage that targeted an envelope region (loop D) and selected virus escape mutants that resulted in both enhanced bnAb lineage envelope binding and escape mutant neutralization-traits associated with increased B cell antigen drive. Thus, in this individual, two B cell lineages cooperated to induce the development of bnAbs. Design of vaccine immunogens that simultaneously drive both helper and broadly neutralizing B cell lineages may be important for vaccine-induced recapitulation of events that transpire during the maturation of neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected individuals.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/química , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Alinhamento de Sequência , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia
13.
Immunity ; 51(4): 724-734.e4, 2019 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31586542

RESUMO

HIV- and SIV-envelope (Env) trimers are both extensively glycosylated, and antibodies identified to date have been unable to fully neutralize SIVmac239. Here, we report the isolation, structure, and glycan interactions of antibody ITS90.03, a monoclonal antibody that completely neutralized the highly neutralization-resistant isolate, SIVmac239. The co-crystal structure of a fully glycosylated SIVmac239-gp120 core in complex with rhesus CD4 and the antigen-binding fragment of ITS90.03 at 2.5-Å resolution revealed that ITS90 recognized an epitope comprised of 45% glycan. SIV-gp120 core, rhesus CD4, and their complex could each be aligned structurally to their human counterparts. The structure revealed that glycans masked most of the SIV Env protein surface, with ITS90 targeting a glycan hole, which is occupied in ∼83% of SIV strains by glycan N238. Overall, the SIV glycan shield appears to functionally resemble its HIV counterpart in coverage of spike, shielding from antibody, and modulation of receptor accessibility.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV/fisiologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/metabolismo , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glicosilação , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/metabolismo , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/metabolismo , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo
14.
Nature ; 609(7929): 998-1004, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36131022

RESUMO

Germinal centres are the engines of antibody evolution. Here, using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env protein immunogen priming in rhesus monkeys followed by a long period without further immunization, we demonstrate germinal centre B (BGC) cells that last for at least 6 months. A 186-fold increase in BGC cells was present by week 10 compared with conventional immunization. Single-cell transcriptional profiling showed that both light- and dark-zone germinal centre states were sustained. Antibody somatic hypermutation of BGC cells continued to accumulate throughout the 29-week priming period, with evidence of selective pressure. Env-binding BGC cells were still 49-fold above baseline at 29 weeks, which suggests that they could remain active for even longer periods of time. High titres of HIV-neutralizing antibodies were generated after a single booster immunization. Fully glycosylated HIV trimer protein is a complex antigen, posing considerable immunodominance challenges for B cells1,2. Memory B cells generated under these long priming conditions had higher levels of antibody somatic hypermutation, and both memory B cells and antibodies were more likely to recognize non-immunodominant epitopes. Numerous BGC cell lineage phylogenies spanning more than the 6-month germinal centre period were identified, demonstrating continuous germinal centre activity and selection for at least 191 days with no further antigen exposure. A long-prime, slow-delivery (12 days) immunization approach holds promise for difficult vaccine targets and suggests that patience can have great value for tuning of germinal centres to maximize antibody responses.


Assuntos
Afinidade de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B , Movimento Celular , Células Clonais , Centro Germinativo , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Imunização , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Afinidade de Anticorpos/genética , Afinidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Linfócitos B/citologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Células Clonais/citologia , Células Clonais/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Centro Germinativo/citologia , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/genética , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Macaca mulatta/imunologia , Macaca mulatta/virologia , Células B de Memória/citologia , Células B de Memória/imunologia , Análise de Célula Única , Hipermutação Somática de Imunoglobulina/genética , Hipermutação Somática de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/administração & dosagem , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia
15.
Immunity ; 49(6): 1162-1174.e8, 2018 12 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30552024

RESUMO

Elicitation of VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is an appealing approach for a preventative HIV-1 vaccine. Despite extensive investigations, strategies to induce VRC01-class bnAbs and overcome the barrier posed by the envelope N276 glycan have not been successful. Here, we inferred a high-probability unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the VRC01 lineage and reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation. Env immunogens designed on reverted VRC01-class bnAbs bound to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells. Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization, suggesting that focusing the immune response is likely required to steer B cell maturation toward the development of neutralization breadth. Finally, VRC01 lineage bnAbs with long CDR H3s overcame the HIV-1 N276 glycan barrier without shortening their CDR L1, revealing a solution for broad neutralization in which the heavy chain, not CDR L1, is the determinant to accommodate the N276 glycan.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Polissacarídeos/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/classificação , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/classificação , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/genética , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes , Antígenos CD4/genética , Antígenos CD4/imunologia , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/genética , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Filogenia , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos
16.
Nature ; 594(7864): 553-559, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33971664

RESUMO

Betacoronaviruses caused the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome, as well as the current pandemic of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)1-4. Vaccines that elicit protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and betacoronaviruses that circulate in animals have the potential to prevent future pandemics. Here we show that the immunization of macaques with nanoparticles conjugated with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, and adjuvanted with 3M-052 and alum, elicits cross-neutralizing antibody responses against bat coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (including the B.1.1.7, P.1 and B.1.351 variants). Vaccination of macaques with these nanoparticles resulted in a 50% inhibitory reciprocal serum dilution (ID50) neutralization titre of 47,216 (geometric mean) for SARS-CoV-2, as well as in protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Nucleoside-modified mRNAs that encode a stabilized transmembrane spike or monomeric receptor-binding domain also induced cross-neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV and bat coronaviruses, albeit at lower titres than achieved with the nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that current mRNA-based vaccines may provide some protection from future outbreaks of zoonotic betacoronaviruses, and provide a multimeric protein platform for the further development of vaccines against multiple (or all) betacoronaviruses.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Resfriado Comum/prevenção & controle , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Pandemias , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Administração Intranasal , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Resfriado Comum/imunologia , Resfriado Comum/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Macaca/imunologia , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Nanopartículas/química , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Traqueia , Vacinação
17.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(22): e2317230121, 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38768344

RESUMO

Efforts to develop an HIV-1 vaccine include those focusing on conserved structural elements as the target of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. MAb D5 binds to a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket on the gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) coiled coil and neutralizes through prevention of viral fusion and entry. Assessment of 17-mer and 36-mer NHR peptides presenting the D5 epitope in rodent immunogenicity studies showed that the longer peptide elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that neutralizing epitopes outside of the D5 pocket may exist. Although the magnitude and breadth of neutralization elicited by NHR-targeting antigens are lower than that observed for antibodies directed to other epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein complex, it has been shown that NHR-directed antibodies are potentiated in TZM-bl cells containing the FcγRI receptor. Herein, we report the design and evaluation of covalently stabilized trimeric 51-mer peptides encompassing the complete gp41 NHR. We demonstrate that these peptide trimers function as effective antiviral entry inhibitors and retain the ability to present the D5 epitope. We further demonstrate in rodent and nonhuman primate immunization studies that our 51-mer constructs elicit a broader repertoire of neutralizing antibody and improved cross-clade neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates relative to 17-mer and 36-mer NHR peptides in A3R5 and FcγR1-enhanced TZM-bl assays. These results demonstrate that sensitive neutralization assays can be used for structural enhancement of moderately potent neutralizing epitopes. Finally, we present expanded trimeric peptide designs which include unique low-molecular-weight scaffolds that provide versatility in our immunogen presentation strategy.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV , HIV-1 , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/química , HIV-1/imunologia , Animais , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Epitopos/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Peptídeos/imunologia , Peptídeos/química , Feminino , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia
18.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(4): e2308942121, 2024 Jan 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38241441

RESUMO

In the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081), prevention efficacy (PE) of the monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01 (vs. placebo) against HIV-1 acquisition diagnosis varied according to the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) neutralization sensitivity to VRC01, as measured by 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80). Here, we performed a genotypic sieve analysis, a complementary approach to gaining insight into correlates of protection that assesses how PE varies with HIV-1 sequence features. We analyzed HIV-1 Env amino acid (AA) sequences from the earliest available HIV-1 RNA-positive plasma samples from AMP participants diagnosed with HIV-1 and identified Env sequence features that associated with PE. The strongest Env AA sequence correlate in both trials was VRC01 epitope distance that quantifies the divergence of the VRC01 epitope in an acquired HIV-1 isolate from the VRC01 epitope of reference HIV-1 strains that were most sensitive to VRC01-mediated neutralization. In HVTN 704/HPTN 085, the Env sequence-based predicted probability that VRC01 IC80 against the acquired isolate exceeded 1 µg/mL also significantly associated with PE. In HVTN 703/HPTN 081, a physicochemical-weighted Hamming distance across 50 VRC01 binding-associated Env AA positions of the acquired isolate from the most VRC01-sensitive HIV-1 strain significantly associated with PE. These results suggest that incorporating mutation scoring by BLOSUM62 and weighting by the strength of interactions at AA positions in the epitope:VRC01 interface can optimize performance of an Env sequence-based biomarker of VRC01 prevention efficacy. Future work could determine whether these results extend to other bnAbs and bnAb combinations.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Soropositividade para HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Epitopos/genética
19.
Immunity ; 46(6): 1073-1088.e6, 2017 06 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28636956

RESUMO

The development of stabilized recombinant HIV envelope trimers that mimic the virion surface molecule has increased enthusiasm for a neutralizing antibody (nAb)-based HIV vaccine. However, there is limited experience with recombinant trimers as immunogens in nonhuman primates, which are typically used as a model for humans. Here, we tested multiple immunogens and immunization strategies head-to-head to determine their impact on the quantity, quality, and kinetics of autologous tier 2 nAb development. A bilateral, adjuvanted, subcutaneous immunization protocol induced reproducible tier 2 nAb responses after only two immunizations 8 weeks apart, and these were further enhanced by a third immunization with BG505 SOSIP trimer. We identified immunogens that minimized non-neutralizing V3 responses and demonstrated that continuous immunogen delivery could enhance nAb responses. nAb responses were strongly associated with germinal center reactions, as assessed by lymph node fine needle aspiration. This study provides a framework for preclinical and clinical vaccine studies targeting nAb elicitation.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/terapia , HIV-1/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Epitopos de Linfócito B/química , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Centro Germinativo/virologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Imunização , Injeções Subcutâneas , Primatas , Multimerização Proteica , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/química , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia
20.
N Engl J Med ; 387(14): 1279-1291, 2022 10 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36112399

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The safety and immunogenicity of the bivalent omicron-containing mRNA-1273.214 booster vaccine are not known. METHODS: In this ongoing, phase 2-3 study, we compared the 50-µg bivalent vaccine mRNA-1273.214 (25 µg each of ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 and omicron B.1.1.529 [BA.1] spike messenger RNAs) with the previously authorized 50-µg mRNA-1273 booster. We administered mRNA-1273.214 or mRNA-1273 as a second booster in adults who had previously received a two-dose (100-µg) primary series and first booster (50-µg) dose of mRNA-1273 (≥3 months earlier). The primary objectives were to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273.214 at 28 days after the booster dose. RESULTS: Interim results are presented. Sequential groups of participants received 50 µg of mRNA-1273.214 (437 participants) or mRNA-1273 (377 participants) as a second booster dose. The median time between the first and second boosters was similar for mRNA-1273.214 (136 days) and mRNA-1273 (134 days). In participants with no previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies against the omicron BA.1 variant were 2372.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2070.6 to 2718.2) after receipt of the mRNA-1273.214 booster and 1473.5 (95% CI, 1270.8 to 1708.4) after receipt of the mRNA-1273 booster. In addition, 50-µg mRNA-1273.214 and 50-µg mRNA-1273 elicited geometric mean titers of 727.4 (95% CI, 632.8 to 836.1) and 492.1 (95% CI, 431.1 to 561.9), respectively, against omicron BA.4 and BA.5 (BA.4/5), and the mRNA-1273.214 booster also elicited higher binding antibody responses against multiple other variants (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) than the mRNA-1273 booster. Safety and reactogenicity were similar with the two booster vaccines. Vaccine effectiveness was not assessed in this study; in an exploratory analysis, SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 11 participants after the mRNA-1273.214 booster and in 9 participants after the mRNA-1273 booster. CONCLUSIONS: The bivalent omicron-containing vaccine mRNA-1273.214 elicited neutralizing antibody responses against omicron that were superior to those with mRNA-1273, without evident safety concerns. (Funded by Moderna; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04927065.).


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunização Secundária , Vacinas Combinadas , Vacinas de mRNA , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/imunologia , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/uso terapêutico , Vacinas de mRNA/imunologia , Vacinas de mRNA/uso terapêutico
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