Therapeutic variability in infants admitted to Latin-American pediatric intensive units due to acute bronchiolitis. / Variabilidad terapéutica en lactantes con bronquiolitis hospitalizados en unidades de cuidados intensivos latinoamericanas.

The objective of this study was to describe the management of infants with acute bronchiolitis admit ted to 20 pediatric intensive care units (PICU) members of LARed in 5 Latin American countries. Pa tients and Method: Retrospective, multicenter, observational study of data from the Latin American Registry of Acute Pediatric Respiratory Failure. We included children under 2 years of age admitted to the PICU due to community-based acute bronchiolitis between May and September 2017. Demo graphic and clinical data, respiratory support, therapies used, and clinical results were collected. A subgroup analysis was carried out according to geographical location (Atlantic v/s Pacific), type of insurance (Public v/s Private), and Academic v/s non-Academic centers. Results: 1,155 patients were included in the registry which present acute respiratory failure and 6 were excluded due to the lack of information in their record form. Out of the 1,147 patients, 908 were under 2 years of age, and out of those, 467 (51.4%) were diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis, which was the main cause of admission to the PICU due to acute respiratory failure. The demographic and severity characteristics among the centers were similar. The most frequent maximum ventilatory support was the high-flow nasal can nula (47%), followed by non-invasive ventilation (26%) and invasive mechanical ventilation (17%), with a wide coefficient of variation (CV) between centers. There was a great dispersion in the use of treatments, where the use of bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, representing a CV up to 400%. There were significant differences in subgroup analysis regarding respiratory support and treatments used. One patient of this cohort passed away. Conclusion: we detected wide variability in respiratory support and treatments among Latin American PICUs. This variability was not explained by demographic or clinical differences. The heterogeneity of treatments should encourage collabora tive initiatives to reduce the gap between scientific evidence and practice.

Factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation in children with pulmonary failure: Cohort study from the LARed Network registry.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (pMV) in pediatric patients in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort. SETTING: PICUs in centers that are part of the LARed Network between April 2017 and January 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to respiratory causes. We defined IMV time greater than the 75th percentile of the global cohort. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographic data, diagnoses, severity scores, therapies, complications, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: 1698 children with MV of 8±7 days were included, and pIMV was defined as 9 days. Factors related to admission were age under 6 months (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.17-2.22), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.87-7.36), and fungal infections (OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.87-23.74), while patients with asthma had a lower risk of pIMV (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.78). Regarding evolution and length of stay in the PICU, it was related to ventilation-associated pneumonia (OR 4.27, 95% CI 1.79-10.20), need for tracheostomy (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), transfusions (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.18-3.96), neuromuscular blockade (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48-2.93), high-frequency ventilation (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), and longer PICU stay (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.16). In addition, mean airway pressure greater than 13cmH2O was associated with pIMV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.21). CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to IMV duration greater than 9 days in pediatric patients in PICUs were identified in terms of admission, evolution, and length of stay.

A machine-learning regional clustering approach to understand ventilator-induced lung injury: a proof-of-concept experimental study.

BACKGROUND: The spatiotemporal progression and patterns of tissue deformation in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) remain understudied. Our aim was to identify lung clusters based on their regional mechanical behavior over space and time in lungs subjected to VILI using machine-learning techniques. RESULTS: Ten anesthetized pigs (27 ± 2 kg) were studied. Eight subjects were analyzed. End-inspiratory and end-expiratory lung computed tomography scans were performed at the beginning and after 12 h of one-hit VILI model. Regional image-based biomechanical analysis was used to determine end-expiratory aeration, tidal recruitment, and volumetric strain for both early and late stages. Clustering analysis was performed using principal component analysis and K-Means algorithms. We identified three different clusters of lung tissue: Stable, Recruitable Unstable, and Non-Recruitable Unstable. End-expiratory aeration, tidal recruitment, and volumetric strain were significantly different between clusters at early stage. At late stage, we found a step loss of end-expiratory aeration among clusters, lowest in Stable, followed by Unstable Recruitable, and highest in the Unstable Non-Recruitable cluster. Volumetric strain remaining unchanged in the Stable cluster, with slight increases in the Recruitable cluster, and strong reduction in the Unstable Non-Recruitable cluster. CONCLUSIONS: VILI is a regional and dynamic phenomenon. Using unbiased machine-learning techniques we can identify the coexistence of three functional lung tissue compartments with different spatiotemporal regional biomechanical behavior.

[New morbidity following critical illness in Latin American children under 18 years old with lower respiratory tract infection]. / Nueva Morbilidad tras Enfermedad Crítica en Niños Latinoamericanos menores de 18 años con infección severa del tracto respiratorio inferior.

Acquisition of new morbidity (NM) has become a key clinical outcome measure after pediatric critical illness. Data on Latin American children are still scarce. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the development of new morbidities acquired after hospitalization due to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). PATIENTS AND METHOD: we included patients from 35 PICUs from 8 countries, aged 0 to 18 years with a diagnosis of LRTI, discharged alive, registered between April 2018 and September 2019, and who required some type of ventilatory support (high-flow system, noninvasive ventilation or invasive ventilation), included in the LARed Network registry, which includes the Functional Status Scale (FSS) validated in the pediatric population, which assesses functional status in six domains: mental status, sensory, communication, motor skills, feeding, and respiratory status. NM considered LRTI after hospitalization and was defined as an increase of ≥ 3 points in the FSS. RESULTS: Of 3280 children with LRTI, 85 (2.6%) developed NM, associated with diagnoses of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumococcal or adenovirus infection, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and invasive mechanical ventilation. Adenovirus infection, ARDS, and HAIs were independently associated with NM. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the development of NM at PICU discharge is infrequent but is associated with modifiable risk factors. These data define certain risk groups for future interventions and initiatives to improve the quality of care.

Characteristics of Medically Transported Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure in Latin America: Implications for Outcomes.

Several challenges exist for referral and transport of critically ill children in resource-limited regions such as Latin America; however, little is known about factors associated with clinical outcomes. Thus, we aimed to describe the characteristics of critically ill children in Latin America transferred to pediatric intensive care units for acute respiratory failure to identify risk factors for mortality. We analyzed data from 2,692 patients admitted to 28 centers in the Pediatric Collaborative Network of Latin America Acute Respiratory Failure Registry. Among patients referred from another facility (773, 28%), nonurban transports were independently associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 9.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.4-36.3).

Variability in care for children with severe acute asthma in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Care variability for children with severe acute asthma has been well documented in high-income countries, yet data from low- and middle-income regions are lacking. We sought to characterize the magnitude of practice variability in the care of Latin American children to identify opportunities for standardization of care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study performed through a retrospective analysis of contemporaneously collected data of children with severe acute asthma admitted to a center contributing to the LARed Network registry between May 2017 and May 2019. Centers were grouped by geographic location: Atlantic (AT), South Pacific (SP), and North Central (NC). RESULTS: Among 434 children, most received care in hospitals in the AT group (54% [235/434]), followed by the NC (23% [101/434]) and SP (23% [98/434]) groups. The majority of children in the AT (92% [215/235]) and SP (91% [89/98]) groups received nebulized salbutamol/albuterol, while metered-dose inhalers were preferred in the NC group (72% [73/101]). There was a wide variation in the use of antibiotics: AT (57% [135/235]), SP (48% [47/98]), and NC (14% [14/101]). The same was true for ipratropium bromide: AT (67% [157/235]), SP (90% [88/98]), and NC (17% [17/101]), and aminophylline: AT (57% [135/235]), NC (5% [5/101]), and SP (0% [0/98]). High-flow nasal cannula was the preferred respiratory support modality in the AT (60% [141/235]) and NC (40% [40/101]) groups, while bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) use was more common in the SP group (80% [78/98]). CONCLUSION: We identified significant variability in care for severe acute asthma. Our findings will help to inform the design of future studies, quality improvement initiatives, and development of practice guidelines within Latin America.

Reduced PICU respiratory admissions during COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic reached the Southern Hemisphere in the autumn of 2020, thus coinciding with its expected annual viral respiratory season. The potential impact of national strategies aimed at mitigating COVID-19 during the pandemic on the incidence of other critical viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children is unknown. METHODS: We analysed admission data for LRTIs from 22 paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in four countries, part of a large international Latin American registry of children with acute respiratory failure (Red Colaborativa Pediátrica de Latinoamérica [LARed Network]). RESULTS: Between January and August, there were 83% fewer PICU admissions for LRTIs in 2020 compared to the 2018/2019 average over the same period. Similar decreases were noted for PICU admissions due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza (92% and 78%, respectively). CONCLUSION: We observed a striking reduction in PICU admissions due to viral LRTIs over winter, during the COVID-19 pandemic in South America.

Steroids in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex entity with high potential for harm and healthcare resource utilization. Despite multiple clinical advances in its ventilatory management, ARDS continues to be one of the most challenging disease processes for intensivists. It continues to lack a direct, proven and desperately needed effective therapeutic intervention. Given their biologic rationale, corticosteroids have been widely used by clinicians and considered useful by many in the management of ARDS since its first description. Adult data is abundant, yet contradictory. Controversy remains regarding the routine use of corticosteroids in ARDS. Therefore, widespread evidence-based recommendations for this heterogeneous disease process have not been made. In this article, our aim was to provide a summary of available evidence for the role of steroids in the treatment of ARDS, while giving special focus on pediatric ARDS (PARDS).

Admisiones por bronquiolitis en 13 unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos del Uruguay: ¿es igual en Montevideo que en el interior? / Bronchiolitis admissions in 13 pediatric intensive care units in Uruguay: is it the same in Montevideo (capital city) and the provinces? / Internações por bronquiolite em 13 unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica do Uruguai: são iguais em Montevidéu e no Interior do país?

Resumen: Objetivos: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de niños admitidos por bronquiolitis en 13 unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) del Uruguay y comparar los resultados asistenciales finales entre UCIP de Montevideo (UM) y del interior del país (UI). Material y método: estudio observacional retrospectivo multicéntrico de los registros ingresados a base de datos prospectiva de LARed Network. Se incluyeron niños mayores de 1 mes y menores de 2 años admitidos en el período 1 de mayo de 2017 y 30 de abril de 2019 con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis comunitaria. Se analizaron datos demográficos, clínicos, así como intervenciones y desenlaces al alta. Resultados: se analizaron 666 casos. No se detectaron diferencias significativas de comorbilidades ni en el soporte respiratorio al ingreso. En UI los pacientes fueron derivados con más frecuencia desde otro hospital. La distancia y tiempo medio, así como el porcentaje de traslados mayor de 50 km, fue también mayor. En UI los pacientes tuvieron mayor gravedad clínica y gasométrica al ingreso. El perfil radiológico y etiológico fue similar. Virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) aislado > 50%. La indicación global de corticoides superó el 25% y el de broncodilatadores el 85%. La prescripción de antibióticos y adrenalina nebulizada fue mayor en UI. La cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) fue globalmente el método de soporte respiratorio más utilizado, aunque se observó un mayor uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y CPAP en UI (47% vs 28% en UM). No hubo diferencias en el número de complicaciones por VMI o ventilación no invasiva, ni en el uso de terapias de rescate. Tampoco se notaron diferencias significativas en la duración de la estadía en UCIP, ni en la mortalidad absoluta y ajustada, y hubo un solo caso de nueva morbilidad. Conclusiones: los niños admitidos en UI tuvieron mayor gravedad al ingreso y más factores de riesgo relacionados con mal pronóstico en el traslado, recibiendo más antibióticos y soporte invasivo que aquellos ingresados en UM. El CNAF fue el tipo de soporte respiratorio más utilizado en el país. Se detectó alto porcentaje de prescripción de terapias no recomendadas, como broncodilatadores y corticoides. La mortalidad y complicaciones fueron bajas, así como la generación de morbilidad residual.

Summary: Objectives: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children admitted for bronchiolitis in 13 Pediatric Intensive Care Units (UCIP) in Uruguay and compare the final care outcomes between Montevideo (UM) and Interior of the country (IU). Method: multicenter, retrospective, observational study of data entered in the LARed Network prospective database. Children over 1 month and younger than 2 years admitted between May 1, 2017 and April 30, 2019 with a diagnosis of Community Bronchiolitis were included in the study. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed, as well as interventions and discharge outcomes. Results: 666 cases were analyzed. No significant differences in comorbidity and respiratory support were detected at admission. In IU patients were referred more frequently from another hospital. The distance and average time, as well as the percentage of transfers greater than 50 km, was also higher. In IU, patients had greater clinical and gasometrical severity at admission. The radiological and etiological profile was similar (VRS at > 50%). The overall indication of corticosteroids exceeded 25% and that of bronchodilators exceeded 85%. The prescription for antibiotics and nebulized adrenaline was higher in IU. The high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was globally the most widely used respiratory support method, although increased use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and CPAP in IU (43% vs 28% in UM) was observed. There were no differences in the number of complications from IVF or non-invasive ventilation, nor in the use of rescue therapies. There were also no significant differences in the length of stay at UCIP or in absolute and adjusted mortality and there was only one case of new morbidity. Conclusions: children admitted to IU had higher severity scores and more transfer-related risk factors, received more antibiotics and invasive support. HFNC was the most widely used type of respiratory support in the country. A high prescription of non-recommended therapies such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids was detected. Mortality and complications were low, as were the generation of new morbidity.

Resumo: Objetivos: descrever as características clínicas e epidemiológicas de crianças internadas por bronquiolite em 13 Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) do Uruguai e comparar os resultados finais do atendimento entre UTIP de Montevidéu (UM) e do Interior do país (IU). Material e métodos: estudo observacional retrospectivo multicêntrico dos dados inseridos no banco de dados prospectivo da Rede LARed. Foram incluídas crianças maiores de 1 mês e menores de 2 anos internadas no período de 1º de maio de 2017 a 30 de abril de 2019 com diagnóstico de bronquiolite comunitária. Dados demográficos e clínicos, bem como intervenções e desfechos na alta, foram analisados. Resultados: foram analisados 666 casos. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas nas comorbidades ou no suporte respiratório na admissão. No IU, os pacientes foram encaminhados com maior frequência a outro hospital. A distância e o tempo médios, assim como o percentual de transferências superiores a 50 km, também foram maiores. No IU, os pacientes apresentaram maior gravidade clínica e gasométrica na admissão. O perfil radiológico e etiológico foi semelhante. O vírus sincicial respiratório (RSV) foi isolado em > 50%. A indicação global de corticosteroides ultrapassou 25% e a de broncodilatadores 85%. A prescrição de antibióticos e adrenalina nebulizada foi maior no IU. A cânula nasal de alto fluxo (CNAF) foi o método de suporte respiratório mais utilizado, embora tenha sido observado um maior uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e CPAP no IU (47% vs 28% em UM). Não houve diferenças no número de complicações devido à VMI ou Ventilação Não Invasiva, ou no uso de terapias de resgate. Também não foram observadas diferenças significativas no tempo de internação na UTIP ou na mortalidade absoluta e ajustada, havendo apenas um caso de nova morbidade. Conclusões: as crianças admitidas no IU apresentaram maior gravidade na admissão e mais fatores de risco relacionados ao mau prognóstico na transferência, recebendo mais antibióticos e suporte invasivo do que as internadas em UM. O CNAF foi o tipo de suporte respiratório mais utilizado no país. Detectou-se alto percentual de prescrição de terapias não recomendadas, como broncodilatadores e corticosteroides. A mortalidade e as complicações foram baixas, assim como a geração de morbidade residual.

Variabilidad terapéutica en lactantes con bronquiolitis hospitalizados en unidades de cuidados intensivos latinoamericanas / Therapeutic variability in infants admitted to Latin-American pediatric intensive units due to acute bronchiolitis

Resumen: Objetivo: describir las terapias utilizadas en lactantes con bronquiolitis aguda admitidos en 20 Uni dades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) pediátricos miembros de LARed en 5 países latinoamerica nos. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, multicéntrico, de datos del Registro Latinoamericano de Falla Respiratoria Aguda Pediátrica. Se incluyeron niños menores de 2 años ingresados a UCI pediátrica por bronquiolitis aguda comunitaria entre mayo-septiembre 2017. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, clínicos, soporte respiratorio, terapias utilizadas y resultados clí nicos. Se realizó análisis de subgrupos según ubicación geográfica, tipo financiación y presencia de academia. Resultados: Ingresaron al registro 1155 pacientes con falla respiratoria aguda. Seis casos fueron excluidos por no tener formulario completo. De los 1147 pacientes, 908 eran menores de 2 años. De ellos, 467 tuvieron diagnóstico de bronquiolitis aguda, correspondiendo a la principal causa de ingreso a UCI pediátrica por falla respiratoria aguda (51,4%). Las características demográficas y de gravedad entre los centros fueron similares. El soporte máximo respiratorio más frecuente fue cánula nasal de alto flujo (47%), seguido por ventilación mecánica no invasiva (26%) y ventilación mecánica invasiva (17%), con un coeficiente de variación (CV) amplio entre los centros. Hubo una gran dispersión en uso de terapias, siendo frecuente el uso de broncodilatadores, antibióticos y corticoides, con CV hasta 400%. El análisis de subgrupos mostró diferencias significativas en soporte respiratorio y tratamientos utilizados. Un paciente falleció en esta cohorte. Conclusión: Detectamos gran variabilidad en el soporte respiratorio y tratamientos entre UCI pediátricas latinoamericanas. Esta variabilidad no es explicada por disparidades demográficas ni clínicas. Esta heterogeneidad de tratamientos debería promover iniciativas colaborativas para disminuir la brecha entre la evidencia científica y la práctica asistencial.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the management of infants with acute bronchiolitis admit ted to 20 pediatric intensive care units (PICU) members of LARed in 5 Latin American countries. Pa tients and Method: Retrospective, multicenter, observational study of data from the Latin American Registry of Acute Pediatric Respiratory Failure. We included children under 2 years of age admitted to the PICU due to community-based acute bronchiolitis between May and September 2017. Demo graphic and clinical data, respiratory support, therapies used, and clinical results were collected. A subgroup analysis was carried out according to geographical location (Atlantic v/s Pacific), type of insurance (Public v/s Private), and Academic v/s non-Academic centers. Results: 1,155 patients were included in the registry which present acute respiratory failure and 6 were excluded due to the lack of information in their record form. Out of the 1,147 patients, 908 were under 2 years of age, and out of those, 467 (51.4%) were diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis, which was the main cause of admission to the PICU due to acute respiratory failure. The demographic and severity characteristics among the centers were similar. The most frequent maximum ventilatory support was the high-flow nasal can nula (47%), followed by non-invasive ventilation (26%) and invasive mechanical ventilation (17%), with a wide coefficient of variation (CV) between centers. There was a great dispersion in the use of treatments, where the use of bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, representing a CV up to 400%. There were significant differences in subgroup analysis regarding respiratory support and treatments used. One patient of this cohort passed away. Conclusion: we detected wide variability in respiratory support and treatments among Latin American PICUs. This variability was not explained by demographic or clinical differences. The heterogeneity of treatments should encourage collabora tive initiatives to reduce the gap between scientific evidence and practice.

Factores asociados a ventilación mecánica prolongada en niños con fallo respiratorio de causa pulmonar: Estudio de cohortes del registro de LARed Network / Factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation in children with pulmonary failure: Cohort study from the LARed Network registry

Objetivos Identificar los factores asociados con la ventilación mecánica prolongada (pVMI) en pacientes pediátricos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Diseño Análisis secundario de una cohorte prospectiva. Ámbito UCIP en los centros que integran LARed Network entre abril del 2017 y enero del 2022. Participantes Pacientes pediátricos en ventilación mecánica (VMI) debido a causas respiratorias. Definimos pVMI como eventos con tiempo VMI mayor al percentil 75 global. Intervenciones Ninguna.Variables de interés principales Datos demográficos, diagnósticos, puntajes de gravedad, terapias, complicaciones, estancias y morbimortalidad. Resultados Se incluyó a 1.698 niños con VMI de 8 ± 7 días y se definió pVMI en 9 días. Los factores relacionados al ingreso fueron la edad menor de 6 meses (OR 1,61, IC del 95%, 1,17-2,22), la displasia broncopulmonar (OR 3,71, IC del 95%, 1,87-7,36) y las infecciones fúngicas (OR 6,66, IC del 95%, 1,87-23,74), mientras que los pacientes con asma tuvieron menor riesgo de pVMI (OR 0,30, IC del 95%, 0,12-0,78). En cuanto a la evolución y la estancia en UCIP, se relacionó a neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (OR 4,27, IC del 95%, 1,79-10,20), necesidad de traqueostomía (OR 2,91, IC del 95%, 1,89-4,48), transfusiones (OR 2,94, IC del 95%, 2,18-3,96), bloqueo neuromuscular (OR 2,08, IC del 95%, 1,48-2,93) y ventilación de alta frecuencia (OR 2,91, IC del 95%, 1,89-4,48) y una mayor estadía en UCIP (OR 1,13, IC del 95%, 1,10-1,16). Además, la presión media aérea mayor a 13cmH2O se asoció a pVMI (OR 1,57, IC del 95%, 1,12-2,21). Conclusiones Se identificaron factores relacionados con VMI de duración mayor a 9 días en pacientes pediátricos en UCIP en cuanto a ingreso, evolución y estancia. (AU)

Objectives To identify factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (pMV) in pediatric patients in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Design Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort.SettingPICUs in centers that are part of the LARed Network between April 2017 and January 2022. Participants Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to respiratory causes. We defined IMV time greater than the 75th percentile of the global cohort. Interventions None.Main variables of interestDemographic data, diagnoses, severity scores, therapies, complications, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Results One thousand 6hundred and ninety 8children with MV of 8±7 days were included, and pIMV was defined as 9 days. Factors related to admission were age under 6 months (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.17–2.22), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.87–7.36), and fungal infections (OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.87–23.74), while patients with asthma had a lower risk of pIMV (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12–0.78). Regarding evolution and length of stay in the PICU, it was related to ventilation-associated pneumonia (OR 4.27, 95% CI 1.79–10.20), need for tracheostomy (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89–4.48), transfusions (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.18–3.96), neuromuscular blockade (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48–2.93), high-frequency ventilation (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89–4.48), and longer PICU stay (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10–1.16). In addition, mean airway pressure greater than 13cmH2O was associated with pIMV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12–2.21). Conclusions Factors related to IMV duration greater than 9 days in pediatric patients in PICUs were identified in terms of admission, evolution, and length of stay. (AU)

La colaboración para mejorar los cuidados médicos de nuestros niños. El desarrollo de una Red Pediátrica Latinoamericana: LARed / Collaboration as a tool to improve children´s healthcare through a Latin American Pediatric Network: LARed / A colaboração como ferramenta no melhoramento do cuidado médico das crianças através do desenvolvimento duma Rede Pediátrica Latino-Americana: LARed

Las redes colaborativas pediátricas son una probada y transformadora forma de acelerar la traslación de la evidencia a la práctica clínica y han estado en constante crecimiento durante el presente siglo. Han mostrado ser una herramienta para asegurar la innovación y mejoría del valor de nuestros cuidados en salud, con el poder de comprometer a los clínicos, investigadores, pacientes y familias en diferentes escenarios sanitarios. Inspirados en la experiencia de la Vermont Oxford Network, en 2014 un grupo de profesionales voluntarios e independientes de Uruguay formaron una red colaborativa de cuidados intensivos pediátricos llamada LARed. Comprometidos en mejorar la calidad y seguridad de la atención que brindaban a sus pacientes y familias, establecieron una comunidad de prácticas poderosa que se expandió exponencialmente al continente latinoamericano e involucrando a la fecha 30 centros de ocho países. Su filosofía se basa en cuatro pilares: medir, aprender, mejorar y compartir, de forma que los centros con mejores resultados se vuelven una guía hacia la excelencia del grupo en general. Para lograr sus objetivos LARed dedica sus recursos para coordinar iniciativas de investigación, educativas y de mejoría de calidad, combinando el esfuerzo colectivo entre pares y manteniendo una base de datos on-line (a la fecha con más de 2.000 niños) creada para analizar las intervenciones y los resultados de la práctica clínica del mundo real (transformando entonces la información en acción). Este reporte describe el desarrollo de LARed, explica sus objetivos, visión y misión, así como resume las actividades y programas desarrollados desde su creación.

Pediatric collaborative networks are a proven and transformational mean of accelerating the translation of evidence into clinical practice and have expanded steadily in this century. They have become a tool for innovation and improving value in healthcare, engaging clinicians, researchers, patients and families in different healthcare settings. Inspired by the Vermont Oxford Network experience, a group of Uruguayan health professional volunteers started a collaborative pediatric intensive care network called LARed in 2014. Committed to improving healthcare quality and safety, they set up a strong community that has expanded exponentially to the rest of Latin America and presently includes 30 pediatric intensive care units from 8 countries. The network's philosophy lies on 4 pillars: measure, learn, improve and share, so that the best-performing centers can become leaders in excellence to the general collaboration group. In order to better achieve these goals, LARed dedicates resources to research coordination, educational and quality improvement initiatives, combines collective peer efforts and manintains web-based online databases (over 2,000 children at present) set up to analyze real world practice interventions and outcomes, thus transforming information into action. This paper describes LARed development, explains its goals, vision and mission, and summarizes the activities and programs carried out since it was first created.

As redes colaborativas pediátricas são uma forma comprovada e transformadora de acelerar a transferência de evidências para a prática clínica, e elas tem crescido constantemente durante este século. Elas transformaram-se numa ferramenta para garantir a inovação e melhorar o valor dos cuidados de saúde, e tem envolvido médicos, pesquisadores, pacientes e famílias em diferentes contextos de saúde. Inspirado pela experiência da Rede Vermont Oxford, em 2014, um grupo de profissionais da saúde voluntários e independentes do Uruguai formou uma rede colaborativa de cuidados pediátricos intensivos chamada LARed. Comprometidos com a excelência da qualidade e segurança dos cuidados prestados aos seus pacientes e familiares, eles estabeleceram uma forte comunidade de práticas que se expandiram exponencialmente para o continente latino-americano e envolveram 30 centros de oito países até o momento. Sua filosofia é baseada em 4 pilares: medir, aprender, melhorar e compartilhar, de modo que os centros com os melhores resultados se tornem um guia para a excelência do grupo em geral. Para atingir seus objetivos, a LARed dedica seus recursos para coordenar iniciativas de pesquisa, educação e melhoria da qualidade, combina o esforço coletivo entre pares e mantem um banco de dados on-line (atualizado com mais de 2000 crianças) criado para analisar intervenções e resultados da prática clínica do mundo real (transformando a informação em ação). Este paper descreve o desenvolvimento de LARed, explica seus objetivos, visão e missão e também resume as atividades e programas desenvolvidos desde a sua criação.

Documentación filmográfica de la ventilación mecánica en un modelo animal / Filmed documentation of mechanical ventilation in an animal model

Introducción: el aprendizaje de la ventilación mecánica (VM) pediátrica requiere de tiempo y diversas estrategias educativas. En los últimos años se han utilizado los videopodcast para la educación médica. Objetivos: documentación filmográfica de los elementos básicos de la mecánica respiratoria durante la VM en un modelo animal. Creación de un videopodcast para la formación de recursos humanos especializados en VM pediátrica. Metodología: se prepararon diferentes secuencias de VM con ventilador y en forma manual. Se realizó exposición pulmonar mediante toracotomía y VM convencional en un cerdo. Se grabó simultáneamente lo monitorizado por el ventilador y la visualización in vivo del pulmón expuesto ante cada secuencia. Dos especialistas en cuidados intensivos pediátricos analizaron durante la edición las grabaciones y confeccionaron un guión explicativo de lo observado. Resultados: se editó un video con las diferentes secuencias previstas: VM basal, VM sin presión positiva teleespiratoria (PEEP), VM con niveles incrementales de PEEP, VM con bolsa autoinflable, aspiración de sonda endotraqueal con circuito cerrado y abierto durante VM con ventilador y manual con operador. Se editó un videopodcast con leyendas explicativas. Discusión: la utilización de recursos digitales para la enseñanza y divulgación de diversas especialidades médicas es cada vez más frecuente. El videopodcast se ha expandido como una nueva herramienta educativa. Se construyó un modelo para la capacitación de los recursos humanos en VM mediante este formato. La experiencia servirá para construir una videoteca universitaria dirigida a la enseñanza de cuidados críticos del niño y para la divulgación de experimentos biomédicos.

A Nationwide Online Tracking System of pediatric ICU demand and capacity during a respiratory epidemic in Uruguay / Desarrollo de un Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo En Línea de Capacidad y Demanda de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricas Durante Una Epidemia Respiratoria

Monitoring national capacity of pediatric intensive care (PICU) beds is important for resource allocation. We describe the development and application of an online tool for bed occupancy monitoring during the respiratory epidemic of 2023 in Uruguay. A 5-minute survey was sent out daily to each PICU designated staff utilizing an instant messaging application, throughout the 12-week of 2023 winter season. The survey gathered information on staffed bed capacity, occupancy rates, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) demand and number of children admitted for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Data was manually entered using the REDcap Software platform. A comparison between PICUs from the capital city Montevideo (MVD) and the inland region (INN) was performed. Participating PICUs had access to a daily dashboard with nationwide data. We collected data from 100% (n=20) of Uruguayan PICUs, 68% in MVD (2.72 PICU beds per-10,000 <18 years) and 32% in the INN (0.86 PICU beds per-10,000 <18 years). National average bed occupancy rate was 55.5%, without differences between MVD and INN. However, LRTI admissions and IMV incidence were notably higher among INN PICUs compared with MVD PICUs, 83.0% vs. 71% (P<0.01) and 19.9% vs. 14.7% (P<0.01) respectively. During one week occupancy exceeded 80% without differences between MVD and INN. The implementation of a nationwide PICU bed monitoring tool was possible. Although occupancy rates did not reach critical levels at a national grade, regional differences were found that merit further study to improve vital PICUs resource allocation.

Monitorear la capacidad nacional de camas de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) es importante para la asignación de recursos. Describimos el desarrollo y aplicación de una herramienta online para el seguimiento de la ocupación de camas durante la epidemia respiratoria de 2023 en Uruguay. Se envió diariamente una encuesta de 5 minutos a cada personal designado de la UCIP mediante una aplicación de mensajería instantánea, durante las 12 semanas de la temporada de invierno de 2023. La encuesta recopiló información sobre la capacidad de camas con personal, las tasas de ocupación, la demanda de ventilación mecánica invasiva (IMV) y el número de niños admitidos por infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior (LRTI). Los datos se ingresaron manualmente utilizando la plataforma del software REDcap. Se realizó una comparación entre UCIP de la capital Montevideo (MVD) y del interior (INN). Las UCIP participantes tuvieron acceso a un panel diario con datos a nivel nacional. Se recolectaron datos del 100% (n=20) de las UCIP uruguayas, el 68% en MVD (2,72 camas UCIP por 10.000 <18 años) y el 32% en el INN (0,86 camas UCIP por 10.000 <18 años). La tasa de ocupación de camas promedio nacional fue del 55,5%, sin diferencias entre MVD e INN. Sin embargo, los ingresos por LRTI y la incidencia de IMV fueron notablemente mayores entre las UCIP INN en comparación con las UCIP MVD, 83,0% frente a 71% (P<0,01) y 19,9% frente a 14,7% (P<0,01), respectivamente. Durante una semana la ocupación superó el 80% sin diferencias entre MVD y INN. Fue posible implementar una herramienta de monitoreo de camas UCIP a nivel nacional. Aunque las tasas de ocupación no alcanzaron niveles críticos a nivel nacional, se encontraron diferencias regionales que merecen más estudios para mejorar la asignación de recursos vitales de las UCIP.