A HIV Superinfection Diagnosed in a Patient on Intramuscular Long-acting Combination of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine.

A case of a male with human immunodeficiency virus with plasma genotyping detecting no resistance and a CRF02_AG subtype had a controlled HIV RNA on antiretroviral therapy since 2010. We introduced intramuscular therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine. One month later, his HIV RNA was 1500 copies/mL; genotyping found a subtype B with many mutations.

Mpox Hepatic and Pulmonary Lesions in HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infected Patient, France.

We report a case of persistent disseminated mpox evolving over >6 months in an HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infected patient in France who had <200 CD4+ cells/mm3, pulmonary and hepatic necrotic lesions, persistent viremia, and nasopharyngeal excretion. Clinical outcome was favorable after 90 days of tecovirimat treatment and administration of human vaccinia immunoglobulins.

Plasma concentrations of antiretroviral drugs in a successful 4-days-a-week maintenance treatment strategy in HIV-1 patients (ANRS 170-Quatuor trial).

OBJECTIVES: Charaterization of the plasma concentrations of antiretrovirals in a 4-days-a-week maintenance treatment strategy in the ANRS-170-QUATUOR study. METHODS: Patients were randomized in two groups receiving triple therapy taken 4-days-ON and 3-days-OFF (4/7) or continuous therapy (7/7). Plasma antiretroviral concentrations were monitored during the 'ON-treatment period' (Day 3 or 4 of the 4-day treatment block) and the 'OFF-treatment period' (Day 3 of the 3-day drug cessation) for the 4/7 group, or before the daily drug intake for the 7/7 group, until week-48 (W48). After W48, all patients switched to the 4/7 strategy and were followed until W96. RESULTS: W0 measured concentrations were comparable in both groups, except for raltegravir, concentrations of which were higher in the 4/7 group, and were all above the values usually recommended to be effective in therapeutic drug monitoring. Comparison of ON-period median concentrations between the two groups showed a statistical difference for rilpivirine [88 ng/mL (interquartile range (IQR) = 64-112) for 4/7 arm versus 130 ng/mL (82-160) for 7/7 arm, P < 0.001] and tenofovir [tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: 93 ng/mL (73-135) for 4/7 arm versus 117 ng/mL (83-160) for 7/7 arm, P < 0.001; tenofovir alafenamide: 11 ng/mL (7-15) for 4/7 arm versus 14 ng/mL (11-18) for 7/7 arm, P = 0.001]. Median OFF concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.001) at the 48 week analysis for all medications except for raltegravir (P = 0.493) and atazanavir (P = 0.105), for which the numbers of patients were very small. CONCLUSIONS: The 4/7-day treatment option led to antiretroviral blood levels close to continuous treatment after the four consecutive days of medication, and to low levels at the end of the non-treatment period.

Four days/week antiretroviral maintenance strategy (ANRS 170 QUATUOR): substudies of reservoirs and ultrasensitive drug resistance.

BACKGROUND: In a 4 days/week (4/7 days) maintenance strategy (ANRS-170 QUATUOR trial), the virological impact of an intermittent strategy was assessed by ultrasensitive virological analyses of reservoirs and resistance. METHODS: HIV-1 total DNA, ultra-sensitive plasma viral load (USpVL) and semen VL were measured in the first 121 participants. Sanger and ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) were performed on the HIV-1 genome (Illumina technology) according to the ANRS consensus. A generalized estimation equation with a Poisson distribution was used to compare changes in the proportion of residual viraemia, detectable semen HIV RNA and HIV DNA within and between the two groups over time. RESULTS: The proportion of participants with residual viraemia at Day 0 (D0) and Week 48 (W48) was 16.7% and 25.0% in the 4/7 days group and 22.4% and 29.7% in the 7/7 days group, respectively (+8.3% versus +7.3%, P = 0.971). The proportion of detectable DNA (>40 copies/106 cells) at D0 and W48 was 53.7% and 57.4% in the 4/7 days group and 56.1% and 51.8% in the 7/7 days group, respectively (+3.7% versus -4.3%, P = 0.358). Semen HIV RNA was detectable (≥100 copies/mL) in 2.2% of participants at D0 and 4.5% at W48 in the 4/7 days group versus 6.1% and 9.1% in the 7/7 days group, respectively (+2.3% versus +3.0%, P = 0.743). Emerging resistance at failure was more frequent in the 4/7 days group detected by Sanger sequencing: 3/6 participants versus 1/4 in the 7/7 days group, and similar with the UDS assay: 5/6 versus 4/4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the potency of a 4/7 days maintenance strategy on virological suppression at the reservoirs and emergent resistance level, including minority variants.

Presence of HIV-1 G-to-A mutations linked to APOBEC editing is more prevalent in non-B HIV-1 subtypes and is associated with lower HIV-1 reservoir.

OBJECTIVES: APOBEC3 editing activity contributes to sequences variation and viral diversification. We aimed to characterize virological and clinical factors associated with G-to-A mutations and stop codons in the HIV-1 reservoir, markers of APOBEC3 footprints, in order to better understand HIV-1 diversity among virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients. METHODS: Immuno-virological and clinical factors were compared between 92 patients harbouring G-to-A mutations and stop codons (APOBEC+) in the reverse transcriptase gene and 92 patients without G-to-A mutations (APOBEC-) and stop codons in their DNA genotypes. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly men (74.5%) and were mostly infected by B-subtype (69.0%), with 44.1% and 55.9% in APOBEC+ and APOBEC- groups, respectively. At time of HIV DNA genotypes, the total cell-associated HIV-1 DNA load was 2.34 log10 copies/106 cells (IQR 1.85-2.67) and 33.2% of them had a detectable ultrasensitive plasma viral load. Hypermutated sequences were identified in 28.2% of the APOBEC+ group. The median total cell-associated HIV-1 DNA level was significantly lower in APOBEC+ than APOBEC- group: 2.13 log10 copies/106 cells (IQR 1.60-2.60) versus 2.52 log10 copies/106 cells (IQR 2.19-2.71) (P < 0.001), respectively. Presence of G-to-A mutations and stop codon was independently associated with HIV-1 subtype non-B (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: These results show an independent association between the presence of G-to-A mutations and stop codons with HIV-1 subtype non-B and low proviral DNA that could be explained by the APOBEC3 footprints and restriction of DNA synthesis and integration. However, further investigations are needed to study the contribution of Vif amino acid variability among HIV-1 subtypes.

Prevalence of genotypic baseline risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine failure among ARV-naive patients.

BACKGROUND: Multivariable baseline factor analysis across cabotegravir + rilpivirine clinical trials showed that HIV-1 subtypes A6/A1 and the presence of rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were associated with an increased risk of virological failure of this dual therapy. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of genotypic baseline risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine failure among ARV-naive patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2010 to 2020, 4212 sequences from ARV-naive patients were collected from three large Parisian academic hospital genotypic databases. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine RAMs were defined according to the ANRS algorithm. RESULTS: Among 4212 ARV-naive patients, 38.6% were infected with subtype B, 32.4% with CRF02_AG (32.4%) and 5.1% with subtype A (85.5% being A6/A1 subtype). Overall, the presence of at least one cabotegravir or rilpivirine RAM was 16.2% and 14.3%, respectively. Considering genotypic resistance interpretation, using the ANRS algorithm, 0.74% (n = 31), 6.2% (n = 261) and 0.09% (n = 4) of sequences were resistant to cabotegravir, rilpivirine or both, respectively. The overall prevalence of L74I in integrase and E138A in RT was 13.0% and 3.2%, respectively, and stable over the decade. Thus, adding 183 subtype A6/A1 sequences to 244 sequences interpreted as resistant to rilpivirine led to 427 (10.1%) sequences combining both baseline virological risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine dual-therapy failure. CONCLUSIONS: Among large sequence databases, when adding prevalence of rilpivirine-resistant viruses and HIV-1 subtype A6/A1 sequences, 10.1% of patients would not be eligible for cabotegravir + rilpivirine dual therapy. These data re-emphasize the need for a pre-therapeutic genotypic resistance test to detect polymorphisms and transmitted drug resistance and to define HIV-1 subtype.

Performance of 30 commercial SARS-CoV-2 serology assays in testing symptomatic COVID-19 patients.

We report evaluation of 30 assays' (17 rapid tests (RDTs) and 13 automated/manual ELISA/CLIA assay (IAs)) clinical performances with 2594 sera collected from symptomatic patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR on a respiratory sample, and 1996 pre-epidemic serum samples expected to be negative. Only 4 RDT and 3 IAs fitted both specificity (> 98%) and sensitivity (> 90%) criteria according to French recommendations. Serology may offer valuable information during COVID-19 pandemic, but inconsistent performances observed among the 30 commercial assays evaluated, which underlines the importance of independent evaluation before clinical implementation.

Surveillance of HIV-1 primary infections in France from 2014 to 2016: toward stable resistance, but higher diversity, clustering and virulence?

OBJECTIVES: Patients with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) are a particular population, giving important insight about ongoing evolution of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutation (TDRAM) prevalence, HIV diversity and clustering patterns. We describe these evolutions of PHI patients diagnosed in France from 2014 to 2016. METHODS: A total of 1121 PHI patients were included. TDRAMs were characterized using the 2009 Stanford list and the French ANRS algorithm. Viral subtypes and recent transmission clusters (RTCs) were also determined. RESULTS: Patients were mainly MSM (70%) living in the Paris area (42%). TDRAMs were identified among 10.8% of patients and rose to 18.6% when including etravirine and rilpivirine TDRAMs. Prevalences of PI-, NRTI-, first-generation NNRTI-, second-generation NNRTI- and integrase inhibitor-associated TDRAMs were 2.9%, 5.0%, 4.0%, 9.4% and 5.4%, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, age >40 years and non-R5 tropic viruses were associated with a >2-fold increased risk of TDRAMs. Regarding HIV diversity, subtype B and CRF02_AG (where CRF stands for circulating recombinant form) were the two main lineages (56% and 20%, respectively). CRF02_AG was associated with higher viral load than subtype B (5.83 versus 5.40 log10 copies/mL, P=0.004). We identified 138 RTCs ranging from 2 to 14 patients and including overall 41% from the global population. Patients in RTCs were younger, more frequently born in France and more frequently MSM. CONCLUSIONS: Since 2007, the proportion of TDRAMs has been stable among French PHI patients. Non-B lineages are increasing and may be associated with more virulent CRF02_AG strains. The presence of large RTCs highlights the need for real-time cluster identification to trigger specific prevention action to achieve better control of the epidemic.

Variability of the HIV-1 3' polypurine tract (3'PPT) region and implication in integrase inhibitor resistance.

BACKGROUND: Integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are efficient at impairing retroviral integration, which is a critical step in HIV-1 replication. To date, resistance to these compounds has been explained by mutations in the viral protein integrase, which catalyses the integration step. Recently, it has been shown that selected mutations in the 3' polypurine tract (3'PPT), a sequence involved in the reverse transcription mechanism, result in high-level resistance to these compounds. This observation was reinforced by the description of a patient who failed INSTI treatment by selecting mutations in the 3'PPT sequence. METHODS: Sequences of the 3'PPT region were analysed in 30706 treatment-naive patients from the public Los Alamos database belonging to six different subtypes and, in parallel, in 107 patients failing INSTI treatment. RESULTS: The analysis showed that the sequences of patients failing INSTI treatment, in the same way as those of treatment-naive patients, are very well conserved regardless of the presence or absence of resistance mutations in the integrase gene. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the selection of a mutation in the 3'PPT region conferring high-level resistance to INSTIs is a rare event. It would require a particular in vivo context and especially a long enough time to be selected, this exposure time being generally reduced by the rapid change of treatment in the case of virological failure. Larger-scale studies in patients with INSTI treatment failure are needed to determine whether the 3'PPT region can play an important role in vivo in INSTI resistance.

Stable prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations and increased circulation of non-B subtypes in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in 2015/2016 in France.

OBJECTIVES: We estimated the prevalence of transmitted-drug-resistance-associated mutations (TDRAMs) in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-1-infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: TDRAMs were sought in samples from 660 diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals in 2015/2016 in 33 HIV clinical centres. Weighted analyses, considering the number of patients followed in each centre, were used to derive representative estimates of the percentage of individuals with TDRAMs. Results were compared with those of the 2010/2011 survey (n = 661) using the same methodology. RESULTS: At inclusion, median CD4 cell counts and plasma HIV-1 RNA were 394 and 350/mm3 (P = 0.056) and 4.6 and 4.6 log10 copies/mL (P = 0.360) in the 2010/2011 survey and the 2015/2016 survey, respectively. The frequency of non-B subtypes increased from 42.9% in 2010/2011 to 54.8% in 2015/2016 (P < 0.001), including 23.4% and 30.6% of CRF02_AG (P = 0.004). The prevalence of virus with protease or reverse-transcriptase TDRAMs was 9.0% (95% CI = 6.8-11.2) in 2010/2011 and 10.8% (95% CI = 8.4-13.2) in 2015/2016 (P = 0.269). No significant increase was observed in integrase inhibitor TDRAMs (6.7% versus 9.2%, P = 0.146). Multivariable analysis showed that men infected with the B subtype were the group with the highest risk of being infected with a resistant virus compared with others (adjusted OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3-3.9). CONCLUSIONS: In France in 2015/2016, the overall prevalence of TDRAMs was 10.8% and stable compared with 9.0% in the 2010/2011 survey. Non-B subtypes dramatically increased after 2010. Men infected with B subtype were the group with the highest risk of being infected with a resistant virus, highlighting the need to re-emphasize safe sex messages.

Ultrasensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Load as a Marker of Treatment Choice for Simplification Strategies.

Background: Using 3 randomized Protease inhibitor (PI) monotherapy studies: Kalesolo, Dream and Monoi, we performed a pooled-analysis. Our objective was to determine in PI monotherapy and standard tritherapy: 1) distribution of ultrasensitive viral load (USVL) at week 96 (W96); 2) factors associated with virological failure (VF) at W96 and 3) factors associated with USVL<1 copy at W96. Methods: VF was defined as 2 consecutive measurements of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA viral load>50 copies/mL and analysed in Intention-To-Treat. A logistic model was used to investigate which variables were predictive of a VF and Fisher test to investigate differences in USVL at W96. Results: Among 609 patients, 73% were male with median age of 44.4 years (IQR 39.8-52.1), baseline CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.8 (IQR 0.6-1.10), baseline CD4 was 564.5/mm3 (IQR 422-707) and 59% presented a baseline USVL<1 copy/mL. At W96, the proportion of USVL<1 copy/mL was significantly different between PI monotherapy and standard tritherapy in pooled-analysis (65% versus 74%; p=0.04). Overall, baseline USVL<1copy/mL, tritherapy and to be a female were associated with USVL<1 copy/mL at W96 (p<0.0001, p=0.049 and p=0.006). In PI monotherapy receiving DRV/r was associated with USVL<1 copy/mL at W96 (p=0.003). Factors associated to virological succes at W96 were higher baseline CD4 (p=0.034) and baseline USVL<1 copy/mL (p=0.0005). Conclusion: Pooled-analysis of 3 PI monotherapy trials showed better efficacy of tritherapy in terms of USVL at W96. Furthermore regarding USVL at W96, to receive LPV/r seems to be more deleterious than DRV/r. Baseline USVL impacts VF at W96 more specifically in tritherapy arm. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00421551, NCT00946595, and NCT00140751.

Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Minority Variants on the Virus Response to a Rilpivirine-Based First-line Regimen.

Background: Minority resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) could influence the virological response to treatment based on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Data on minority rilpivirine-resistant variants are scarce. This study used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify patients harboring minority resistant variants to nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and NNRTIs and to assess their influence on the virological response (VR). Methods: All the subjects, 541 HIV-1-infected patients started a first-line regimen containing rilpivirine. VR was defined as a HIV-1 RNA load <50 copies/mL at month 6 with continued suppression at month 12. NGS was performed at baseline (retrospectively) on the 454 GS-FLX platform (Roche). Results: NGS revealed resistance-associated mutations accounting for 1% to <5% of variants in 17.2% of samples, for 5%-20% in 5.7% of samples, and for >20% in 29% of samples. We identified 43 (8.8%) and 36 (7.4%) patients who harbored rilpivirine-resistant variants with a 1% sensitivity threshold according to the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis and Stanford algorithms, respectively. The VR was 96.9% at month 12. Detection of minority rilpivirine resistant variants was not associated with virological failure (VF). Multivariate analysis indicated that VF at month 12 was associated with a CD4 count <250 cells/µL at baseline, a slower decrease in viral load at month 3, and rilpivirine resistance at baseline using the Stanford algorithm with a 20% threshold. Conclusions: Minority resistant variants had no impact on the VR of treatment-naive patients to a rilpivirine-based regimen.

Utility of HIV-1 DNA genotype in determining antiretroviral resistance in patients with low or undetectable HIV RNA viral loads.

Objectives: To investigate the extent to which drug resistance can be evaluated from proviral HIV-1 DNA genotype compared with RNA genotype at different timepoints. Patients and methods: In HIV-1-infected patients routinely seen at a university hospital, who needed to change their current ART, antiretroviral drug resistance was determined from DNA genotype and was compared with past RNA genotype (group 1) or same-day RNA genotype (group 2). A 'resistance sum' was defined as the sum of agents to which resistance was present and was calculated across NRTI, NNRTI and PI. We defined 'loss of information' as when a lower resistance sum was observed in DNA than in RNA samples. Results: Of the 74 and 26 patients included in groups 1 and 2, respectively, most had a long median duration of known HIV-1 infection (17.4 and 14.2 years) and ART (15.3 years and 13.5 years). For group 1, the median (range) resistance sums between DNA/RNA were 0 (0-6)/1 (0-6) for NRTIs, 0 (0-4)/0 (0-4) for NNRTIs and 0 (0-7)/0 (0-8) for PIs, which were comparable with group 2. Loss of information in DNA was substantial for group 1 (37.8%) and less so for group 2 (11.1%). In multivariable analysis, only longer ART duration was significantly associated with loss of information. Results were similar in patients harbouring resistance to one or more agents. Conclusions: In a real-life setting, genotyping DNA from PBMC has some degree of concordance compared with RNA. Loss of information in DNA would appear to coincide with longer periods of ART.

Week 96 efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy in virologically suppressed patients with HIV: a randomized non-inferiority trial (ANRS 140 DREAM).

Background: Sparing of antiretroviral drug classes could reduce the toxicity and cost of maintenance treatment for HIV infection. Objectives: To evaluate the non-inferiority of efficacy and the safety of lopinavir/ritonavir (r) monotherapy versus a single-tablet regimen of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir (EFV/FTC/TDF) over 2 years. Methods: Adults on stable ART with plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load <50 copies/mL for the past 12 months and no documented treatment failure were randomized to receive either lopinavir/r or EFV/FTC/TDF for 2 years. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients without treatment failure at week 96 (viral load <50 copies/mL at week 96, confirmed at week 98), without study treatment discontinuation, a new AIDS-defining illness, or death. Results: In the ITT analysis, the primary endpoint was reached by, respectively, 64% and 71% of patients in the lopinavir/r (n = 98) and EFV/FTC/TDF arms (n = 97), yielding a difference of -6.8% (lower limit of the 95% two-sided CI: -19.9%). Sanger and UltraDeep sequencing showed the occurrence of PI mutations in the lopinavir/r arm (n = 4) and of NNRTI and/or NRTI mutations in the EFV/FTC/TDF arm (n = 2). No unexpected serious clinical events occurred. Conclusions: Lopinavir/r monotherapy cannot be considered non-inferior to EFV/FTC/TDF. PI resistance rarely emerged in the lopinavir/r arm and did not undermine future PI options. Two years of lopinavir/r monotherapy had no deleterious clinical impact when compared with EFV/FTC/TDF.

Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 E157Q integrase polymorphism and impact on virological outcome in patients initiating an integrase inhibitor-based regimen.

Objectives: To assess the phenotypic susceptibility of the E157Q polymorphism in HIV-1 integrase (IN) and the virological outcome of patients infected with E157Q-mutated virus initiating an IN inhibitor (INI)-based regimen. Methods: This was a multicentre study assessing IN sequences from INI-naive patients among 17 French HIV clinical centres. E157Q site-directed mutants in pNL4.3 and pCRF02_AG contexts were assessed in a recombinant phenotypic assay. Results: Prevalence of the E157Q polymorphism was 2.7% among 8528 IN sequences from INI-naive patients and its distribution was 1.7%, 5.6% and 2.2% in B, CRF02_AG and various non-B subtypes, respectively. Thirty-nine INI-naive patients with E157Q-mutated virus initiated an INI-based regimen. Among them, 15 had a viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL at initiation and virological suppression was maintained during the first year of follow-up in all but two exhibiting a viral blip. Twenty-four patients had a VL > 50 copies/mL at the time of INI-based regimen initiation. Among them eight were receiving a first-line regimen and the only two patients who did not reach VL < 50 copies/mL at week 24 were receiving elvitegravir. The 16 remaining patients were ART experienced in virological failure with drug-resistant viruses displaying several virological outcomes independently of the genotypic susceptibility score. Phenotypic analyses showed a fold change in EC50 of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.9 for raltegravir, dolutegravir and elvitegravir, respectively, in a subtype B context, and 1.1, 1.9 and 2.4 for raltegravir, dolutegravir and elvitegravir, respectively, in a CRF02_AG context. Conclusions: Assessment of virological response in 39 patients initiating an INI-based regimen with E157Q-mutated virus, in combination with phenotypic analysis, suggests that particular attention should be paid to antiretroviral-naive patients and dolutegravir should be preferentially used in these patients.

Sensitivity of the STAT-VIEW rapid self-test and implications for use during acute HIV infection.

OBJECTIVES: HIV testing is an important step towards diminishing incident infections. Rapid self-tests whose use is becoming more common in France could help increase access to testing, yet could fail to diagnose HIV during acute HIV infection (AHI). The aim of the present study was to evaluate HIV-detection sensitivity of a commonly used rapid self-test (STAT-VIEW HIV1/2), compared with another point-of-care rapid test (INSTI), among patients presenting with AHI. METHODS: Individuals tested at Saint-Antoine Hospital (Paris, France) with negative or indeterminate western blot (WB) results and detectable HIV-RNA were included. Rapid tests were performed retrospectively on stored serum. Patients with and without reactive rapid tests were compared, while probability of having a reactive test was modelled across infection duration using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients with AHI, 23 (57.5%) had a reactive STAT-VIEW rapid test. Patients with non-reactive versus reactive tests had a significantly shorter median time since infection (p=0.01), time since onset of symptoms (p=0.009), higher proportion with Fiebig stage III versus IV (p=0.003), negative WB results (p=0.007), higher HIV-RNA levels (p=0.001) and lower CD4+ and CD8+ cell count (p=0.03, p<0.001, respectively). When examining sensitivity over the course of AHI duration, the probability of HIV detection was 75.5% at 5 weeks from HIV transmission. The INSTI provided similar results with respect to proportion of reactive tests (62.5%), determinants for non-reactive test and probability of HIV detection at 5 weeks of infection (85.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Over half of AHI patients had reactive serology using the STAT-VIEW rapid self-test when performed on serum samples. Considering that detection sensitivity increased substantially over infection time, individuals should not rely on a negative result to accurately exclude HIV infection within at least 5 weeks of potential HIV exposure. Notwithstanding strong recommendations against rapid test use during AHI, some utility in detecting HIV is observed 5-12 weeks after transmission.

Antiretroviral-treated HIV-1 patients can harbour resistant viruses in CSF despite an undetectable viral load in plasma.

Background: HIV therapy reduces the CSF HIV RNA viral load (VL) and prevents disorders related to HIV encephalitis. However, these brain disorders may persist in some cases. A large population of antiretroviral-treated patients who had a VL > 1.7 log 10 copies/mL in CSF with detectable or undetectable VL in plasma associated with cognitive impairment was studied, in order to characterize discriminatory factors of these two patient populations. Methods: Blood and CSF samples were collected at the time of neurological disorders for 227 patients in 22 centres in France and 1 centre in Switzerland. Genotypic HIV resistance tests were performed on CSF. The genotypic susceptibility score was calculated according to the last Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales Action Coordonnée 11 (ANRS AC11) genotype interpretation algorithm. Results: Among the 227 studied patients with VL > 1.7 log 10 copies/mL in CSF, 195 had VL detectable in plasma [median (IQR) HIV RNA was 3.7 (2.7-4.7) log 10 copies/mL] and 32 had discordant VL in plasma (VL < 1.7 log 10 copies/mL). The CSF VL was lower (median 2.8 versus 4.0 log 10 copies/mL; P < 0.001) and the CD4 cell count was higher (median 476 versus 214 cells/mm 3 ; P < 0.001) in the group of patients with VL < 1.7 log 10 copies/mL in plasma compared with patients with plasma VL > 1.7 log 10 copies/mL. Resistance to antiretrovirals was observed in CSF for the two groups of patients. Conclusions: Fourteen percent of this population of patients with cognitive impairment and detectable VL in CSF had well controlled VL in plasma. Thus, it is important to explore CSF HIV (VL and genotype) even if the HIV VL is controlled in plasma because HIV resistance may be observed.

Drug resistance and tropism as markers of the dynamics of HIV-1 DNA quasispecies in blood cells of heavily pretreated patients who achieved sustained virological suppression.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to address the dynamics of archived resistant quasispecies in cell-associated HIV-1 DNA over time in heavily ART-experienced patients with currently suppressed plasma HIV-1 RNA. METHODS: Longitudinal ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) analysis of reverse transcriptase, protease and V3 Env regions was performed on blood-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA samples. Drug-resistance-associated mutations (DRAMs) and tropism were interpreted using the ANRS and Geno2Pheno algorithms. We analysed frozen blood cells from patients enrolled in the INNOVE and ANRS 123 ETOILE studies who achieved sustained viral suppression after salvage optimized ART (SOT). RESULTS: Samples were available at baseline and 6 and ≥12 months after SOT initiation in 10 patients. V3 loop sequences displayed wide intra-individual dynamics over time. Viral variants harbouring DRAMs exhibited three non-exclusive scenarios. First, when SOT exerted the same selective pressure as previous failing regimens, some viral quasispecies still harboured the same DRAMs at the same level as at the time of virological failure. Thus, as DRAMs were mostly associated with the same viral variant, variants with a complete resistance pattern remained archived. Second, some viral variants harbouring DRAMs were no longer detected over time when SOT consisted of new antiretroviral classes or had resistance profiles distinct from those of previous failing regimens. Third, variants with new DRAMs associated with SOT emerged in blood cells during follow-up despite sustained virological control. CONCLUSIONS: Using longitudinal UDS analysis and focusing on DRAMs and tropism as markers, we demonstrated that, despite sustained virological control, archived HIV-1 DNA quasispecies continued to evolve.